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TRENDS, NETWORKS, AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY FADS TRENDS
hyped/advertised (usually by media), that is, if endures with or without publicity
TREND- a general direction in which something is developing or changing. the hype stops then it also starts to disappear.
TREND IN EDUCATION

80s and 90s: Computer-related courses 4. Scope- indicates that extent of the influence of a trend.

Early 2000s: Healthcare courses (Nursing and caregiving) FADS TRENDS

caters to and accepted by a limited group of caters to and accepted by a wide audience or a
Around 2010 up to present: Business-related course (Accountancy and HRM) people. large group of consumers.
TREND ANALYSIS

- is the practice of collecting information and attempting to spot a pattern, or trend 5. Value- pertains to the utility or usefulness that can be derived from a trend.

Ways to spot a TREND FADS TRENDS

limited to the areas it relates to (e.g., clothing can be sustained by a long period (usually
1. Anticipate change fads in relation to fashion; movies in relation to years)
2. Make sure your solutions are real entertainment industry
3. Create a competitive advantage

FAD- something that people are highly interested in for a relatively short period of time. HULA HOOP → GREATEST FAD OF ALL TIME
Different ELEMENTS of TREND and FAD TYPES OF TRENDS
1. Sustainability- refers to the length of time that or a trend can continue to exist. 1. Trend Systematic- a persistent upward or downward pattern of movement that happens
during a longer period
FADS TRENDS
2. Seasonal Systematic- a regular and periodic fluctuations with in a one year or twelve months
persists only for a short period of time (weeks Extensive even as far as areas not directly
period.
or around a few months) related to it (e.g. implications of market trends
3. Cyclical Systematic- a consistently repeating upward and downward movements entering its
affect, aside from business and the economy,
highest level or peak
areas such as education, health, environment,
government policy, and technology, to name Network is a group of people whom we interact daily
a few.)
“FAD FADES” DIFFERENT LOCAL NETWORKS

2. Appeal- refers to the degree of attraction that a trend causes on people. Family

FADS AND TRENDS - The basic unit of the society helps in the development of well-adjusted. Functional and
Both are attractive to the public because it is easy to get, makes them look/feel better or does socially healthy individuals.
not deviate much from the general norm/status quo. - The 1987 Philippine Constitution, describes family:
Art. II, Sec. 12 - as “a basic autonomous social institution” and Art. XV, Sec. 1 - recognizes the
family as “the foundation of the nation”
3. Results- refers to the impact of a trend • Family Code
(1) Between Husband and wife
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(2) Between parents and children 2. Gay or Lesbian Couple- same sex couple living together possibly even with children. As same
(3) Ascendants and Descendants sex marriage has become legal in varied parts of the world many members of the LGBT
(4) Among brothers and sisters, whether of the full or half blood. community has resorted to this to create a family of the own.
- In the annotations of Alicia V. Sempio-Diy (2006), she elaborated the rules on family relations 3. Lone Parent Family or Solo Parent Family- single parent also known as solo parent is a parent
stated in the Article 150 of the Family Code who raises one or more children without the presence and even assistance of the other
1. Family relations exist among the member mentioned even if they are not living together biological parent.
2. Other relatives like cousins, nephews and nieces, and domestic helpers, who grew up 4. Modified Extended Family- an extended family living apart but still in communication via phone,
or are living with the family, are members of the household but not of the family. email, skype, and other media networks. This is a reality brought about by distances created by
Descendants refers to those who have issued from an individual, and include his children, work opportunities in another geographical location or studies availed in more
grandchildren, and their children to the remotest degree. The descendants form what is urbanized locations.
called the direct descending line.
3. Adopted children, being part of the family, are included. SCHOOL
Foundling – infant
Facts about the PH’s Education System
Orphan – Below 18
Adopted 1. There are three Agencies that oversee the education system:
4. Illegitimate children are not included in the family relations under the above Article - Department of Education
because they have their own families. Besides, the Chapter refers to the family as an - Commission on Higher Education
institution and for this reason, it cannot include illegitimate children. However, there are - Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
three (3) status of the child; Illegitimate; Legitimate and Legitimated. 2. Philippines was the last country in Asia that had a 10-year pre-university cycle.
5. Nephews and nieces, uncles and aunts, are not included because they have their own 3. The highest national agency budget must be allocated to the agencies of Education
families.
TOP 3 OLDEST SCHOOLS IN THE PHILIPPINES
TYPES OF FAMILY ACCORDING TO NATURE
1. University of San Carlos- founded on 1595
1. Nuclear Family- a family includes the basic or immediate members of the family such as the - “Oldest SCHOOL in the Philippines and in Asia.”
mother, father and unmarried children. It is also referred as the “conjugal family” which 2. University of Santo Tomas- Founded on 1611.
includes only the husband, the wife and unmarried children who are not of age. - “oldest UNIVERSITY in Asia.”
2. Extended Family- this type of family is comprised of relatives and family members of 3. Colegio de San Juan Letran- Founded on 1620
consanguinity. The family of this type is comprised of the nuclear and the other relatives by - oldest secondary institution in the Philippines
blood which may include the grandparents, the uncles and aunts and their children. They all
notably live in the same abode. Purpose of School (according to Adler)
3. Matrifocal/Patrifocal Family- this family type includes only the mother or the father and 1. Development of citizenship- “How a citizen should live as part of the nation.”
his/her children. Children are those biological. The “solo parent” is able raise his/ her children 2. Personal Growth and Self-Improvement
on his/her own as he/she is self-sustaining. 3. Occupational Preparation
4. Blended Family- blended means a “stepfamily” where one is not of the original marriage. One
or two of the parents remarried and brought the children to the current marriage. Hence, mixed UNEMPLOYMENT
parents are raising the children from both partnerships.
- Visible Underemployment- includes employees who are working fewer hours than is typical in
MODERN FAMILY MODELS their field. They are willing and able to work more hours but cannot get full-time employment.
They often work two part-time jobs just to make ends meet.
1. Cohabitation- a couple living together who are unmarried. The absence of marriage renders - Invisible Underemployment- includes workers in full-time jobs that don't use all their skills.
the partners as unwed partners also knowns as cohabitation. This type of underemployment is almost impossible to measure. It requires extensive
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surveying that compares workers' skills to job requirements. The workers often don’t even - As a social institution is a comprised structured communication channel.
realize their skills could be better used elsewhere. - The social networks for local media provide immense opportunities and wider activities
beyond one’s space. Social media creates online social networks by connecting an individual
GOVERNMENT use.
- The agency is a political institution that was established to unify people through efficient leadership. The Power of Social Media
The government as an agency connects the citizenry to the rest of the world by carrying out the
promotion of rights and privileges. As the central authority, these institutions preserve and protect 1. It enhances the learning opportunities
internal and external tranquility to ensure healthy relations among its peoples and the rest of the world. 2. It creates awareness
3. Empowering businesses
- The Philippines is the first country to practice democracy in Asia 4. Channel of expression
- Philippine election: 2nd Monday of the month of May
- The All-time record highest percentage of votes was set by former President Ramon Magsaysay GLOBALIZATION
with 68.9 percent of votes in 1953.
- Duterte earned more votes than any other presidents—due to several factors such as larger - refers to the integration of goods, services, and culture among the nations of the world
voting population and high voter turnout. * interconnectedness
CHURCH HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION
- Church is a religious institution which creates a network among people specifically believers to Archaic Globalization: conventionally refers to a phase in the history of globalization including globalizing
achieve social control. The teaching of morality and religious laws allow the strengthening of events and developments from the time of earliest civilizations until roughly the 1600s
relationships among people in the community to spearhead activities that promote cultural
engagement as well as community program. - SILK ROAD
- 1521 Philippines
2 EXAMPLES OF HOW INFLUENTIAL CHURCH IS - 1440 Johannes Guttenburg: Printing Press, Renaissance
- 1571 Martin Luther: Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgence
1. 1989 People Power Revolution
2. 1987 Jonestown Massacre: JIM JONES, Guyana, South America- 918 people died, 317 were Early-Modern Globalization or "proto-globalization" covers a period of the history of globalization
children roughly spanning the years between 1600 and 1800. The concept of "proto-globalization" was first
introduced by historians A. G. Hopkins and Christopher Bayly.
PEERS AND SOCIAL MEDIA
- Competition among the Nations
PEERS - Expansion of Western Territory (1775-1783)
- human beings are in nature social animals. Individuals spend a lot of time with their social and - Rise of Different Plantations
primary group which suggests that peer relationships are important and influential. - “Slave Trade”
- New Technologies were invented
What makes teen vulnerable to peer pressure?
Modern Globalization
1. want to have what other teens are doing and have what other teens have
2. want to fit in and be like the teens they admire - Industrial Revolution
3. don’t want to feel awkward or uncomfortable - New industrial military technologies increased the power of European states and the United
4. are afraid of being rejected or made fun of States and allowed these powers to forcibly open markets across the world and extend their
empires.
SOCIAL MEDIA - Aviation became affordable to middle classes in developed countries.
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- Growth of Low-cost Communication PLANETARY NETWORKS

Advantages of Globalization Climate Change

a. Employment (Work Opportunities) - a global crisis that denotes change in the weather patterns over a period and threatens the
b. Import and export of products environment and its components due to extreme conditions
c. Peaceful relations - a phenomenon resulting from the pollution that humans continuously produce
Disadvantages of Globalization Causes of Climate Change

a. Health issues 1. Human Activity- Pollution caused by human activities such as emissions from automobiles and
b. Conflicts factories produces greenhouse gases such as Carbon dioxide absorbs infrared lights from the
c. Loss of Culture atmosphere that contributes to warming. These gases trapped in the atmosphere for decades
and even hundreds of years. In the Fourth Assessment Report held in 2007 the IPCC came out
MIGRATION with the conclusion that global warming has accelerated in recent decades which is directly
related to increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with human activities.
- the movement by people from one place to another with the intentions of settling,
2. Gases- Carbon dioxide is primarily producing through the burning of fossil fuels, solid waste,
permanently or temporarily in a new location
and wood products. Deforestation and soil degradation also contribute to the release of carbon
Emigration: when people leave their location to settle in another location dioxide to the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, if it becomes heavy in the atmosphere is absorbed
by the oceans, increasing acidification which damages coral reefs and marine life.
Immigration: when people enter or settle in a new location 3. Population- It is evident that human population is growing exponentially as it increases more
each year caused by higher birth rate superseding mortality. The rapid increase in population
{it depends on the point of location}
in many countries contributes much to the ever-increasing pollution in varied forms.
Internal Migration
Effects of Climate Change
1. Rural – Urban Movement
1. Greenhouse Effect- This effect is the cycle by which carbon dioxide, methane and other gases
*Intra- Urban
become trapped in the atmosphere and results in the warming of the planet. The ultra violet
*Inter-Urban
radiation from the Sun through the Earth’s atmosphere is absorbed by land, water,
*Intra-Rural
vegetation and other happens when greenhouse gas levels increase the infrared radiation
2. Seasonal Movement
which is trapped in the Earth’s atmosphere and lead to excess heat energy which severely
PUSH FACTORS heats up the planet.
2. Ecological Issues- Increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to absorption by the
Push factors are those that force the individual to move voluntarily, and in many cases, they are forced oceans of these gases. This phenomenon leads to acidification of the oceans which damage
because the individual risk something if they stay. coral reefs and marine life. Incidents of extreme weather are increasing which results to severe
1. Inadequate conditions flooding, tropical storms and even tornadoes in places where they never exist such as in
2. Famine/drought crowded cities and suburbs. These ecological issues are imminent threat to the extinction of
3. Slavery or Labor force species. This can evidently lead as well as to major changes in the global landscape.
4. Natural disasters 3. Rising Water Level and Flooding
5. Pollution 4. Extreme Weather Conditions- Climate change has severely affected weather conditions in
6. Poor Housing almost all countries across the globe. The increasing atmospheric temperature is negatively
affecting weather patterns. Scientific studies have shown how extreme weather events like

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heat waves and storms will be experiences a temperature of 100 degrees Fahrenheit form more
than 100 days.
- Moreover, in 2003 Britain had its highest temperature of 38.5C resulting to the death of 2,000
people. And this has become common in these countries straining electricity providers.
Heat waves brought about by rising temperatures is continually resulting to fatalities.
5. Desertification- Climate change is beginning to degrade and dry out land in several areas of the
globe. This has caused famine and food insecurity as land has become inhospitable and unable
to produce good harvests. This event heightens poverty, particularly in areas where
agriculture is the main source of livelihood.
- Data revealed that in 2001 it was estimated that $40 Billion in income is lost every year due to
desertification in the United States. Similarly, in Iraq from 2006 to 2010, the worst drought
happened which brought to a collapse in farming. Furthermore, researches have shown that
climate change affects pathogens that are instrumental to crop losses.
6. Change in Vegetation- Climate change gradually affects the type, distribution and coverage of
vegetation. It may result to plant growth, earlier flowering and a distorted fruiting time. Radical
changes will result to changes in the timing of life cycles among these plants. These radical
changes will also result in vegetation stress, rapid plant loss and eventually lead to
desertification. Climate change can devastate tropical rainforests and turn the habitat as an
‘islands’ with extinct plant and animal species.
DEVELOPMENT OF GOVERNMENT
Four Theories of Government
1. The Force Theory- “The state was born through force.”
- based upon the idea that one person/ small group claimed control over an era and forced
by everyone within that area to submit to their rule
- Eleanor Burke Lcacock: “The beginning of the state is to be sought in the capture and
enslavement of man by man, in the conquest and subjugation of weaker tribes and generally
in the self-seeking domination acquired by superior physical force”
- History of Force Theory:
(1) The Church Fathers gave indirect prominence to this theory in their controversy with the
Kings of Europe regarding their supremacy. They tried to discredit the state by saying that
it was the result of brute force and the Kings were force personified.
(2) The Individualist School of thought gives it importance by the application of the principle
of the ‘survival of the fittest’ to human society. They assert that there is a natural struggle
for existence in the animal world. In this struggle only the fittest can survive. The state
itself is the direct result of this struggle. The strong have an inherent right to dominate the
weak.
(3) The Socialists argue that the state is the organ of class coercion. It helps the exploitation
of the weaker by the stronger. Government is the force organized to curb
and exploit the working classes.
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(4) The theory of force found an all-out support at the hands of the German philosophers
like Hegel, Bernhardi and Triestchki.
2. The Revolutionary Theory- “Developed out of Early Family” \
- The evolutionary theory says that the head of the household was the “government”.
- Eventually this “lead” family evolved into a network of related clans and tribes who inhabited a
piece of land-thus creating the state.
- The earliest and very loosely formed governments were the result of a shift from
hunter-gatherer societies to more settled agricultural societies. As families joined to
form clans and clans joined to form villages, the need for leaders and a central organizational
structure developed.
- These leaders helped determine how to address still unfamiliar issues, such as water rights for
crop irrigation and the distribution of other resources. They also provided an increased sense
of safety and security for the society. In many early societies, these first states developed
monarchies, with rule based on membership in a ruling family. In modern times, some
governments continue to be led by a succession of members from the same family.
3. The Divine Right Theory- “God gave those power to those in charge.”
- Government originates with power vested in an individual by God or gods. Generally, monarchs
lead governments of this type. This theory was followed in ancient times, including by the
ancient Egyptians and Maya. The idea of divine right experienced a resurgence in western
Europe in the 16th to the 18th centuries, when King James I of England, several French
monarchs, and other rulers asserted that their authority came directly from God—and thus
could not be challenged.
- Russian czars, such as Peter the Great, believed their autocratic rule was God-given, and
they used their power to gain territory, wage war, and impose taxation on their subjects.
4. The Social Contract Theory- “People give up some of their freedoms to the state to promote
the well-being of all.”
- Government was the result of centuries of frustration with the unchecked power of monarchs.
Under this theory, government is a kind of contract in which those in power have responsibility
toward those they govern and the governed respect the power of the governing individuals.
There are various versions of the social contract theory, ranging from an emphasis on
maintaining a peaceful social order to a focus on using individual free will to determine
what is best for the public good, or that which benefits all people in a society.
- Although the social contract theory has numerous variations, at its core is the idea that
government is an agreement between those who govern and those who are governed. The
founders of the United States drew heavily on social contract theory in the construction of both
the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. In doing so, they formed a
democracy, which literally means "rule by the people."
DIMENSION OF TECHNOLOGY
Information and Communication Technology
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- Refers to technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications. It is like
Information Technology (IT) but focuses primarily on communication technologies. This
includes the Internet, wireless networks, cell phones, and other communication mediums.
1. Content Integration
- The first dimension of integrating a new technology is identifying how you will be able to
integrate your content into the technology. This must be considered first to ensure that the
technology is suitable to disseminate the content in the most productive way possible.
2. Knowledge Construction
- Mastery of the new technology is vital to its success in your classroom. Therefore, knowledge
construction is the second dimension of proper technology integration. Knowledge
construction exists on several levels.
3. Equity Pedagogy
- After learning the technology inside and out, determine if this is something that all your
students could handle. If out of class work is required, will students have access to the
technology outside of school? Answers to these questions will determine whether you should
continue moving forward with your plan.
4. Prejudice Reduction
- Students and staff are bound to have hesitation towards change or new methodologies.
Because of this, the fourth dimension of technology integration requires you to reduce
prejudices by offering proper training for all the stakeholders (students, staff, parents) prior to
requiring use of the technology. It is unfair to ask staff members to teach using tools with which
they have received little to no training.
5. Empowering Social Culture
- Two perceived meanings: (1) empowering the use of this technology in ways that can better
society and a social culture. More than anything, when introducing a new technology
to the classroom, never limit its worth to simply the task at hand and (2) creating a social
environment that stimulates communication and growth among peers. Socialization is wildly
important to the development of our students. Step five forces the educator to determine what
aspects of the chosen tool could be manipulated to be socially constructed and collaboratively
built upon.
ADVANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY
1. Medicine and Health Care
- Technology has helped in saving many innocent lives. Human medicine and health sciences
have improved. Doctors and medical students have embarked on medical technological tools
to carry out extensive research on human health problems and challenges
- This extensive research has resulted into the development of new drugs, and treatments which
have helped in curing most challenging human diseases and this has helped in saving so
many lives and it has also prolonged the human lifespan.
2. Technological Advancements of Communication
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- Communication is a major factor in both human lives and business. Communication
technology has changed with years and it has even become better, I can tell what the future
holds in this field of communication.
- Agricultural technological advancement has played a big role in changing the face of
agriculture. This has resulted into increased production and abundant food supply.
- Technology advancement has greatly changed the education sector. We now days learn
through mobile gadgets and tablets. Technology has simplified the way teachers reach their
students and it has also helped students learn from anywhere as well as enable them access
academic information at anytime from anywhere.
NEURAL NETWORKS
The Human Brain
- The brain is an amazing three-pound organ that controls all functions of the body, interprets
information from the outside world, and embodies the essence of the mind and soul.
Intelligence, creativity, emotion, and memory are a few of the many things governed by the
brain. Protected within the skull, the brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum.
• Cerebrum- the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres. It
performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech,
reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement.
• Cerebellum- located under the cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate muscle
movements, maintain posture, and balance.
• Brainstem- acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord.
It performs many automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature,
wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.
• Frontal Lobe
1. Personality, behavior, emotions
2. Judgment, planning, problem solving
3. Speech: speaking and writing (Broca’s area)
4. Body movement (motor strip)
5. Intelligence, concentration, self-awareness
• Parietal Lobe
1. Interprets language, words
2. Sense of touch, pain, temperature (sensory strip)
3. Interprets signals from vision, hearing, motor, sensory and memory
4. Spatial and visual perception
• Occipital Lobe
1. Interprets vision (color, light, movement)
• Temporal Lobe
1. Understanding language (Wernicke’s area)

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2. Memory the “master gland,” it controls other endocrine glands in the body. It secretes hormones that
3. Hearing control sexual development, promote bone and muscle growth, and respond to stress.
4. Sequencing and organization • Pineal Gland- located behind the third ventricle. It helps regulate the body’s internal clock
and circadian rhythms by secreting melatonin. It has some role in sexual development.
Language
• Thalamus- serves as a relay station for almost all information that comes and goes to the
- In general, the left hemisphere of the brain is responsible for language and speech and is cortex. It plays a role in pain sensation, attention, alertness and memory.
called the "dominant" hemisphere. The right hemisphere plays a large part in interpreting • Basal Ganglia- includes the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus. These nuclei work with
visual information and spatial processing. In about one third of people who are left-handed, the cerebellum to coordinate fine motions, such as fingertip movements.
speech function may be located on the right side of the brain. Left-handed people may need • Limbic System- is the center of our emotions, learning, and memory. Included in this system
special testing to determine if their speech center is on the left or right side prior to any are the cingulate gyri, hypothalamus, amygdala (emotional reactions) and hippocampus
surgery in that area. (memory)

Aphasia

- a disturbance of language affecting speech production, comprehension, reading or writing,

due to brain injury – most commonly from stroke or trauma. The type of aphasia depends on
the brain area damaged.

Broca’s area

- lies in the left frontal lobe. If this area is damaged, one may have difficulty moving the tongue
or facial muscles to produce the sounds of speech. The person can still read and understand
spoken language but has difficulty in speaking and writing (i.e. forming letters and words,
doesn’t write within lines) – called Broca's aphasia.

Wernicke’s area

- lies in the left temporal lobe. Damage to this area causes Wernicke's aphasia. The individual
may speak in long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even create
new words. They can make speech sounds; however, they have difficulty understanding
speech and are therefore unaware of their mistakes.

• Cortex- the surface of the cerebrum is called the cortex. It has a folded appearance with
hills and valleys. The cortex contains 16 billion neurons (the cerebellum has 70 billion =
86 billion total) that are arranged in specific layers
• Hypothalamus- located in the floor of the third ventricle and is the master control of the
autonomic system. It plays a role in controlling behaviors such as hunger, thirst, sleep, and
sexual response. It also regulates body temperature, blood pressure, emotions, and
secretion of hormones.
• Pituitary Gland- lies in a small pocket of bone at the skull base called the sella turcica. The
pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus of the brain by the pituitary stalk. Known as