BASIC LABORATORY

PROCEDURE
INTRODUCTION

POST LAB Cleanliness

ENGGCHEML Safety

CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS

Responsibility for reagents, apparatus,
equipment and facilities

ENGR. ARLENE C. FLORENDO Disposal of waste materials

COURSE FACILITATOR
SEPTEMBER 2022 Planning

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BASIC LABORATORY BASIC LABORATORY

PROCEDURE PROCEDURE
BUNSEN BURNER BUNSEN FLAME

Robert Bunsen Three types

➡ German chemist 1. Safety ame
➡ Discovered Caesium and Rubidium (with
Gustav Kirchoff) 2. Normal ame

3. Roaring ame
Bunsen burner
➡ Common laboratory instrument that produces
hot, spotless, non-luminous flame
➡ Can reach temperatures of approx 1500℃ https://www.rdworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/GettyImages-1202977770-
scaled.jpg

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 BASIC LABORATORY BASIC LABORATORY
PROCEDURE PROCEDURE
BUNSEN FLAME DATA AND RESULTS: BUNSEN BURNER
Fully Opened Air Half-opened Air
Fully Closed Air Holes
Holes Holes

Sound of the ame Roaring Hissing Quiet/silent

Color of the ame Bluish

Bluish with yellow on
Yellow
Luminous Flame Non-luminous Flame
top

Size of the ame Smaller Smaller Bigger

Yellow to orange Light Blue
Kind of ame Hotter Hot Safer
Soot at the bottom of No soot deposited on
Type of ame Non-luminous Non-luminous Luminous the test tube the test tube
Can be seen but not
Brightness of light Can’t be seen
that bright
Very bright Longer time for water Shorter time for water
to boil to boil
Outline of ame Smooth Smooth Ragged

Top of ame Concave Concave Convex

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BASIC LABORATORY BASIC LABORATORY
PROCEDURE PROCEDURE
ZONES OF THE BUNSEN FLAME TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION

Zone 1: Unburnt gas and air Flame interface

Zone 2: Reducing region

Zone 3: Oxidizing region

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BASIC LABORATORY BASIC LABORATORY
PROCEDURE PROCEDURE
GRADUATED CYLINDER GRADUATED CYLINDER

Used to measure approximate volumes of Proper way to read a meniscus

liquids

Calibrated as:

TC

TD

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BASIC LABORATORY BASIC LABORATORY

PROCEDURE PROCEDURE
TRIPLE BEAM BALANCE ACCURACY AND PRECISION

Parts:
Accuracy
Weighing pan or plate

Poise Precision
Zero adjustment knob

Beams

Platform
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BASIC LABORATORY BASIC LABORATORY
PROCEDURE PROCEDURE
UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS

Measurements
➡ Allocation of numerical values to the Physical Quantity Unit
properties of objects or events Mass kilogram
Physical Quantities Time second
➡ Quantifiable and measurable into units Temperature Kelvin
★ 7 fundamental quantities
Electric current ampere
★ Other quantities are derived quantities
Luminous intensity candela
Unit
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➡ Determinate quantity adopted as a standard
Amount of substance mole
of measurement

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BASIC LABORATORY BASIC LABORATORY

PROCEDURE PROCEDURE
UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS

Major Systems of Units Measured numbers

1. Systéme International/SI units Are numbers obtain when you measure a
Units are categorized by factors of quantity
10 Exact numbers
2. English units/Imperial system Are those numbers obtained by counting items

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 BASIC LABORATORY BASIC LABORATORY
PROCEDURE PROCEDURE
UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS

Counting Significant figures:

1.All nonzero digits are signi cant
2.Interior zeros (zeros between 2 nonzero numbers) are signi cant
3.Trailing zeros (zeros to the right of a nonzero number) that fall
a er a decimal point are signi cant
4.Trailing zeros that fall before a decimal point are signi cant
5.Leading zeros (zeros to the le of the rst nonzero number) are The Metric Pre xes
not signi cant. They only serve to locate the decimal point
6.Trailing zeros at the end of. Number but before an implied
decimal point are ambiguous and should be avoided by using
scienti c notation
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7.Numbers that come from de nitions are exact. Numbers derived
from counting are exact
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SPECIFIC HEAT OF SPECIFIC HEAT OF
METALS METALS
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

Speci c heat capacity, Cp

Amount of heat required to raise the unit

mass through one degree temperature raise
General equation:

Qgained = -Qlost

(mCp∆T)gained = -(mCp∆T)lost

https://www.warmup.com/wp-content/uploads/heat-loss-vs-heat-output.jpg https://www.warmup.com/wp-content/uploads/heat-loss-vs-heat-output.jpg

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SPECIFIC HEAT OF SPECIFIC HEAT OF
METALS METALS
INTRODUCTION SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Table of specific heat capacities (25 °C, 1 atm = 101 325 Pa) www.vaxasoftware.com

Substance J/(kg·K) Substance J/(kg·K)

Air 1012 Lead 128
Aluminum 897 Lithium 3560
Ammonia (liquid) 4700 Magnesium 1023
Asphalt 920 Marble 858
Benzene 1750 Mercury 138
Brass 380 Methane (275 K) 2191
Calcium 650 Methyl alcohol 2549
Carbon dioxide (gas) 839 Nickel 440
Concrete
Copper
880
387
Nitrogen
Oxygen
1040
918
Calculate the amount of heat (in calories)
Diamond
Ethyl alcohol
509
2460
Potassium
Sand
750
290
needed to raise the temperature of 454 g of
Ethylene glycol
Gasoline
2200
2220
Silver
Sodium
236
1230
water from 20℃ to 100℃?
Glass (typical) 837 Soil (typical) 1046
o
Gold 129 Steam (100 C) 2009
Granite 790 Sulphur 730
Graphite 710 Tin 210
Helium (gas) 5300 Vegetable oil 2000
Human tissue 3500 Water (0 °C to 100 °C) 4186
Hydrogen (gas) 14267 Wood 420
Ice (-10 °C to 0 °C) 2093 Zinc 390 https://www.warmup.com/wp-content/uploads/heat-loss-vs-heat-output.jpg https://www.warmup.com/wp-content/uploads/heat-loss-vs-heat-output.jpg
Iron/Steel 452

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SPECIFIC HEAT OF SPECIFIC HEAT OF

METALS METALS
SAMPLE PROBLEMS SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Calculate the amount of heat needed to raise

Calculate the speci c heat of a metallic the temperature of an aluminum pan and that
element if 314 joules of energy are needed to of a copper pan, both of mass of 454g, from
raise the temperature of a 50.0 g sample from 20℃ to 100℃?
25.0°C to 50.0°C.

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LATENT HEAT OF LATENT HEAT OF
FUSION OF ICE FUSION OF ICE
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

Latent heat

It is used to break the substance’s

intermolecular bonds during changes of state
“The latent heat of fusion of a block of ice is
Latent heat of Fusion 5000J”
Latent heat of Vaporization What does this statement means?
Latent heat of Sublimation http://static3.mbtfiles.co.uk/media/docs/newdocs/international_baccalaureate/physics/
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LATENT HEAT OF LATENT HEAT OF

FUSION OF ICE FUSION OF ICE
SAMPLE PROBLEMS SAMPLE PROBLEMS

A glass contains 250g of hot tea at 90℃. What

What is the energy required to change 10g of
is the minimum amount of ice at 0℃ needed to
ice at 0℃ to water at 20℃?
cool the drink to 0℃?

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