MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

STATISTICS AND DATA

Lesson 1: Classification and Organization of Data
Types of Data
Qualitative Data:
Data that deal with categories or attributes

Quantitative Data:
data that deal with numericalvalues

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Lesson 1: Classification and Organization of Data
Types of Data – Examples
Qualitative Data:
(1) Color of skin
(2) Courses in Computer Engineering

Quantitative Data:
(1) Number of units in onesemester
(2) Grade point average

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Lesson 1: Classification and Organization of Data
DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS DATA
Discrete Data
Data that are obtained by counting

Continuous Data
Data that are obtained by measuring

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Lesson 1: Classification and Organization of Data
DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS DATA–
EXAMPLES
Discrete Data
(1) number of students in theclassroom
(2) number of cars in the parkinglot
Continuous Data
(3) area of a mango farm in Pampanga
(4) volume of water in a pool in Pansol,Laguna

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Lesson 1: Classification and Organization of Data
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
• Nominal
• - labels qualitative data into mutually exclusivecategories
• Ordinal
• - ranks qualitative data according to its degree
• Interval
- numerical data that has order and its differences can be determined;
do not have a
• “true” zero
• Ratio
- numerical data that has order, differences can be determined and has a
“true”
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Lesson 1: Classification and Organization of Data
 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
NOMINAL EXAMPLES
(1) What is your civil status? (2) Where do you live?
❑ Single ❑ Caloocan
❑ LasPiñas
❑ Married ❑ Makati
❑ Separated ❑ Malabon
❑ Annulled ❑ Mandaluyong
❑ Manila
❑ Marikina
❑ Muntinlupa
❑ Parañaque
❑ Pasay
❑ Pasig
❑ Quezon City
❑ SanJuan
❑ Taguig
❑ Valenzuela

STATISTICS AND
DATA
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Lesson 1: Classification and Organization of
 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
ORDINAL EXAMPLES
(1) How satisfied are you with our foodservice?
❑ Extremely Satisfied
❑ Very Satisfied
❑ Satisfied
❑ Dissatisfied
❑ Very Dissatisfied
❑ Extremely Dissatisfied
(2) What is your level of anxiety?
❑ Low
❑ Average
❑ High

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Lesson 1: Classification and Organization of Data
 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT INTERVAL
AND RATIO EXAMPLES
Interval
- Temperature

Ratio
- Speed
- Height
- Weight

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Lesson 1: Classification and Organization of Data
 YOUR TURN
A. Determine if the following is qualitative or quantitative:
1. movie genre
2. soda
3. age
4. amount found on electricity bill
5. number of absences in class

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Lesson 1: Classification and Organization of Data
 YOUR TURN
B. Determine if the following is discrete or continuous:
1. Number of accidents on a major thoroughfare
2. Number of persons in the mall between 10:00 and 10:30in
the morning
3. The speed of Internet connection
4. Number of people seated inside a movie house
5. The altitude of an airplane flying from Manila to Singapore

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Lesson 1: Classification and Organization of Data
 YOUR TURN
C. Determine if the following is nominal, ordinal, interval orratio:
1. IQ scores
2. Earthquake intensity scale
3. Seasons in the Philippines
4. ASEANcountries
5. Monthly expenses
6. Commuting times during peak hours
7. Number of local channels
8. Satisfaction levels
9. Zip codes
10. Number of people dining in Mang Inasal at 1:00p.m.

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Lesson 1: Classification and Organization of Data
METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA
Lesson 2
Prof. Erminia B. Angeles
1. Registration Method

• The respondents give information in compliance with

certain laws. Policies, regulations, decrees or standard
practices.
• Examples ; birth certificates, marriage certificates,
death certificates, real estates etc.
2. Observation Methods

• The researcher observes the research situation.

Observation must be specific, systematic,
quantitative, expert and its result must be
checked and substantiated.
3. Conducting Survey

A.Personal Interview
• Direct interview is considered as one of the most
effective methods of collecting original data. This
method allows greater flexibility since both interviewer
and interviewee are present when the question are
asked and answered.
B. Telephone Interview

• The interviewer asks questions of the

respondents over the telephone. They are
cheaper than personal interview, can be
conducted fairly quickly
C. Questionnaire Method

• It is one of the easiest method of data gathering. It consists

of a list of well planned questions related to the topic under
study sent by mail to the respondents. It is less expensive
and less time consuming, It can give confidential responses
, since the respondents can answer the questions privately.
•
D. Experimentation

• This method is used when the researcher wishes to

control the factors affecting the variable under
investigation.
Prepared by:
Ms. Claire Anne D. Jove, LPT
MMW Instructor
Qualitative data: deals with categories or attributes
(examples: eye color, ethnicity, phone brands)

Qualitative data: numerical data

Discrete data:obtained by counting (examples: number
of students, number of countries)
Continuous data: obtained by measuring (examples:
weight, age)
1. Nominal scale: classifies qualitative data into categories (examples:
gender, mode of transportation, nationality, occupation, civil status)

2. Ordinal scale: ranks quantitative data (examples: pain level, social

status, attitude toward a subject)

3. Interval scale: involves ranked quantitative data and makes sense of the
differences; with no true zero value (example: temperature)

4. Ratio scale: a quantitative measurement with true zero and equal

intervals between points (examples: weight, distance)
▪asking questions: questionnaire(test or survey),
interview
▪observation: use of senses to gather information
Type 1: participant observation: observer
takes part in the activities of a group (s)he is
observing, usually without the knowledge of other
members to ensure reliability of data.
Type 2: non-participant observation: observer
is mere spectator observing from a distance
▪experimentation: employed mostly by
scientists or those who work in a laboratory

▪documentary review/analysis: uses available

aunthentic documents
▪MEAN: sum of all values in a set of data divided
by the total number of observations (layman
term: average)

▪MEDIAN: middle data after arranging values in

increasing or decreasing order

▪MODE: most frequent value in a set of data

 σ 𝐱𝐢
𝐱ത =
𝐧
Meaning of symbols:
𝑥ҧ = mean
Σ = 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑙
Xi= ith observation (i =1 to n)
n = number of observations
 ҧ
Consider the scores of some WUP students on their prelim exam in
MMW.
Identify the mean of the scores.

37 + 35 + 36 + 37 + 36 + 35 + 41 + 36 + 40 + 35 + 36 + 34 + 32 + 31
𝑥ҧ =
14

465
𝑥ҧ =
14

𝑥ҧ ≈ 33. 21
1. clear memory
2. change to statistics mode, SD
3. input data
4. return to main screen
5. Press ALPHA then 4 and finally = to compute mean of ungroup data
(Sharp WriteView EL-W531XH)
*Depends on calculator. Refer to instruction manual.

Source: https://www.tuitionkenneth.com/mean-sd-sharp-el-
w531?fbclid=IwAR1ZDBEsD1LUcZr2evo1_k_BkLiwN_fescHOD9mop30LDtuBBKDuwunpq
4M
▪Identify the mean score of a
group of students in their prelim
exam in Math.
▪Scores: 41, 45, 47, 43, 40, 27, 47,
45, 34, 41, 41, 40, 43
σ 𝑥𝑖
𝑥ҧ =
𝑛
Step 1: Arrange data in increasing or decreasing center.
Step 2: If there are odd number of observations, identify the one in the middle.
𝒏
𝒙𝒊 = + 𝟎. 𝟓
𝟐
If there are five observations, the third in ascending/descending order is in the middle.
𝟓
Using the formula, 𝐢 = 𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝟐. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝟑𝐫𝐝

Step 2: If with even number of observations, divide the two middle observations by 2.
𝒙𝒏 + 𝒙𝒏+𝟏
෥= 𝟐
𝒙 𝟐
𝟐
𝑥=median
෤
𝑥𝑛 𝑥𝑛+1 = two observations in the middle of arranged data
2 2
 𝒙𝒏 + 𝒙𝒏+𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
෥=
𝒙
𝟐
▪Identify the median score of a
group of students in their prelim
exam in Math.
▪Scores: 41, 45, 47, 43, 40, 27, 47,
45, 34, 41, 41, 40, 43
 FREQUENCY
OBSERVATIONS TALLY
f 41, 45, 47,
40 // 2
41 /// 3 43, 40, 27,
43
45
//
//
2
2
47, 45, 34,
47 // 2 41, 41, 40,
27 / 1
34 / 1
43
n=∑f 13

= 41