World Englishes

j
 Variations Across Cultures
j j j

Topic-073: j‘new’ jEnglishes jand j‘New’ jEnglishes: jDefinitions jand jDifferences

j‘new’ jEnglishes
• Resulting jfrom jthe jfirst jdiaspora
• Comprising jNorth jAmerica j(USA jand jCanada), jAustralia, jNew jZealand, jSouth jAfrica
• Developing jindependently jof jthe jBritish jEnglish
‘New’ jEnglishes
• Resulting jfrom jthe jsecond jdiaspora
• Being jused jas jsecond jlanguages jby jbilingual jor jmultilingual jpeople
• Comprising jPakistani jEnglish, jIndian jEnglish, jNigerian jEnglish, jSingapore jEnglish
Independent jstatus jof j‘new’ jand‘New’ jEnglishes
• Should jbe jconsidered jin jtheir jown jright
• Should jnot jbe jcompared jwith jother jvarieties jof jEnglishes
Independent jstatus jof j‘new’ jand‘New’ jEnglishes
• Acceptance jof jAmerican jEnglish
• Reluctance jto jaccept jother jvarieties

Topic-074: j‘‘new’ jEnglishes jand j‘New’ jEnglishes

j‘New’ jEnglishes

• Includes ja jlarge jnumber jof jvarieties

• Dissimilar jin jcharacteristics jand juse
Characteristics jof j‘New’ jEnglishes
Learning
• Learned jin jschools
• Used jas ja jmedium jof jinstruction
• Additional jto jsome jother jfirst jlanguage
Characteristics jof j‘New’ jEnglishes
Contact jwith jnative jvariety
• Developed jin jregions jwhere ja jnative jvariety jwas jnot jthe jmain jlanguage jof jthe jpopulation
Characteristics jof j‘New’ jEnglishes
Functions jand jspeakers
• Used jfor ja jrange jof jfunctions
• Used jamong jthe jspeakers jof jthe jregion jwhere jit jdeveloped
Characteristics jof j‘New’ jEnglishes
Nativization/Localization
• Have jadopted jsome jlanguage jfeatures j(sounds, jintonation jpatterns, jsentence jstructures, jwords jand
jexpressions)

‘New’ jEnglishes’ jnorms jand jinnovations

Factors jdetermining jthe jstatus jof jan jinnovation
i. Demographic jfactor
ii. Geographical jfactor
iii. Authoritative jfactor
iv. Codification
v. Acceptability jfactor
Bamgbose, jcited j in jJenkins, j2000

Topic-075: jNativization-I

Nativization
• A jprocess jin jwhich ja jlanguage jgains jnative jspeakers
• This jhappens jwhen ja jsecond jlanguage jused jby jadult jparents jbecomes jthe jnative jlanguage jof jtheir
jchildren

Nativization
• Acculturization
• Indigenization
• Hybridization j
Nativization jof jEnglish
Changes jEnglish jhas jundergone jas ja jresult jof j jcontact jwith jother jlanguages jin jdiverse jcultural jand
jgeographical jsettings jin jthe jouter jcircle

Nativization
Is jtriggered jwhen jusers jin ja jsecond jlanguage jenvironment jinevitably j jmould jthe jlanguage jto jexpress jfacts,
jideas jand jconcepts jrelevant jto jtheir jown jparticular jcontext

Nativization
The jprocess jof jnativization jis jdue jto jthe:
• Transfer jfrom jlocal jlanguages jto jEnglish j j j j j j
• Transfer jof jEnglish jto jthe jnew jcultural jenvironment jand jcommunicative jneeds
Factors jprompting jnativization
• English’s jassuming jof jfunctions jin jthe jouter jcircle jthat jrelate jto jthe jexpression jof jtypically jlocal
jideas

• English jneeds jto jadapt jitself jto jits jnew jenvironment jto jbe jable jto jexpress jlocal jconcepts
Factors jprompting jnativization
• Absence jof jnative jspeakers
• Inadequate jteaching
• Acquisitional jlimitations

Topic-076: jNativization-II

Functional jnativization
• Functional jnativeness jis jdetermined jby jthe jrange jand jdepth jof ja jlanguage jin ja jsociety
• Range: jdomains jof jfunction
• Depth: jthe jdegree jof jsocial jpenetration jof jthe jlanguage
Functional jnativization
• Deep jsocial jpenetration
• jExtended jrange jof jfunctions jof jEnglish jin jdiverse jsociolinguistic jcontexts

• Emergence jof jseveral jvarieties, jlocalized jregisters jand jgenres jfor jexpressing jlocal jsocial, jcultural
and jreligious jidentities
j

Functional jnativization
• English jis jnativized jin jSouth jAsia jas jIndian jEnglish jand jPakistani jEnglish
• Range jof jfunctional jdomains:
• Corporate jtrade
• jMedia

• jDevelopment

• Government
• Higher jeducation
• Science jand jtechnology
• Creative jwriting
Functional jnativization
• Social jdepth jof jEnglish juse: j
• an jestimated j333 jmilion jusers jof jEnglish jin jIndia
• the jhighest jnumber jof j(non-creole) jEnglish jspeakers jin jthe jworld jafter jthe jUS jand jUK

Topic-077: jNativization-III

Recognition jof jnativized jvarieties

• English jhas jacquired jnew jidentities jin jnew jsocio-cultural jcontexts
• Autonomous jlocal jvarieties j
• Their jown jset jof jrules
• Cannot jbe jtreated jas jmistakes jof jdeficient jEnglishes j
Recognition jof jnativized jvarieties
• The jacceptance jof jnativized jvarieties jis jopenly jdebated jin jthe jouter jcircle
• The jideal jpronunciation jremains jRP
• Indiginized jforms jof jEnglish jare jstigmatized
Recognition jof jnativized jvarieties
• Indiginized jforms jof jEnglish jare jstigmatized
• Prevailing jperception jin jinner jcircle jdoes jnot jrecognize jnativized jvarieties jas jstandard jEnglish
jlanguage jvarieties j

Recognition jof jnativized jvarieties

Nativized jEnglish jsocial jlectal jcontinuum jranges jbetween:
Acro- j j j j j j j j j jMeso- j j j jBasi-

lect j j j j j j j j j jlect j j j j j jlect

Characteristics jof jnativized jvarieties

• English jin jthe jouter jcircle j jhas jevolved jcharacteristic jfeatures jat jthe:
• jphonological

• jlexical

• jsyntactic jand j

• jdiscourse jlevel

Characteristics jof jnativized jvarieties

• Initially, jthese jinnovations jwere jrejected jby jpurists
• Now jbeing jincreasingly jaccepted
Characteristics jof jnativized jvarieties
The jnativization jof
English jhas jenriched jEnglish jand jthe jindigenous jlanguages jthrough:
• Processes jof jborrowing
• Coinage jof jnew jwords jand jexpressions
• Semantic jshifts

Topic-078: jNativization jof jEnglish jin jPakistan

Native jlexicalizatin j(functional jshift)

Noun jto jverb
• The jPPP jhad jinformed jhim jthat jElection jCommission’s jaffairs jwere jhanded jover jto ja jSecretary
jagainst jwhom jthe jAnti-Corruption jCommittee jconducted jan jenquiry jand jwho jwas jto jbe jcharge- jsheeted

Bilingual jfunctional jshift

Noun jto jverb
• As jPakistanis jwaited jon ja jcold jDecember jnight jfor j1991 jto jbe jfirecrackered…
• Multan jtraders jto jgherao jMunicipalCorporation
Adjective jto jverb j
Allahyar jlived jin jMultan jright jinto jthe j1950s. jHis jwife jcooked jin jmy jaunt’s jhouse, jthe jdaughter jwashed
jand jserved jand jthe json jwas jthe jgeneral jfactotum jwho jfetched jand jcarried jand j“hallaled” jthe jchickens

Colonial jlag
• dickey jor jdiggie
• stepney
Word jformation
Compound jwords j
Flying jcoach
Marriage jparty
Cent jpercent
Derivations
• Affectee
• Pointation
• meuseumize
Word jformation
Urdu-English jhybrid jderivations
• Goondaism
• Dacoit
• Dacoitee
Semantic jshift
• a jmonthly: ja jbribe jpaid jevery jmonth j
• ja jgunman: ja jbank jguard

Grammar
Variation jin jpreposition
• Fill jup ja jform
• Cope jup jwith ja jsituation
Lack jof jsubject j– jverb jinversion jin jquestions
Why jyou jare jlaughing?
What jyou jare jlooking jat?
Grammar
Pluralization jof juncountables
• Equipments
• Informations
• Researches
• Hairs