Raise Small Ruminants New

COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL
Sector: AGRI-FISHERIES
Qualification: ORGANIC AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION NC II
Unit of Competency: RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS
Module Title: RAISING SMALL RUMINANTS
TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

PROVINCIAL TRAINING CENTER
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MODULE
Welcome to the Module Raise Small Ruminants. This module contains

training materials and activities for you to complete.
The unit of competency Raising Small Ruminants is one of the Elective

Competencies which contains the knowledge, skills and attitudes required for
all the programs offered by all TESDA-Institutes in Region 02.
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to

complete each learning outcome of the module. In each learning outcome there
are Information Sheets, Resource Sheets and Reference Materials for further
reading to help you better understand the required activities. Follow these
activities on your own and answer the self-check at the end of each learning
outcome. Get the answer key from your trainer and check your work honestly.
If you have questions, please don’t hesitate to ask him/her for assistance.
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)
You may already have some or most of the knowledge and skills covered in
this module because you have:
• Been working in the same industry for some time.
• Already completed training in this area.
If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a

particular skill or skills, talk to him/her about having them formally
recognized so you won’t have to do the same training again. If you have
qualifications or Certificates of Competency from previous trainings, show them
to your trainer. If the skills you acquired are still relevant to this module, they
may become part of the evidence you can present for RPL.
A Trainee Record Book (TRB) is given to you to record important dates, jobs
undertaken and other workplace events that will assist you in providing
further details to your trainer/assessor. A Record of Achievement/Progress Chart
is also provided to your trainer to complete/accomplish once you have completed the
module. This will show your own progress.
DIRECTION FOR USE OF THE CBLM
This module was prepared to help you achieve the required competency:
RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS. This will be the source of information for you to
acquire the knowledge and skills in this particular module with minimum
supervision or help from your trainer. With the aid of this material, you will
acquire the competency independently and at your own pace.
Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will both organize the training of
this unit. Read through the module carefully. It is divided into sections which
covers all the skills and knowledge you need to successfully complete in this
module.
Work through all the information sheets and complete the activities in each
section. Do what is asked in the INSTRUCTIONAL SHEETS and complete the
SELF-CHECK. Suggested references are included to supplement the materials
provided in this module.
Most probably, your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager.
He/she is there to support you and show you the correct way to do things. Ask for
help.
Your trainer will tell you about the important things you need to consider
when you are completing activities and it is important that you listen and take
notes.
Talk to more experienced workmates and ask for their guidance.
Use the self-check questions at the end of each section to test your own
progress.
When you are ready, ask your trainer to watch you perform the activities
outlined in the module.
As you work through the activities, ask for written feedback on your
progress. Your trainer gives feedback/pre-assessment reports for this reason.
When you have successfully completed each element or learning outcome, ask
your trainer to mark on the reports that you are ready for assessment.
When you have completed this module and feel confident that you have had
sufficient practice, your trainer will schedule you for the institutional assessment.
The result of your assessment/evaluation will be recorded in your COMPETENCY
ACHIEVEMENT RECORD.
(ORGANIC AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION NC II)
COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS
List of Competencies
No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code
AGR612301
1. Raise Organic Chicken Raising Organic Chicken
Produce Organic Producing Organic AGR611306

2.
Vegetables Vegetables

3.
Fertilizer Fertilizer

4.
Concoctions and extracts Concoctions and extracts
AGR612302
5. Raise Organic Hogs Raising Organic Hogs
AGR612303
6. Raise Small Ruminants Raising Small Ruminants
MODULE CONTENT
UNIT OF COMPETENCY: RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS
MODULE TITLE: RAISING SMALL RUMINANTS
MODULE DESCRIPTOR: This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes
required to choose/select healthy breeders,
determine suitable small ruminant cage (housing)
requirements, install cage (housing) requirements,
feed small ruminants, manage breeding of small
ruminants (goat), manage bucks and does and their
progenies, (manage health, growth and breeding of
small ruminants) and harvest (finish) ruminants. It
also includes pasture management and farm record
keeping.
NOMINAL DURATION: 30 Hours
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this module you MUST be able to:
1. Select healthy breeders and suitable cages
2. Feed small ruminants
. 3. Manage breeding of small ruminants
4. Manage does/ewes and their progenies
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Bucks and rams are identified according to breed

2. Healthy bucks/rams are selected based on industry acceptable indicator for
healthy small ruminants.
3. Suitable site for small ruminants are determined based on PNS recommendations.
4. Small ruminants cage design is prepared based on Good Animal Husbandry
Practices (GAHP), DENR and zoning ordinances PNS recommendations.
5. Cage equipment installation design is prepared in line with PNS recommendation
and actual farm conditions.
6. Cage equipment are set-up in line with housing equipment installation design.
7. Rice straws are placed as bedding materials based on PNS procedures.
8. Rice straws are placed as bedding materials based on PNS procedures.
9. Suitable feed materials are selected based on availability in the locality, nutrient
requirements and PNS standards.
10. Feed materials are prepared following PNS procedures.
11. Maintenance of forage area are administered in accordance with PNS procedures.
12. Animals are fed based on feeding management program of PNS.
13. Feeding is monitored following PNS procedures.
14. Breeding systems are identified based on PNS guidelines.
15. Animal pregnancy is monitored and tended based on enterprise procedures.
16. Unproductive buck/ram and doe/ewe are culled based on enterprise procedures.
17. Signs of approaching kidding/lambing are monitored following established farm
procedures.
18. Placenta and dead kids/lambs are disposed properly according to DENR law.
19. Assisted kids/lambs to suckle colostrums according to organic practices.
20. Lambs/kids are weaned properly at 3 months from birth based from established farm
procedures.
21. Lactating goats and sheep are kept in clean and quiet environment, and are
separated from the breeder males based from established farm procedures.
22. Forage grasses, supplements and adequate water supply are provided according to
PNS recommendations..
LEARNING OUTCOME 1
SELECT HEALTHY BREEDERS AND SUITABLE CAGES
LEARNING EXPERIENCES
Learning Activities Special Instructions
1. Read Information Sheet 2.1-1 If you have some problem on the
“Genetically superior breeds of goats content of the information sheet don’t
and sheep” hesitate to approach your facilitator.
1.
If you feel that you are now
knowledgeable on the content of the
information sheet 2.1-1,you can now
answer self-check provided in the
module.
2. Answer self-check 2.1-1 Compare your answer to the answer
key 2.1-1. If you got 100% correct
answer in this self-check, you can now
move to the next information sheet. If
not, review the information sheet and
go over the self-check again.
3. Read Information Sheet 2.1-1a If you have some problem on the
“Selecting Breeding Stock” content of the information sheet don’t
hesitate to approach your facilitator.
2.
information sheet 2.1-1a,you can now
module.
key 2.1-1a. If you got 100% correct
5. Read Information Sheet 2.1-1b If you have some problem on the
“Reproductive Physiology of Sheep content of the information sheet don’t
and Goat” hesitate to approach your facilitator.
3.
information sheet 2.1-1b, you can now
module.
6. Answer self-check 2.1-1b Compare your answer to the answer
key 2.1-1b. If you got 100% correct
“Proper feeding practices” content of the information sheet don’t
4.
information sheet 2.1-2, you can now
module.
“Preparation of inventory reports, content of the information sheet don’t
production and performance records, hesitate to approach your facilitator.
and financial analysis” 5.
module.
11. Read information sheet 2.1-4 If you have some problem on the
“Feed and space requirement for content of the information sheet don’t
individual animals and stocking hesitate to approach your facilitator.
density” 6.
module.
Information Sheet 2.1-1
Superior Breeds of Goats and Sheep
Learning Objectives:
After reading this information sheet, you should be able to:
1. identify suitable and superior breeds of goats based on industry standards

Breeds of Sheep
1. BORDER LEICESTER
General Appearance:
- Sheep for medium to large - From long

body - Size at maturity: Aries Sheep 70-90
kg 90-125 kg
Head:
- Fairly sophisticated, Fairly long and

shaped Roman - Covered with short white
hairs - Nose Black - Polled
Neck:
- Short joins into passes over the shoulders
Shoulders:
- Wide, smooth, join the body gently
Chest:
- Large and well developer, full and deep - Brisket Place in front of forelegs
Back, loins and croup:

- Back very wide, Giving the appearance of broad and flat, very fleshy and smooth
- Hindquarters Long, well muscled, meaty legs up - Croup long and level - Very
well muscled into the hip area
Feet and legs:

- Legs Placed squarely under the animal, with large flat bones of medium length in
proportion to body - Covered with white hairs Legs, without wool - Pasterns strong
and straight - Black shoes
Fleece:
- White, minimal shrinkage, good length, without curls, hair or kemp - Is Not Hard
- 1 / 4 to 3 / 8 blood
Serious Defects:
- Pink Nose - Brown hair on the face or legs - Between the ears wool - More than
three Levels of quality of wool in a fleece - Black spots in wool - Excessive folds on
the neck and shoulders - Feet turning out - Excessive fleece Kemp
2. Merino
The Merino is an economically influential

breed of sheep prized for its wool. Merinos
are regarded as having some of the finest
and softest wool of any sheep. Poll Merinos
have no horns (or very small stubs, known
as scurs), and horned Merino rams have
long, spiral horns which grow close to the
head.
Characteristics
The Merino is an excellent forager and very adaptable. It is bred predominantly for
its wool, and its carcass size is generally smaller than that of sheep bred for meat.
Merino wool is finely crimped and soft. The term merino is

widely used in the textile industries with varied meanings.
In the dress-goods and knitting trades, the term "Merino"
means an article containing Merino wool.
3. Barbados Blackbelly
The Barbados Blackbelly sheep is a breed of domestic

sheep that was developed in the Caribbean. This breed is
raised primarily for meat.
Characteristics
Blackbelly sheep of both breeds are able to tolerate heat
and exhibit more stamina than most breeds of sheep.
They are fleet of foot and in many ways resemble deer.
They are "hair sheep," which means they do not grow wool
but have coarse hair instead.
Barbados Blackbelly sheep will breed all year round unlike most domestic sheep.
Because they are smaller and slower growing than most wooled sheep, they are
not a good choice for commercial production. However, there is a strong market for
their lean and mild-flavored meat, and they are popular with herding dog trainers.
They are very disease resistant and parasite tolerant, and these genetic traits have
created a demand for Blackbelly sheep in crossbreeding operations. They are a
perfect choice as a homesteader's sheep because they do relatively well on poorer
forage, can be raised with very little grain, and do not require intensive
management. Blackbelly sheep range in color from light tan to a dark mahogany
red, with black stripes on the face and black legs, belly, inguinal region, chin, and
chest. Despite being goat-like in appearance, they are true sheep.
4. Dorper
Dorper
Overview: One of the most fertile of sheep breeds that is

hornless with good body length and a short light
covering of hair and wool. The breed has the
characteristic black head (Dorper) as well as white heads
(White Dorper). Furthermore the breed shows
exceptional adaptability, hardiness, reproduction rates
and growth (reaching 36 kg [~80 lbs] at three and a half
to four months) as well as good mothering abilities.
Mutton Production: The Dorper is primarily a mutton sheep and meets these
requirements exceptionally well. The Dorper has a long breeding season which is
not seasonally limited. A good manager can organize his program so that
lambs can be dropped at any time of the year. The breed is fertile and the
percentage of ewes that become pregnant in one mating season is relatively high.
Lambing intervals can be eight months. Consequently under good forage
conditions and with good management the Dorper ewe can lamb three times in
two years.
The Dorper is hardy and can thrive under range conditions where other breeds
can barely exist and the ewe can raise a lamb of reasonable quality under fairly
severe conditions. As a strong and non-selective grazer the Dorper can
advantageously be incorporated into a well planned range management system.
The Dorper is an easy care breed which requires a minimum of labor. Its skin
covering which is a mixture of hair and wool, will drop off if not shorn to keep it
tidy. The Dorper has a thick skin which is highly prized and protects the sheep
under harsh climatic conditions.
5. Katahdin
Katahdin are hardy, adaptable, low maintenance

sheep that produce superior lamb crops and lean,
meaty carcasses. They do not produce a fleece and
therefore do not require shearing. They are
medium-sized and efficient, bred for utility and for
production in a variety of management systems.
Ewes have exceptional mothering ability and lamb
easily; lambs are born vigorous and alert. The
breed is ideal for pasture lambing and grass/forage
based management systems.
The Katahdin sheep breed is raised strictly for its meat. The carcass dresses out
clean and easy. It is heavily muscled, relatively lean and very mild-flavored.The
meat may be eaten hot or cold and may be readily substituted in most beef or pork
recipes.
Katahdins are docile so are easily handled. They exhibit moderate flocking
instinct.
Ewes and rams exhibit early puberty and generally have a long productive life.
Mature ewes usually have twins, occasionally producing triplets or quadruplets.
Rams are aggressive breeders, generally fertile year round, and can settle a large
number of ewes in the first cycle of exposure. With selection a flock can
consistently lamb throughout the year. The Katahdin ewe shows a strong,
protective mothering instinct, usually lambs without assistance, and has ample
milk for her lambs.
The hair coat of the Katahdin varies in length and texture among individuals and
can be any color or color combination. It generally consists of coarse outer hair
fibers and an undercoat of fine wooly fibers that becomes very thick and longer if
cold weather sets in and day length decreases. This undercoat and some hair
naturally sheds as temperature and day length increase seasonally, leaving a
shorter, smooth summer coat.
Sheep Breeds by Wool Type
Sheep breeds come from a variety of climates;

evaluating each breed by their wool type can help in
choosing the one that's right for your weather, as well
as the purpose for which you plan to raise them.
Here are descriptions of different wool types:
• Fine Wool
Breeds that produce large amounts of soft wool
used for fine, next-to-the-skin garments.
Most sheep of this type have Merino (Spanish) ancestry. Popular for baby-
soft clothing and spinning.
• Long Wool
Breeds that produce long, wavy or ringed fleece, used primarily for tweeds
and rugs.
Found mostly in high, cool, rainy areas such as England, Scotland and New
Zealand. These sheep are popular with weavers.
• Medium Wool
Breeds that produce medium-soft wool used as outer garments and
blankets.
Most are considered dual-purpose breeds as they produce both meat and
wool. They’re popular with handspinners.
• Hair Sheep
Breeds that do not produce wool, but are covered in hair that sheds
naturally. Raised primarily for meat.
These breeds are popular with ethnic markets that rely on sheep for meat.
• Fat Tailed
Breeds that store large amounts of fat in the tail and rump area.
These breeds are popular with rugmakers and with cheesemakers.
• Rat-tailed or Short-tailed
Breeds with a thin or short tail that does not need to be docked.
Breeds of this type are typically Scandinavian in origin and are known to be
prolific (having multiple lambs per pregnancy). Double wooled, these breeds
have a thick undercoat covered with an outer layer called “tog.” Tog is a fine,
crimped wool similar to mohair. These breeds are popular with
handspinners.
Superior Breeds of Goats
The six traditional breeds of goats are Nubian, Alpine, Saanen, Toggenburg,
LaMancha, and Oberhasli. Other breeds which are growing in popularity include
Pygmy, Boer, Cashmere, and Angora. Almost all goats are born with horns, but
most goats (except for Pygmies) are dehorned at a young age to protect both the
goat and humans.
The Six Primary Breeds:
Anglo Nubian
This is the most popular

breed. This breed is large,
has long, wide, pendulous
ears, and a roman nose.
Goats of this breed usually
are brown, but can be
almost any color. The
Nubian breed originated in
the United Kingdom from
British and Near-East
descendants. Nubians have
a high butterfat content in
their milk. Nubian milk is
therefore good for cheese
making.
Alpine
Alpines originated in
Switzerland. They were later
imported to France and
England, and then to the
United States. Most Alpines
are either black and white,
brown and white, but can
have various other color
patterns. This breed has
dished, or curved, noses,
and upright ears.
Saanen
Saanens are another Swiss

breed. These goats are
large, kind, and friendly.
This breed of goats is
generally all-white, with
forward-facing ears.
Toggenburg
Toggs are medium-sized

chocolate animals who also
originated in Switzerland's
Toggenburg Valley.
La Mancha
This breed was developed in

the United States of a
Spanish breed that was
crossbred with other
breeds. This breed is
distinguished by having
very short ears.
Oberhasli
Oberhasli, another Swiss

breed, is colored
Chamoisee, ranging from
light to a deep red bay with
black facial stripes, muzzle
and forehead. Oberhaslis
can also be black in color.
Other Breeds Include:
The Pygmy Goat was originally called

the Cameroon Dwarf Goat. The goat is
mostly restricted to the West African
countries. Similar forms of Pygmy goats
also occur in all of
northern Africa, in the south western
African countries, and also in east
Africa. The breed originated in the
former French Cameroon area. The
Cameroon goats were exported from
Africa to zoos in Sweden and Germany
where they were on display as exotic
animals. The first Pygmys probably
arrived in the United States in 1959
from Sweden. Pygmy goats are
primarily kept as pets as they do not
produce milk of any significant
quantity.
The Boer Goat was developed in South

Africa as a breed meant solely for meat
production. The Boer goat is considered
far superior to any other goat for meat.
Cashmere production is a new industry

for the United
States. The first Cashmere goats were
imported from Australia and New
Zealand in the late 1980's. Since then
several Cashmere breeders and growers
have been producing breeding stock to
launch this new industry in the US.
They are sheared once a year and a full
grown adult buck will yield as much as
2.5 pounds of fleece. The fleece consists
of two kinds of fiber, cashmere and
guard hair.
Angora: The most valuable
characteristic of the Angora as compared
to other goats is the value of the mohair
that is clipped. The average goat in the
U.S. shears approximately 5.3 pounds of
mohair per shearing and are usually
sheared twice a year. The mohair is very
similar to wool in chemical composition
but differs from wool in that it is has a
much smoother surface and very thin,
smooth scale. Consequently, mohair
lacks the felting properties of wool.
Mohair is very similar to coarse wool in
the size of fiber. Mohair has been
considered very valuable as an
upholstering material for the making of
plushes and other covering materials
where strength, beauty, and durability
are desired.
Self Check 2.1-1
I. Multiple Choice: Read the questions carefully and select the letter of the
correct answer.
1. The head is fairly sophisticated, fairly long and shaped roman, covered
with short white hairs.
A. Border Leceister
B. Dorper
C. Katahdin
D. Merino
2. It is a breed of sheep prized for its wool.

A. Barbados Blackbelly
B. Border Leceister
C. Dorper
D. Merino
3. These breeds are raised primarily for meat. They are “hair sheep”,
which means they do not grow wool but have coarse hair.
B. Dorper
C. Katahdin
D. Merino
4. One of the most fertile of sheep breeds that is hornless with good body
length and a short light covering of hair and wool.
B. Border Leceister
C. Dorper
D. Katahdin
5. This breed of sheep is ideal for pasture lambing and grass/forage

based management systems.
A. Border Leceister
B. Dorper
C. Katahdin
D. Merino
6. This is the most popular breed of goat characterized by having a

roman nose.
A. Alpine
B. Anglo Nubian
C. Saanen
D. Toggenburg
7. This breed of goat has dished, or curved noses and upright ears.
A. Alpine
B. Anglo Nubian
C. Saanen
D. Toggenburg
8. These goats are large, kind and friendly. Generally, all-white with
forward – facing ears.
A. Boer
B. La Mancha
C. Saanen
D. Toggenburg
9. This goat is distinguished by having very short ears.

A. Boer
B. La Mancha
C. Saanen
D. Toggenburg
10. This goat is considered far superior to any other goat for meat.
A. Boer
B. La Mancha
C. Oberhasli
D. Toggenburg
Answer Key 2.1-1
1. A
2. D
3. A
4. C
5. A
6. B
7. A
8. C
9. B
10. A
Information Sheet No. 2.1-1a
Selecting Breeding Stock
Learning Objectives: After reading this information sheet, you should be able to:
• select suitable and superior breeds of goats based on industry standards

Selection of Breeding Stocks
Selection is the method used by animal raisers to make long-term genetic

change. It is the process that determines which individual animals become
parents, how many offspring produced and how long they remain productive in the
breeding population.
Major considerations when choosing goats to be raised

Doe
1. alertness
2. clear eyes
3. good body conformation
4. long body
5. long, straight, and strong legs
6. shiny coat
7. well-developed udder
8. angular and wedge-shaped body
9. good temperament and motherly instinct
10. resistance to diseases
11. adaptability to environment
Buck
1. alertness
2. clear eyes
3. long body
4. good body conformation
5. long, straight, and strong legs
6. masculine appearance
7. broad chest
8. well-develop sex organs
9. aggressiveness
10. resistance to diseases
11. adaptability to environment
Sources of Replacement Stock:

Carefully considering where to buy new animals will help ensure your new stock
healthy and will help improve the genetic potential of your flock. It is always best
to buy breeding stock from breeders who are known for providing productive,
healthy animals.
1. Public auctions:
Buying breeding stock from auction marts is not generally a good idea. Although
prices may be low, there is a good chance that the animals are culls. This means
that they may be poor producers and/or have health problems. As well, if they are
being sold as culls it is likely that few precautions were taken to avoid their
contact with other animals, which means there is an increased risk that they have
been exposed to various diseases.
2. Purebred sales:
Purebred sales, such as those conducted by breed organizations are significantly
different from auction marts in that animals are sold specifically as breeding
stock. Therefore, the breeder’s reputation is at stake if poor quality or diseased
animals are sold. An advantage of attending a sheep sale is the opportunity to
observe and compare sheep coming from a variety of breeders at one time. The
main disadvantage is an increased risk of disease transmission from one flock to
another, even if precautions are taken to avoid direct contact between animals.
3. Private sales:
Buying through private sales helps to further minimize the risk of purchasing
diseased animals, since the new stock will be taken straight from the breeder’s
farm to the new flock. Visiting the breeder’s farm, will give you an opportunity to
discuss flock health history and to look at the parent stock.
4. Within flock replacements

Many sheep producers raise their own replacement stock, particularly ewe lambs.
This helps minimize the risk of introducing new diseases, as fewer animals are
brought into the flock. However, to introduce new genetics and prevent
inbreeding, it is necessary to bring in some new stock (often rams).
5. Artificial insemination and embryo transfer:
An increasing number of producers, generally purebred breeders, have a closed
flock system. This means that no new animals are brought into the flock and any
animals that have left the flock are not re-introduced. As this would eventually
cause inbreeding problems, artificial insemination and (to a lesser extent) embryo
transfer are used to bring new genetics into the flock. Artificial insemination is
also an excellent means of introducing very high quality genetics without having to
purchase a top quality ram.
Selection Criteria
Economically Important Traits

Decisions regarding which stock to buy or which lambs to retain for replacements
will depend on how pleased you are with your flock’s present level of productivity.
Naturally, not all traits have equal economic value. For example, the number of
lambs born per ewe, lamb survival, and weaning weights are very important when
it comes to profitability, and provide a direct reflection of the quality of your ewes.
Post weaning average daily gain is important for producers who retain ownership
of the lambs until slaughter. If your flock is weak in certain areas of production,
try to choose new stock that will improve the overall performance for this trait.
Performance Information
To make genetic improvements efficiently, you must have an idea of your flock’s
current productivity and be able to compare it with the productively of stock from
other sources. Therefore, record keeping and precise animal identification records
are very important for genetic improvement programs. Data such as the type of
birth (single, twin, etc.), weaning weight, and post weaning growth rate, are
essential in assessing the genetic merit of your sheep. If you market your lambs
directly to the packing plant or abattoir, it may be possible to receive carcass trait
(rail grade) information. Alternatively, some producers measure indicators of the
lean meat yield in live animals using ultrasonography (e.g. backfat and rib eye
measurements). As these traits are moderately heritable, selection of breeding
stock based on these measurements can result in rapid improvements in lamb
quality.
Genetic improvement programs, such as the Sheep Flock Improvement Program,
compare data collected on individuals to data measured on relatives and other
sheep in the flock. Using genetic connections (common bloodlines) with other
flocks allows genetic evaluations to be conducted on a province or industry wide
basis, rather than simply doing comparisons within a herd. These evaluations
(‘estimated progeny differences’ or EPD’s) are the best genetic tool available to
livestock breeders today.
When considering how much emphasis to put the performance of past
generations, remember that an animal has 50% of its genes in common with each
parent, 25% of its genes in common with each grandparent, 12.5% of its genes in
common with each great-grandparent, etc. As a result, ancestors that appear
many generations back in the pedigree make only a tiny genetic contribution to
the present generation.
Health and Conformation
Even animals with remarkable genetic potential must be physically sound and
healthy to be considered for breeding stock. Many aspect of the animal’s
conformation are highly heritable, and therefore, will likely be passed to their
lambs. The vast majority of infectious diseases that pop up in otherwise clean
flocks originated with purchased breeding stock. Taking time to review a breeder’s
flock and production history will more than pay off if a persistent and costly
disease is avoided. Take the same precautions when purchasing goats, as they are
affected by many of the same diseases as sheep.
Flock Health:
Visiting the farm of a breeder, will give you an opportunity to have a first hand
look at the flock for possible health problems and to ask about the general
management of the flock.
When looking at the flock watches carefully for lame sheep, signs of caseous
lymphadenitis, sore mouth, excessive coughing, labored breathing and the general
body condition of the flock. Ask about history of abortions in the flock, or if any
other outbreaks of disease had occurred in recent years. The conformation and
condition of sheep in heavy fleece will be difficult to assess, and may require a
‘hand’s-on’ appraisal.
Individual Animals:
Conformation: The ‘ideal’ conformation for sheep will vary among breeds.
Generally, however, any aspects of the conformation that would affect growth,
reproductive performance, or longevity must be considered before using an animal
for breeding.
Legs: Animals that have poor legs (e.g crooked legs, weak pasterns, over at the
knee etc.) will tend to have fewer productive years and will need to be culled at an
earlier age. Look for sheep that have short, strong pasterns and straight legs. If
possible, look at the animal straight on (front and back) and from the sides to
detect any deformities. Watching the animal move will provide an indication of
stiffness or discomfort.
Body: Generally speaking, look for an animal with a wide chest, smooth
shoulders, deep through the heart area, long body (particularly from the last rib to
the tail), and has a well-muscled hindquarters.
Type of Birth (single or multiple): Your first choice should always be sheep from
a multiple birth.
Age and Teeth:

Purebred animals will have letters tattooed in their ears, indicating the year of
birth. In the case of a crossbred or other non-registered animals, the appearance
of the animal and examination of the teeth will give you a general idea of the age of
the animal. Adult sheep have 3 sets of premolars and 3 molars on each side of the
mouth on both the top and bottom jaws (24 in all). The front of the lower jaw is
equipped with eight incisor teeth. As with all ruminants, sheep do not have teeth
on the front of the top jaw, but a hardened pad that intercepts with the bottom
teeth. Although changes occur with the molars during growth, it is generally the
incisor teeth that are examined to determine the age of live animals. By three
weeks of age, lambs will have eight incisor milk teeth. The milk teeth are
significantly smaller and narrower than the permanent incisors. With each
successive year, a pair of milk teeth is replaced by permanent ones. When the
sheep is four years of age, it will have eight permanent incisors. After four years of
age it is more difficult to determine the exact age, however, wear and condition of
the teeth will be an indication of whether the animal is worth buying. Sheep that
have been well cared for and properly fed will often maintain a full mouth until
they are seven to nine years of age. In less optimum conditions, sheep may begin
to lose their teeth at five to six years of age. Sheep with “broken mouths” (missing
teeth) should not be considered as breeding stock. They may have a difficult time
maintaining condition, as they will be less able to efficiently utilize feed.
Ewes:
Age: Buying ewes that have lambed before provides an opportunity to gather
information on their fertility and the quality of their lambs. However, high quality
ewes may be expensive and many people buy replacement ewes as yearlings (ewe
lambs). As well, ewes generally reach peak productivity at four to six years of age
and buying young ewes will help ensure they have many productive years ahead of
them.
Udder: If ewes have lambed previously, check their udders to be sure there are no
lumps or hard areas indicating past bouts of mastitis. Look for ewes with udders
held close to their bodies. Ewes with low udders are more prone to injury and
mastitis. Teat size and shape is also important. Very large teats may create
nursing problems for newborn lambs.
Rams:
Age: As you will be relying on one ram to breed upwards of 35 ewes, it is
important to have an indication of his past breeding performance. As with ewes,
good quality, proven rams will generally be more expensive than unproven
yearlings. Ram lambs should not be expected to breed as many ewes as a mature
ram.
Fertility: Semen tests, if available, are useful in detecting rams that are sterile or
have impaired fertility. Many producers check the testes size as an indication that
the reproductive system is functional. Check testis for any abnormalities, such as
lumps etc, to avoid buying a ram with epididymitis. If the ram is very expensive,
you may wish to have an official health check performed by a veterinarian.
Wool: Although wool is not often the primary reason for raising sheep, if given the
choice select sheep with dense, uniform, high quality fleeces, with no dark fibres
to help increase the overall quality of your wool. The appearance of a sheep’s wool
also gives some clues regarding its overall health. If the wool looks patchy or
rubbed suspect external parasite (keds, lice), or if the wool looks ‘bloomless’ the
animal many be suffering from malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies, or a subclinical
disease.
After purchase:
Take precautions to reduce stress and the risk of injury while transporting your
sheep. Avoid overcrowding animals and check the truck/trailer for any sharp
objects. Used ample bedding to prevent animals from slipping. If the vehicle has
been used to ship animals from other flocks, be sure it is thoroughly cleaned and
disinfected before loading. Once your new animals have arrived on your farm, you
may wish to vaccinate them for common diseases and treat for parasites. If you
already have sheep on your property, quarantine the new sheep for a few weeks
and watch them carefully for any signs of disease or lameness before mixing them
with the rest of the flock.
Self Check No. 2.1-1a
I. TRUE OR FALSE: Read the questions carefully. Write T if the statement is

TRUE and F if the statement is FALSE.
1. It is always best to buy breeding stock from breeders who are known for
providing productive and healthy animals.
2. Buying breeding stock from auction marts is generally a good idea.
3. The breeder’s reputation is at stake if poor quality or diseased animals are
sold.
4. Buying through private sales helps to maximize the risk of purchasing
diseased animals.
5. Many sheep and goat producers raise their own replacement stock. This will
help minimize the risks of introducing new diseases.
6. Artificial insemination is an excellent means of introducing very high quality
genetics without having to purchase a top quality ram/buck.
7. Post weaning average daily gain is not important for producers who retain
ownership of the lambs until slaughter.
8. Record keeping and precise animal identification records are very important
for genetic improvement programs.
9. Visiting the farm of a breeder, will give you an opportunity to have a
firsthand look at the flock for possible health problems.
10. Animals that have poor legs will tend to have longer productive years.
Answer Key No. 2.1-1a
1. T
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. T
6. T
7. F
8. T
9. T
10. F
Information Sheet No. 2.1-1b

Reproductive Physiology of Sheep and Goat
Learning Objectives: After reading this information sheet you should be able to:
1. Describe the reproductive physiology of goats and sheep.
2. Describe breeding practices for small ruminants.
Breeding Practices for Does
A doe may be bred for the first time when she is about eight months old,
well grown, in good health, and weighs not less than 15kg. for native and 20kg. for
crossbreeds.
Two services are recommended for maiden does. Although one service can
make a doe pregnant as goats are generally prolific. When hand mating is being
practiced, breed the doe upon observation of heat and repeat 12 hours after. Does
with estrus period lasting for three days may be bred on the third day.
Best result is obtained when a maiden doe is bred on her second cycle after
eight months. This enables caretaker to establish the duration of estrus, the
estrus cycle, and the degree of manifestation of estrus.
Does can be returned to the herd after breeding .If the does return to heat in
about 21 days, they should be rebred. Failure of the does to conceive after
breeding with proven bucks for 2 cycles can be a good reason for culling.
Reproductive Phenomena in Goats
Particular Parameter
Age of puberty 4-8 months

Estrus 2-3 days
Estrus cycle 18-24 days (average 21 days)
Ovulation 33 hours after the beginning of
estrus
Gestation length 142-155 days (average 150 days)
Kidding interval
Pure breed 240 days
Native 210-260 days
Breeding Practices for Bucks/Ram
Bucks are allowed to serve does for the first time when they are already
eight months old. However, he is only capable of light service at this stage. The
buck should not serve more than 20 does before one year old. In hand
mating/controlled mating, it is also not advisable to use a mature buck to more
than four services weekly. In unrestricted breeding, the breeding load should be
one buck for every 25 does or less depending on the size, terrain and vegetation of
the pasture.
Avoid the trauma brought about by a large-sized buck servicing a native

doe.
In general, never allow bucks to run with the herd unless herding is a part
of the management practice. This is to prevent some of the does from being bred
too young.
The bucks may be kept as long as they are productive, provided they are not
allowed to breed their own daughters.
Exchanging or loaning bucks to other farms will allow other goat raisers to
avail of genetic superiority of a buck and can prevent inbreeding. However,
undertake utmost care and precautions so as not to overuse the buck and the
possible spread of reproductive and other contagious diseases.
System of Breeding
• Upgrading/ Grading up- used to infuse exotic bloodline of bucks to an

existing breed, usually native female.
Grading up with a purebred buck will produce kids with the following
blood composition.
Purebred buck X Native doe
Purebred buck X (50% purebred: 50% Native doe)
Purebred buck X (75% purebred: 25% Native doe)
87.5% Purebred buck: 12.5% Native
• Pure breeding- a purebred buck is mated to a pure bred doe of the same
breed, this mating is also called straight breeding. Pure breeding is
practiced when a raiser wants to maintain primarily the purity of his
stocks. This mating scheme is usually observed among nucleus farm,
which are mandated to produce breeders for the multiplier farms.
• Crossbreeding- is achieved when bucks of one breed or breed
combinations are mated to does of another breed or breed combination.
Signs of In Heat Doe/Ewe
• mounting other animals irrespective of sex or stands still when mounted

by other goats
• shaking of tail from side to side especially if other goats rub
over her
• bleating
• mucus discharge from the vulva
• swollen vulva
• nervousness
• frequent urination
• decrease in appetite
Types of Breeding
Hand Mating
This type of breeding involves the complete confinement of the buck in a
separate quarter and not allowed to be mixed with the rest of the herd. Only when
a doe is “in heat” that the buck and a doe are brought to the breeding pen where
they are mated with or without the assistance of the caretaker.
Hand mating has the following advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages:
1. Keeping record is easier and more accurate, ensuring better care for
kidding does.
2. Buck does not waste energy in mounting.
3. “Settled does” are separated from others and are not disturbed; hence,
the risk of abortion is lessened if not avoided.
Disadvantages:
1. More time and effort are required in identifying doe in heat so as not to
miss breeding with the buck.
2. A separate pen for the buck is required.
Pasture mating
This permits the buck to run with the herd throughout the breeding season
or throughout the year. This type saves labor in the daily inspection of the herd for
in heat does and driving them to the breeding pen for mating. It also precludes the
possibility of does “going by” unbreed due to the herdsman’s failure to monitor
heat period.
Artificial Insemination (AI)
A reproductive technology in which semen is collected from bucks and then

used in fresh or frozen form to breed does through artificial means.
Artificial Insemination offers a great potential in accelerating the generic
improvement of the goat population since AI allows a size to produce potentially
hundreds if not thousands of progenies.
Materials needed for AI
• Artificial vagina (7cm. in diameter and 15cm. long) for semen collection
• Microscope and a hemocytometer for semen evaluation.
• Catheter for semen deposition filled with either rubber bulb or a 2 ml.
syringe.
• Speculum for opening the vagina.
• Flashlight/penlight
Semen Evaluation
As soon as the semen is collected, it is evaluated for motility and

concentration. Good quality semen can be used immediately as liquid or fresh
undiluted semen or it can be diluted to serve more does from only one ejaculation
using extenders.
Steps in Artificial Insemination
• Place the doe in a breeding stall, to hold the doe firmly and elevate its
rear quarters. In the absence of stall, support the doe by the knee just in
front of her udder.
• Clean the vulva and the surrounding area with ordinary tap water.
• Lubricate the speculum with KY jelly-oil or Vaseline.
• Insert the speculum gently not with a jerk, through the vulva into the
vagina.
• The insertion is usually followed by twisting motion with slight amount of

pressure. The speculum must be inserted following the angle of the rung.
• Using a flashlight manipulating the speculum, locate the cervix.
• With the correct amount of semen previously loaded into the 1ml. pipette
catheter, introduce the opened end through the speculum into the cervix
• The catheter must be put gently through the cervical opening. Semen
deposition must be made from 1 to 1.5 cm. inside the cervix. Releasing
the semen behind. The first fold, approximately 0.6cm is permissible in
virgin does.
• Deposit 1-0.2ml of semen containing 120-125 million sperm cells by
pushing the syringe plunger or pressing the rubber slowly and holding it
at the position, until it is withdrawn from the cervix. If a speculum is not
available, a rubber hose 2cm. in diameter and 15cm. long may be used.
Both ends must be smooth. To get high conception rate, make technique
of semen deposition as natural as possible. Use semen of high quality,
inseminate the animal at the right stage of estrus and use only clean
sanitized equipment.
Signs of Pregnancy
• absence of estrus
• prominence of the milk vein
• gradual enlargement of the udder
• gradual increase of belly size
Enumerated below are Important Guidelines in Culling or Removing

Unproductive and Undesirable Animals in the Herd
• Cull does that do not settle in spite of repeated mating with a proven
buck, considering that mating was properly timed.
• Cull does with poor maternal instinct (mothering ability). They lose their
kids from natural causes such as lack of milk or refusal to nurse their
kids.
• Cull bucks or does producing undesirable hereditary traits.
• Cull bucks or does that react to diseases such as brucellosis and
vibriosis.
• Cull bucks that can no longer mount due to old age. Remove also sterile
bucks.
• Cull does that have difficult or complicated kidding.
Self Check 2.1-1b

1. Failure of does to conceive after breeding with proven bucks for 2 cycles can
be a good reason for culling.
2. A doe may be bred for the first time when she is about 6 months old.
3. One service is recommended for a maiden doe.
4. The average estrus cycle of does is 21 days.
5. The kidding interval of a native doe is 210-260 days.
II. Multiple Choice: Read the questions carefully and select the letter of the
correct answer.
1. Which of the following is a sign of estrus?

A. Absence of estrus
B. Prominence of milk veins
C. Rapid enlargement of the udder
D. Gradual increase of belly size
2. A does is inheat if she shows which of the following signs?
A. Bleating
B. Nervousness
C. Mounting other goats regardless of sex
D. All of these
3. The average gestation period of goats.
A. 150 days
B. 149 days
C. 148 days
D. 147 days
4. Kidding interval of a native goat.
A. 240-290 days
B. 230-280 days
C. 220-260 days
D. 210-260 days
5. Age of puberty of goats.
A. 4-8 months
B. 5-9 months
C. 6-10 months
D. 7-11 months
Answer key 2.1-1b
I. TRUE OR FALSE
1. T
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. T
II. MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. C
2. D
3. A
4. D
5. A
Proper Feeding Practices
Learning Objectives:
After reading this information sheet you should be able to:
1. Identify the general guidelines for feeding sheep and goat.

2. Identify different sources of feedstuff for small ruminants
Types of livestock feed:
Forage:
Forage includes hay, grass and silage and makes up the major part of the diet for
livestock, it is also called roughage. If the diet does not contain enough forage
various digestive problems arise in these species.
Ruminants and horses can obtain a large part of their energy needs and some of
their vitamins from forage. Humans, dogs and cats cannot digest pasture or hay.
Ruminants and horses have specialized digestive systems that contain millions of
microbes which breakdown roughage to usable nutrients which are then absorbed
and utilized by their bodies.
Ruminant species (cattle, sheep, goats, deer etc.) have four stomachs or digestive
vats where foodstuff is broken-down before moving to the intestines for
absorption. These stomachs contain bacteria and single celled organisms,
protozoa, which secrete enzymes to digest roughages that monogastric
species (humans, dogs, cats etc.) cannot digest or absorb. Ruminants spend
hours daily chewing their cud. The cud is partially digested food which is
regurgitated to be chewed further and reswallowed. Remember, these animals are
taking plants/feed that is useless for monogastrics and utilizing it for energy and
body building. This unique ability makes ruminants the most important animals
(from an economic standpoint) in the world.
Just as there are many protein sources for carnivores (meat eating animals) there
are different types of pasture grasses and hays, which provide varying
levels of protein, vitamins and minerals.
Legumes:
These plants are able to take nitrogen from the air and through the action of
bacteria residing inside the plant's roots the nitrogen is used for protein
synthesis. Legumes are higher in protein and calcium than "grasses", they are
generally over 10% protein and .9% calcium
Grasses:
The other type of forage is termed grass, and is non leguminous. Grasses are used
as pasture and harvested for hay. Some of the popular grasses in this area are
timothy, fescue, bluegrass and orchard grass.
Pasture quality:
Pasture and hay quality depends on soil quality, the amount of rain, the number
of weeds and the quality and variety of plants. Often pastures and hay fields are
sowed with a mixture seeds, a popular horse pasture mixture in this part of the
country is clover, orchard grass and bluegrass.
Hay quality:
An important added factor in hay quality is the proper harvesting of the hay. Hay
has to cut and dried before being baled. Hay should have 15% or less moisture,
too much moisture will cause mold growth and be toxic to animals, especially
horses. The old saying "make hay when the sun shines" is very true!
Ruminants are able to digest types of forage unsuitable for horses, including
silage, non protein nitrogen sources and very rich types of alfalfa. But even cows
will bloat and become acidic if the feed is too rich or very moldy!
Silage:
Silage is a moist feed often made from the entire (corn) plant, which is chopped
while green and stored in a large enclosed area called a silo. The silage ferments
over time and the fermentation process preserves the feed. Silage is about 45%
water, it cannot be digested by horses.
Concentrates:
Concentrates include high energy grains like corn, barley, oats, high protein
feed such as soy bean and cotton seed meal
Different concentrates can provide high levels of energy, protein or fat.

Concentrates are fed to enhance performance or weight gain. Concentrates can be
thought of as the "cake and ice cream" for livestock, whereas forage is more like
"meat and potatoes".
General guidelines for feeding sheep and goat
Some general recommendations
1. There is no one best ration for any purpose.

2. Proper feeding requires more than one pen or pasture.
3. Forage should provide the majority of nutrients for sheep and goats.
4. Forages are the greatest variable and should be tested for their nutritive
value.
5. Do not feed more than 1 ½ lbs. of grain at one feeding.
6. Start by feeding ¼ lb. of grain per day and gradually increase level.
7. If you substitute grain for hay, make sure you limit feed both ingredients.
8. Don't overfeed replacement females. Fattening can have a negative impact
on future milk production.
9. Always make sure you have enough feeder space.
10. Use feeders for all feedstuffs.
11. Know what your livestock weigh.
12. Weigh your feed to know how much you are feeding and how much it is
costing you.
Maintenance (dry period, not production-phase, pets)
When feeding a sheep or goat to meet its maintenance requirements, the goal is to
maintain body weight and condition. There are some situations where weight loss
might be acceptable and can be compensated for at a later time when feeding
conditions improve. Maintenance requirements (as a percentage of body weight)
tend to increase as animal size (weight) decreases. For example, sheep have higher
maintenance requirements than cattle, whereas goats have slightly higher
maintenance requirements than sheep.
1.5 to 2 percent of body weight (dry matter intake).

Pasture or 2 ½ to 4 lbs. of grass hay
No grain feeding
Free choice minerals
Flushing (2 weeks before and 2 to 4 weeks into

breeding season)
The body condition of a ewe or doe affects the

number of eggs she will ovulate. Ovulation rate
sets the upper potential for litter size. The goal of
flushing is to improve the body condition of
females by getting them to gain weight. This is
accomplished by increasing the nutritional plane.
Flushing increases ovulation rates, which usually

result in a higher lambing and kidding
percentages. Later in the breeding season, flushing may help to improve embryo
survival. Ewes and does already in good body condition (BCS > 3.0) usually do not
respond to flushing.
Free access to pasture or 2 ½ to 4 lbs. of grass hay plus . . .
½ to 1 lb. of corn or barley per day

Move to high quality, but non-legume pasture
Early to mid-gestation (1st 15 weeks)
During this phase of production, the goal is to maintain body condition of mature
females and increase condition of young
females. Nutrient requirements are only
slightly above maintenance. Sometimes,
low quality feedstuffs can be utilized.
Young females should be fed separately
from mature females.
Free access to pasture or 2 ½ to 4

lbs. of grass hay
Grain feeding is not necessary
unless forage is exceptionally poor or
females are under conditioned.
Free choice minerals
One to two gallons of fresh, clean
water.
Late gestation (last six weeks)
Late gestation is probably the most critical period for ewe and doe nutrition. Ewes
and does will gain weight during this phase of production. Seventy percent of fetal
growth occurs during this period. Mammary tissue is also developing. Proper
nutrition is necessary to prevent pregnancy toxemia (ketosis) and milk fever (low
blood calcium).
Nutrition affects the birth weights of lambs and kids. There is a higher mortality
among small and large lambs and kids. Oversized fetuses increase dystocia
(birthing difficulties). Aim for a body condition of 3.0 to 3.5. Young females should
be fed separately from mature females. In addition to gestating, they are still
growing and have higher nutritional requirements. Oftentimes, they have difficulty
competing for feeder space with mature females.
Feed 4 to 5 lbs. of a grass or mixed hay plus . . .
½ to 1 lb. of grain per day

1.5 to 1.75 lbs. of grain per day, if expected lambing percentage is above
200%
1 lb. of grain for each fetus the ewe is carrying
1 lb. of a 16% CP ration if forage quality is low (meat goat does)
Include Bovatec®, Rumensin®, or Deccox® in feed or mineral to reduce
coccidia in environment and to aid in the prevention of abortion caused by
toxoplasmosis.
Lambing and kidding
There is no reason to push feed at ewes or does

that have just given birth to their offspring. Ewes
and does that have been properly fed in late
gestation usually produce more than enough
colostrum for their offspring. In fact, it is a good
idea to collect and freeze the colostrum from single-bearing females. Too much
feed early may increase the milk flow beyond what the babies can consume.
Provide plenty of fresh, clean water
Feed forage only, for the first few days after parturition
Take a week to get the ewe/doe onto full feed
Early lactation (first 6 to 8 weeks)

This is when ewes and does have their highest nutritional requirements, especially
if they are nursing multiple offspring. Ideally, you should separate lactating
females into production groups (singles vs. twins vs. triplets) and feed them
according to the number of offspring they are nursing. Young females should be
fed separately from mature females. In addition to producing milk for their
offspring, they are still growing and have higher nutritional requirements.
Oftentimes, they have difficulty competing for feeder space with mature females.
Feed 4 to 7 lbs. of hay plus . . .

1 lb. of grain per lamb or kid being nursed
Limit roughage intake of ewes and does nursing triplets
1 lb. of a 16% CP ration if forage quality is low (meat goat does)
Include Bovatec®, Rumensin®, or Deccox® in feed or mineral to reduce
coccidia in environment and to aid in the prevention of abortion caused by
toxoplasmosis.
Two to three gallons of fresh, clean water.
HIGH quality pasture should meet the nutritional needs of ewes and does nursing
singles and twins whereas females nursing triplets usually require grain
supplementation; otherwise, the third lamb or kid should be removed for artificial
rearing.
At weaning
A body condition score of 2.0 to 2.5 is not uncommon at the time of weaning. If
early weaning is practiced, proper feeding management is necessary to prevent
mastitis (udder infections).
Feed low protein and energy feed 5 to 10 days before weaning

Feed low protein and energy feed 3 to 5 days after weaning
Wean "cold turkey"
Self-Check 2.1-2

1. Flushing increases ovulation rates which usually result in a high lambing

and kidding percentages.
2. During early to mid – gestation, young females should be fed separately from
mature females.
3. Late gestation is probably the most critical period for ewe and doe nutrition.
4. Nutrition does not affect the birth weights of lambs and kids.
5. Feed forage only, for the first few days after parturition.
6. A body condition score of 2.0 to 2.5 is not uncommon at the time of
weaning.
7. Increase gain consumption near the time that the dairy doe is dried off.
8. Growing lambs and kids have the highest protein requirements of any sheep
or goat.
9. A buck or ram must have a body condition score of 3.0 to 3.5 at the start of
the breeding season.
10. Ewes and does that have been properly fed in late gestation usually produce
more than enough colostrums for their offspring.
Answer Key 2.1-2
1. T
2. T
3. F
4. T
5. T
6. F
7. T
8. T
9. T
Preparation of Inventory Reports, Production
And Performance Records, and Financial Analysis
Learning Objectives: After reading this information sheet you should be able to:
1. Prepare inventory reports, production and performance records.
2. Perform simple financial analysis
Farm Record Keeping
Accurate and up-to-date records are essential to successful farm
management. Before any financial analysis, budgeting, or financial decisions can
be made farm records must be maintained. Managers usually keep farm records
for three reasons:
➢ Legal requirements - such as income tax purposes.
➢ Obtaining credit - such as filling out loan applications.
➢ Management tool - such as planning and budgeting.
It is surprising to see the number of farms that have little or no record keeping
system. Reasons given for this include, "I don't have time", or "I don't need to
bother". Some farmers simply save up all their receipts and at year end, carry it all
off to their accountant. Therefore, there is no accurate measure of profitability or
production costs until months after the fiscal year ends when the accountant
prepares financial statements. Most farmers do keep records but primarily for the
first two reasons stated above, and not as a management tool. However, records
should also be used to:
➢ Evaluate past performance of the operation,
➢ Provide a financial picture of the present situation, and
➢ Serve as a planning guide for future decisions.
A record keeping system should go beyond the basic listing of income and
expenses; it should be used to prepare the following:
➢ An income and expense statement which reflects the profitability of the
farm. This is more accurately done using an accrual statement, which
further accounts for inventory, accounts payable, and receivables, as well as
depreciation expense.
➢ A balance sheet or net worth statement which is a listing of all assets and
liabilities of the operation. This reports the financial strength and progress
of the business.
➢ A cash flow which provides either a monthly or quarterly listing of all inflow
and outflow of money from a business. It shows possible shortfalls in cash
and thus allows for corrective measures. Unfortunately, this is usually the
most neglected management tool.
Beyond financial record keeping is production record keeping. Essential areas

include breeding, feeding, harvesting, and field records. The less accurate your
production records, the less accurate your financial projections will be. Once these
records and statements are available, proper analysis can then be carried out.
➢ Compare past records to the present and look for progress in the business.
➢ Examine areas where costs have risen and consider how they could be
lowered.
➢ Compare volume of product and cost of production.
➢ Look at level of debt repayment.
➢ Is financing required?
➢ What is your most cost efficient crop or livestock enterprise?
➢ Where have problems occurred in the past and where will they likely occur
in the future?
This is what planning is all about, reviewing past performance and using the
knowledge gained to make future endeavors easier and more successful. All of this
analysis and more can be obtained with proper record keeping, but it has to start
with accurate and up to date records. Record keeping is but one step in successful
farm management. If you feel that your present system is not able to cover the
areas listed above then take the step to expand and improve upon it.
Reproduction and/or breeding records. Included in these are the date of calving,
date of service and bull used, pregnancy diagnosis with specific diagnosis and
expected calving date, estrous period, birth type (single, twins, or triplets), and
calving interval.
BREEDING RECORD
Animal No. or name _____________ Date of Birth ____________________
Cow__________________________ Birth weight (kg)_________________
Bull __________________________ Color ___________________________
Sex __________________________ Littermates:
______Single
______Twins
______Triplets
Method of Disposal ____________Weight at Disposal (Kg)__________
Date of Date of Calf Birth Milk Lact. Ave. Remarks
Breeding Calving No. Weight Prod. Days Prod.
Sire
and
Sex
Inventory Records. These include the daily increase or decrease animal numbers
within the herd.
Completing a year-end inventory is necessary for any meaningful business
analysis. Farm business managers must get into the habit of taking inventories at
the end of each year.
Having inventory information is important for a number of non-tax reasons
including business analysis and participation in agriculture programs.
INVENTORY OF GOAT PROJECT

FOR THE MONTH OF______________
Beginnin Endin
Newl
CLASSIFICATI g Sol Purcha Mortal g Remar
y
ON inventor d sed ity Invent ks
Born
y ory
Breeder Buck
Breeder Doe
Junior Buck
Buck kid
Female kid
TOTAL
Assignment Sheet 2.1-3
Objective: Given the different forms of record to keep in goat project, you
should be able to fill up correctly.
Steps/Procedure:
1.Go to the goat project, bring with you the needed forms and pencil
2. Ask for the assistance of the animal caretaker if you encounter
problem.
3. Fill up all the needed data in the forms provided for you.
4. Present your filled-up record forms to your trainer on or
before___________________
INVENTORY OF GOAT PROJECT
FOR THE MONTH OF______________
Beginnin Endin
Newl
CLASSIFICATI g Sol Purcha Mortal g Remar
y
ON inventor d sed ity Invent ks
Born
y ory
Breeder Buck
Breeder Doe
Junior Buck
Buck kid
Female kid
TOTAL
Computation of Feed Requirements and Biological Space Requirement for
Individual Animals and Stocking Density
Learning Objective: After reading this information sheet, you should be able to
identify the nutrients requirement of sheep and goats.
Nutrient Requirements of Sheep and Goats

Feed, whether purchased or produced on the farm, makes up a large part of the
expenses incurred in sheep and goat production. For profitable production, proper
feeding and year-round management are essential. Without proper nutrition, it is
impossible to produce a high-percentage crop, wean heavy animals, and develop
satisfactory flock replacements. All sheep and goat producers should have a basic
understanding of animal nutrition and should be familiar with common nutrition
terms. Producers must also know the nutritional requirements of the animal at
different stages of life. The ideal nutrition program supports optimum production,
is efficient and economical, and minimizes related problems. In order to
understand the fundamentals of small ruminant nutrition, we must first know the
nutrients essential for growth, production, and reproduction. These essential
nutrients are:
• Energy (fat and carbohydrates).
• Protein.
• Vitamins.
• Minerals.
• Water.
Energy
The most common limiting factor in small ruminant nutrition is energy. An energy
shortage will result in decreased production, reproductive failure, increased
mortality, and increased susceptibility to diseases and parasites. The most
plentiful feeds available are the best sources of energy. However, sheep and goats
are often underfed. Poor-quality pastures and roughages or inadequate amounts of
feed are the primary causes of energy deficiency. The major sources of energy for
small ruminants are usually pastures and browses, hay, and grains. Total
digestible nutrients (TDN) is a broad term used to express the energy value of a
feed or ration. As the amount of TDN increases in a ration, the rate of gain
normally increases. Therefore, feed efficiency and overall performance are
determined to a large extent by the level of TDN
or energy in the ration. The percentage of TDN still remains the most widely used
method of evaluating
feed for energy.
Protein
In small ruminants, the amount of protein is more important than the quality of
protein. When protein supplementation is the primary objective, the cost per
pound of protein is the most important consideration. Protein is used to repair old
tissues and to build new tissues. Protein deficiency is more detrimental to the
young animal, so an adequate amount of protein must be supplied if rapid growth
and high production are to be obtained. On the other hand, excessive feeding is
expensive.
Minerals
The essential minerals for sheep and goats are calcium, phosphorus, and salt. The
primary sources of these minerals are the diet, various mineral supplements, and,
in some areas, the water supply. Minerals are needed in only small amounts.
Calcium is a necessary constituent of the bones and teeth and is essential for
regular heart action and muscular activity. A calcium deficiency results in poor
growth and bone development in growing animals. Phosphorus is an essential part
of blood and of all cells in the body. It is involved in chemical reactions which
release energy in the body. Bones and teeth contain relatively large amounts of
phosphorus as well as calcium. Calcium and phosphorus are interrelated: while
an adequate supply of each is required, they must also be present in the ration in
the proper proportions.
Vitamins
Vitamins are compounds which are necessary for normal growth, health, and
reproduction. Small ruminants require many vitamins, just as other animals do.
However, their dietary vitamin requirements are relatively simple because of the
nature of the feeds they ordinarily consume and the synthesis of vitamins in the
rumen.
Water
The many functions of water in the animal body include:
• Helping to digest food.
• Regulating the body temperature.
• Lubricating.
• Transporting waste from the body.
To combine feed ingredients into the least costly but most efficient ration,
producers must meet the nutritional requirements of each animal at its particular
stage of life. The following tables provide estimates of the daily nutrient needs of
sheep and goats.
Goat Rations
Kind of Ration Ingredients Parts by
Weight (kgs)
General purpose ration for all
ages of goats (Not for milking First class rice bran 78.0
does) Ipil-ipil leaf meal 10.0
Molasses 10.0
Salt 2.0
Homemade ration (General

purpose). Not balanced First class rice bran 75.0
Ipil-ipil leaf meal 23.0
Salt 2.0
Milking Ration #1 Shelled corn 50.0
Copra meal 29.0
Rice bran 20.0
Oyster shell 0.5
Salt 0.5
Milking Ration #2 Ground yellow corn 33.0
Fine rice bran 33.0
Copra meal 33.0
Ground oyster shell 0.5
Salt 0.5
Milking Ration #3 Rice binlid 28.0
Rice tiki-tiki 20.0
Copra meal 30.0
Molasses 8.0
Meat and bone meal 5.0
Salt 1.0
Milking Ration #4 Tiki-tiki 18.0
Rice binlid 11.5
Ground corn 11.5
Copra meal 21.0
Limestone 1.0
Salt 1.0
Meat goat ration Tiki-tiki 77.0
Limestone 6.0
Salt 2.0
Space Requirement
In any type of housing for sheep and goats, adequate floor space must be
provided. Recommended space requirements vary depending on animal size and
the type of floor used. Adjustments may also be made depending on local climate
and flock size. Additionally for animals managed totally indoors, an open yard for
exercising is required. Sheep and goats should not be crowded and must have
room to lie down. Overcrowding promotes ill health.
Recommended floor space for sheep and goats
Floor Space (m²/animal)

Type of Weight Solid
animal (Kg) Slatted Open
Floor Floor yard
Ewe/ doe 35 0.8 0.7 2
Ewe/ doe 50 1.1 0.9 2.5
Ewe/ doe 70 1.4 1.1 3
Lamb/ 0.4 – 0.3 –
kid 0.5 0.4
Ram/ 3.0 2.5
buck
Pregnant 2.0 1.5
ewes/does
Self Check 2.1-4

Direction: Write True if the statement is correct and write False if it is wrong.
1. In order to understand the fundamentals of small ruminant nutrition, we must

first know the nutrients essential for growth, production, and reproduction.
2. An energy shortage will result in decreased production, reproductive failure,
increased mortality, and increased susceptibility to diseases and parasites.
3. Feed, whether purchased or produced on the farm, makes up a large part of the
expenses incurred in sheep and goat production.
4. Minerals are needed in greater amounts.
5. Protein is used to repair old tissues and to build new tissues.
6. Vitamins are compounds which are necessary for normal growth, health, and
reproduction.
7. The many functions of water in the animal body include regulating body
temperature
8. Recommended space requirements vary depending on animal size and the type
of floor used.
9. Overcrowding promotes good health and faster growth development.
10. If you combine feed ingredients into the least costly, it must be the most
efficient ration,
Answer Key Checklist 2.1-4
1. True
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. True
6. True
7. True
8. True
9. False
10. True
LEARNING OUTCOME 2
FEED SMALL RUMINANTS
1. Suitable feed materials are selected based on availability in the locality,

nutrient requirements and PNS standards.
2. Feed materials are prepared following PNS procedures.
3. Maintenance of forage area are administered in accordance with PNS
procedures.
4. Animals are fed based on feeding management program of PNS.
5. Feeding is monitored following PNS procedures.
CONTENTS:
• Food sources and feed requirements of small ruminants (goats)

• Different forage species
• Feed formulation
• Feeding management program
• Record keeping
CONDITIONS:
The students/trainees must be provided with the following:
• Tools and Materials:

- mixing medium (preferably a plastic drum, cut in half)
- plastic water pail
- trowel or spade
- container for formulated feed mix
- record book
- weighing scale
- wheel barrow
- shovel
- spade
- feeding trough
METHODOLOGIES:
• Lecture discussion
• Video presentation
• Demonstration
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
• Direct observation and oral questioning

• Written examinations
• Demonstration
LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 3 Provide Feeds and Implement
Feeding Practices
“Proper feeding practices” content of the information sheet don’t

perform Job Sheet 2.3-1.
2.Perform Job Sheet 2.3-1 If you passed this activity, you can
now move to the next information
“Process Silage”
sheet. If not review the information
sheet and go over the task again.
“Feed and space requirement for content of the information sheet don’t
individual animals and stocking hesitate to approach your facilitator.
density”
module.
“Appropriate animal unit per content of the information sheet don’t
available grazing/pasture area” hesitate to approach your facilitator.

module.
7. Read information sheet 2.3-4 If you have some problem on the
“Feed conversion efficiency” content of the information sheet don’t

module.

Proper Feeding Practices
Learning Objectives: After reading this information sheet, trainees must be able
to implement proper feeding practices
Feeding Habits of Sheep and Goats
The biggest difference between

sheep and goats is their foraging
behavior and diet selection. Goats
are natural browsers, preferring to
eat leaves, twigs, vines, and shrubs.
They are very agile and will stand on their hind legs to
reach vegetation. Sheep are grazers, preferring to eat short, tender grasses and
clover. Their dietary preference is forbs (broadleaf weeds) and they like to graze
close to the soil surface. Goats like to eat the tops of plants.
Classification of Common Feed Ingredients for Goats
Goat feeds are classified according to the amount of a specific nutrient or

the amount of digestible nutrients they provide. There are five classes of feed
ingredients, namely:
Roughage. These are feeds containing relatively large amounts of fiber or

non-digestible material. This group of feeds includes freshly-cut grasses and
legumes, hay, silages fodder, and other green herbages.
Concentrates. These are feeds with high digestibility. They are relatively low
in fiber and include all grains and many by-products of grains and animals, such
as rice bran, corn bran, tiki-tiki, soybean oil meal, meat and bone meal, and
molasses.
Feed Additives. These are chemical compounds that are included in animal
rations but which do not supply nutrients to the animal. Examples of these
additives are antibiotics, antibacterial agents, anti-microbial combinations,
stimulants, tranquilizers, and enzymes.
Mineral Supplements. The most obvious function of mineral elements in
the body is to provide it structural support. Salt, oyster shell, limestone, and wood
ash are some examples of mineral supplements.
Vitamin Supplement. Examples of vitamin supplements available in the
market are Duphasol, Vitamin, etc. These supplements, however, are seldom
needed in goat feeds.
Local Ingredients for Goat Feed
Listed below are some of the common ingredients for goats feed which are
probably readily available in your area:
Corn. This is the most popular grain used for feeds. It ranks high in total
digestible nutrients (TDN) low fiber, and higher in fat than any other cereal
grain (except oats) and contains 8-9% crude protein. It contains vitamin A and
yellow pigmenting compounds.
Corn bran. (known locally as tahup). A by-product of corn milling. It
consists of broken grains of corn and bran. It contains the plumules of the corn
grain and is rich in protein (10-12% crude protein).
Rice bran (called tiki-tiki locally). The good quality fine rice bran contains
an adequate amount of fat. First-class rice bran contains approximately 11%
crude protein.
Sorghum. This is very similar to corn in feed value except that it is lower
in fat. Its protein content ranges from 5-9%. It makes, therefore, a very good
livestock feed and substitute for corn when it is priced lower than corn.
Copra meal. This is what is left of the coconut meat after the oil has been
removed or extracted. It contains an adequate amount of carbohydrates but it
is used mainly for its protein content (21% crude protein).
Soybean oil meal. This is a by-product after extracting the soybean oil. It
contains about 44% crude protein and is also a good source of energy. This
could be substituted by mungo.
Mungo. Although this legume is a human food, it can also be given to
goats in place of soybean oil meal. It contains about 24% crude protein.
Molasses. These are practically all carbohydrates with only three percent
crude protein. It is a by-product of the sugar industry and is sold in a dark and
semi-liquid (thick) state.
Ipil-ipil. As a leaf meal, ipil-ipil contains 21% crude protein. It is also a
good source of vitamin A.
Table 1. List of Common Philippine Feedstuffs for Goat Production

Feedstuff Dry matter TDN CP DCP ___
(%) (%) (%) (%)
Concentrates:
Copra meal 89.6 78.6 20.6 14.5
Corn gluten feed 90.1 74.9 20.2 17.1
Corn, grain 88.8 84.2 08.1 07.7
Rice bran, cono 88.0 69.1 12.3 08.3
Rice bran, kiskis 89.0 46.6 06.2 04.5
Soybean oil meal 88.4 76.0 44.0 41.0
Molasses, cane 76.3 53.6 02.0 00.4
Corn bran 88.0 72.1 10.5 05.6
Green roughages:
Napier grass 27.5 12.6 ____ 1.6
Para grass ___ 15.3 ____ 0.90
Guinea grass 20.4 16.0 ____ 1.40
Centrosema 24.2 11.8 ____ 3.16
Tree Leaf/Browse Plant
Banana 94 ___ 9.8 5.7
Kakawati 25.3 ___ 6.52 ___
Ipil-ipil 13.30 ___ 27.80 22.50
Santan 27.68 ___ 4.02 ___
Caimito 48.32 ___ 4.98 ___
Camachile 34.78 ___ 9.96 ___
Gumamela 19.10 ___ 4.14 ___
Bamboo 42.00 ___ 7.60 3.54
Acacia 43.00 ___ 9.10 ___
Sources of Ca and P. % Ca %P
Steamed bone meal 28.00 14.00
Dicalcium phosphate 28.00 14.00
Oyster shell powder 33.00 00.00
===========================================================SOURCE:
Nutrients Composition of Some Philippine Feedstuffs, 1974
Goat Rations
Below are examples of formula of 100 kg for practical goat concentrates:
Kind of ration Ingredients Parts by weight
(kg)
General purpose ration First class rice bran 8.0
for all ages of goats Ipil-ipil leaf meal 0.0
(not for milking does) Molasses 0.0
(not balanced) Salt 2.0
Homemade ration First class rice bran 5.0
(General purpose) Ipil-ipil leaf meal 3.0
(not balanced) Salt 2.0
Milking ration # 1 Shelled corn 50.0
Copra meal 29.0
Rice bran 20.0
Oyster meal 0.5
Salt 0.5
Milking ration # 2 Ground yellow corn 33.0
Fine rice bran 33.0
Copra meal 33.0
Salt 0.5
Ground oyster shell 0.5
Milking ration # 3 Rice binlid 28.0
Rice tiki-tiki 20.0
Copra meal 30.0
Molasses 8.0
Meat and bone meal 5.0
Salt 1.0
Milking ration # 4 Tiki-tiki 18.0
Rice binlid 11.5
Ground corn 11.5
Copra meal 21.0
Limestone 1.0
Salt 1.0
Fattening ration Tiki-tiki 77.0
Limestone 6.0
Salt 2.0
You can modify the above formulas depending on availability and price of feed
ingredients.
Table 2. suggested feeding guides for goats

Age Feed Amount per Day
Birth – 3 days Colostrum Ad libitum
(3-5x feeding)
4 days – 2 weeks Whole milk (goat milk) 0.5-1L/kid
divided into 3x feeding
Vitamin-mineral Ad libitum
Water Ad libitum
2 weeks – 16 weeks Whole milk or milk 0.5-1L/kid

replacer divided into 2x feeding
Grass-legume hay or Ad libitum
quality fresh forages
Vitamin-mineral mix Ad libitum
Water Ad libitum
Starter (22% CP) Increasing amount
without causing
digestive upset
4 months to kidding Forages, vitamin- Ad libitum

mineral mix
Water Ad libitum
Concentrates Up to 0.5kg/head
(18-20% CP)
Dry, pregnant, bucks Forages, vitamin- Ad libitum

mineral mix
Water Ad libitum
Concentrates 0.3-0.5kg/L milk
(16-18% CP) produced
Whole milk can be goat or cow milk. Milk substitutes can be used after two weeks.
Formula I. Ground corn – 12; rice bran – 24; copra meal – 40; soybean oil
meal – 8; meat and bone meal – 10; molasses – 5; and salt – 1kg
Formula II. Copra meal – 50; wheat pollard – 32; molasses – 5; and salt –
1kg
Formula III. Copra meal – 40; corn – 25; soybean oil meal – 15; rice bran –
10; molasses – 8; bone meal – 1; and salt – 1kg
How to Feed the Goat

• Feeding the dry doe. A pregnant, dry doe should be adequately fed with
quality feeds in order to build reserves for coming lactation and also to nourish
the developing fetus or fetuses. Nutritious grasses and legumes, whether cut or
in pasture, will normally be sufficient to support the doe. However, if the
pregnant doe looks thin, give her about one-half to one kilo of concentrate every
day. A concentrate high in fiber (such as plain corn or rice bran) can be given a
few days before kidding and will act as laxative. The lessening of the contents of
the digestive tract can help the doe to kid more easily.
• Feeding the milking doe. Feed the milking doe with high quality grasses
and legumes as many as they can eat. For every kilo of milk that a doe gives,
feed her with one kilo of concentrate. Fresh water and mineral lick-brick or
loose coarse salt should be provided to the doe freely. If the doe does not
consume all of her concentrate, reduce the next days’ feeding by the amount
she did not eat. From time to time increase her feed to see if she needs more
than what you are giving her.
• Feeding the buck. Your buck for breeding should be fed properly. When it
is not being used, feed him at least one-half of concentrate every day plus give
him plenty of grasses and legumes. However, do not overfeed the buck with
concentrate for this will make him fat and non-aggressive. But when he is
scheduled for service, increase his concentrate to one kilo per day two weeks
before and during the breeding period in order to keep him fertile and in good
condition.
• Feeding the young goats. The goal of feeding yearlings or young goats is
to provide them nutrients for maintenance and growth. Adequate space for
exercise plus abundant quality grasses and legumes are important for
yearlings. Feed them with concentrate that is at least 1% of their bodyweight.
• Feeding the kid. Let the kid stay with the mother for the first month.
Follow this schedule until the kid is ready to be weaned at 3-4 months old.
Bottle-feed the kid in cases where:

• there are more than two kids from a doe
• a doe is unable to nurse her own kids due to sickness
• a doe dies after delivery
• when goat’s milk is preferred for consumption or for sale
The baby goat to be bottle-fed should be separated from its mother three to
four days after birth. Warm the milk to be fed to about 103 to 105 oF during the
first week. Powdered milk can also be used to feed the kids.
• Salt for the Goats. Goats need salt everyday. Apart from providing salt in
the mixed concentrate, it should be available in a free choice supply. This
means that salt blocks or salt granules (common salt) should be made available
in a place where the goats can have it any time of the day. One way of providing
salt to your goats is to put the granules in bamboo tubes with holes around it.
Pour water into the tube every now and then (especially when goats come in
from grazing) so that they could lick at free choice. Provide your goats with
shade and water. Trees provide good cover from the intense heat of the sun. In
some cases, a simple shed can be put in the pasture area. You can use local
materials like cogon, nipa or bamboo shingles for the roofing.
Alternative Feed Resources
• Tree leaves and shrubs
• Banana stalks
• Peanut hay
• Gumamela
• Ipil-Ipil
Strategic Concentrate Supplementation

Concentrate supplementation is seldom practiced because it entails
additional costs to farmers. However, feeding with high protein and energy feeds
during critical stage of production (i.e., last month of feeding period among market
stocks or the last month of pregnancy period among does) is found to be
profitable.
Fattening Stocks
If market demands pay an extra peso for finished goats, supplement grower
stocks with concentrate mixture one month before selling the animals. This
improves the meat’s eating quality.
Breeding Stocks
When production of kids at regular short intervals of 6-8 months desired,
concentrate supplementation becomes necessary. Feeding concentrate mixture
one month prior to lambing until the does are bred again results in the following:
• bigger kids with higher survival
• more milk from does resulting in heavier weaning kids
• early and regular post-lambing estrus
• high succeeding pregnancy rate
• better body conditions of does and kids during lactation period
Use of Urea in Goat Diets
Goats are efficient in utilizing non-protein nitrogen in the diet. The capacity
of microorganisms to utilize nitrogen into microbial protein makes it possible to
incorporate small amount of urea in the ration of goats, primarily to increase
utilization of low-quality roughages. High concentration of ammonia in the blood is
toxic and fatal to ruminants. Hence, urea as supplement for goats must be used
with caution. The following guidelines are recommended for the safe use of urea:
Add fertilizer grade urea at not more than
- 1% of the ration (DM basis), or
- 2-3% of the concentrate mixture (air-dry basis), or
- 25-30% of the total dietary protein
Give adequate source of energy (molasses, corn, etc.).
Provide sufficient amounts of minerals, particularly Sulfur in case molasses is
used.
If possible, provide daily allowance of urea in small amounts throughout the day
instead of just one feeding.
Mix urea well with other feed ingredients.
The use of Urea-Molasses-Mineral Block (UMMB) is highly recommended,
particularly when goats are grazed on poor quality pastures. UMMB is a low-cost
protein, energy, and mineral lick supplement for ruminants. It contains macro and
micro minerals that are commonly deficient in fibrous feeds. A 15-20 kg goat
needs 50-80 g/day of UMMB.
UMMB has the following composition:
Ingredient Part by Weight (%)

Molasses 38.0
Rice bran (D1) 38.0
Urea 10.0
Salt 1.0
Dicalcium phosphate 3.0
Cement 10.0__
Total 100.00
Self-Check 2.3-1
A. Classification of Common Feed Ingredients for Goats
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. Local Ingredients for Goat Feed

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Answer Key 2.3-1
A. Classification of Common Feed Ingredients for Goats
1. Roughage.
2. Concentrates.
3. Feed Additives
4. Mineral Supplements.
5. Vitamin Supplement
B. Local Ingredients for Goat Feed

1. Corn
2. Corn bran
3. Rice bran
4. Sorghum
5. Copra
6. Soybean oil meal
7. Mungo
8. Molasses
9. Ipil-ipil
JOB SHEET 2.3-1
Title : Process Silage

Performance Objective: Given the needed supplies and materials, you
should be able to process or make silage
Supplies : Grasses or agri-left over like napier, leaves, corn

Stover, etc
Equipment : Chopping machine/bolo, silo/container, plastic

sheets
Procedure:
1. Prepare the things needed in silage making.
2. Chop silage materials into ½-1” length for ease and rapid packing.
3. Fill silo rapidly and continuously.
4. Ensile materials for 18 days
5. Feed after 18 days of ensiling
Assessment Method: Demonstration
Performance Criteria Checklist for

Job Sheet 2.3-1
Trainee’s Name__________________________ Date ________________
Criteria YES NO
1. Prepared the materials needed in ensiling.

2. Chopped silage materials into ½-1” length for ease and
rapid packing
3. Filled silo rapidly and continuously.
4. Ensiled materials for 18 days.

5. Fed after 18 days of ensiling
Comments/Suggestions:
Trainer: ___________________________ Date: ________

Feed and Biological Space Requirement for Individual Animals
Housing Requirements
TYPE
Does:
Open Housing 15 sq. ft.
Stalls 12 sq. ft.
Stall partition height 3.5 ft.
Yard 200 sq. ft.
Fence height 5.0 ft
Buck:
Housing 40 sq. ft.
Stall partition height 3.5 sq. ft.
Yard 100 sq. ft
Fence height 6.0 ft
Note: House buck at least fifty feet from the doe to prevent them from becoming
overly excited during the breeding season.
Guide in Feeding:
Feeding the General Herd:
• Should be pastured most of the time to lower the cost of feed
• Provide enough space for grazing
• Provide fresh water and salt
Feeding with Concentrate Schedule:
• Feed concentrate at two evenly spaced intervals
• Feed goats with plenty of hay or pasture forage before they eat their
concentrates to avoid over eating of grains which causes rapid fermentation
in the rumen, leading to serious build-up of gas, a condition called bloat.
General Guidelines in Feeding:
1. Begin with enough land to provide enough hay.
2. Let goat forage first until brush is browsed down, or the pasture is grazed
to about two inches.
3. Remove the herd until browse re-grows six to twelve inches.
4. Raise kids away from adults where they won’t pick up worms.
5. Separate wethers to maximize growth for meat production.
Feeding the Dry Doe
A pregnant and dry doe should be adequately fed with quality feeds in order
to build reserves for coming lactation and also to nourish the developing fetus or
fetuses. Nutritious grasses and legumes whether cut or in pasture, will normally
be sufficient to support the doe. However, if you observe that your pregnant doe
look thin, give her about ½ to 1 kg concentrate everyday. A concentrate high in
fiber such as plain corn and rice bran can be given a few days before kidding and
will act as laxative. The lessening of the contents of the digestive tract can help the
doe to kid more easily.
Feeding the Milking Doe
Feed the milking does as much good quality grasses and legumes as they
can eat. For every kilo of milk that a doe gives, feed her with one kilo concentrate.
Fresh water and mineral lick brick or loose coarse salt should be provided to the
doe freely. If the doe does not consume all her concentrate, reduce the next day’s
feeding by the amount she did not eat. From time to time, increase her feed to see
if she needs more than you are giving her.
Feeding the Buck
Buck should be fed properly. When not being used, feed him at least ½ kilo
concentrate every plus give him plenty of grasses and legumes. However, do not
overfeed buck with concentrate for this will make him fat and non-aggressive. But
when he is scheduled for service, increase his concentrate to 1kilo per day two
weeks before and during the breeding period in order to keep him fertile and in
good condition.
Feeding the Young Goats
The goal of feeding yearling or young goats is not to fatten them, but rather
to provide them enough nutrients for maintenance and growth. Adequate space for
exercise plus abundant quality grasses and legumes are important for yearlings.
Feed each of them ½ kilo concentrate daily.
Feeding the Baby Goats
Let the kid be with the mother for the first five days. This will enable the
baby goat to suck milk whenever it is hungry and also get the colostrums needed
for its good health. The colostrums contain antibodies that serve as protection
from diseases. You can also bottle-fed the kids in cases where: a) there are more
than two kids from a doe; b) a doe is unable to nurse her own kids due to
sickness; c) a doe died after the delivery; and d) you prefer to use the goat milk for
your consumption or for sale.
Self Check 2.3-2

TRUE OR FALSE: Write T if the statement is TRUE and F is the statement is
FALSE
1. Yearling must be fed 1/2kg concentrate daily.

2. The kid should be with the mother for the first 3 days.
3. Feed bucks with at least 1/4kg of concentrate daily and plenty of grasses
and legumes when they are not in used.
4. Foe every kilogram of milk the doe gives, feed her with 1kg concentrate.
5. A pregnant and dry doe should be adequately fed with quality feeds in order
to build reserves for the coming lactation and also to nourish the developing
fetus.
6. The general herd should be pasture most of the time to reduce cost of
concentrate feeds.
7. Vitamin supplementation is not a must in small ruminant raising.
8. Protein is essential for growth, repair of old tissues, milk production and
development of the unborn kid.
9. Nutrient is a single class of food or group of like foods.
10.Feed concentrate at 2 evenly spaced intervals.
Answer Key 2.3-2

1. T
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. T
6. T
7. F
8. T
9. T
10.T
Information Sheet No. 2.3-3
Appropriate animal unit per available grazing/pasture area
Studies on goat raising under coconuts indicated that paragrass-

sisatro (PS) pasture induced significantly higher daily feed intake than those in
paragrass-centrosema (PC) pasture(2.4 vs. 2.19 kg). However, the average daily
gain (ADG) and total gain/hectare/year between PC and PS; and the ADG between
grazing and confinement schemes were similar. Grazing animals had heavier total
gain/ha/yr than confined goat(3.29 vs 2.19kg)
The stocking rate of 2.0 animal units (AU) per hectare produced in
goats significantly higher ADG and total gain/ha/yr than 4.0 and 6 AU/ha. Hence,
under these conditions, the stocking rate of 2 A.E./hectare is optimum for either
P>C> or P>S> pastures and either grazing or feed-out-and-carry.
Self check 2.3-3
Direction: Write true if the statement is correct and False if it is wrong.
1. Paragrass-sisatro (PS) pasture induced significantly higher daily feed intake

than those in paragrass-centrosema.
2. Grazing animals had heavier total gain/ha/yr than confined goat.
3. The stocking rate of 4.0 animal units (AU) per hectare produced in goats
significantly higher ADG and total gain/ha/yr than 2.0.
Answer Key checklist 2.3-3
1. True
2. True
3. False
Information Sheet No.2.3.4
Feed Conversion Efficiency
Feed conversion ratio
Feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed conversion rate, or feed conversion

efficiency (FCE), is a measure of an animal's efficiency in converting feed mass
into increased body mass.
Animals that have a low FCR are considered efficient users of feed. Sheep and goat
need more than 8 kg of feed to put on 1 kg of live weight.
Ruminants can convert 7 kg of grain to one kilogram of meat.

Feed conversion ratio (FCR) is a measure that can be used to evaluate how
efficiently sheep and goats convert pasture to meat.
The efficiency with which grass fed ruminants converts feed to meat impacts on a
farm's meat output and revenue. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) measures the
amount of feed eaten per unit of live weight gain (kgDM eaten/kg live weight gain)
or carcass weight gain. The smaller the FCR the more efficient animals are at
converting feed to meat.
Common FCR values for goat and sheep grazing pasture are around seven to ten
whereas pigs and poultry on complete grain-based rations can be two or lower.
This reflects the digestion systems of pigs and poultry, which are monogastric (one
stomach) omnivores compared to ruminants which are herbivores with four
stomachs designed to digest fibrous plant material.
Faster growing sheep and goats typically have a better feed conversion ratio than
those growing slower. This is because feed used for maintenance is lower overall
than for a slow growing animal.
Every animal requires a certain amount of energy from feed to maintain its live
weight and if the animal does not consume enough energy for maintenance it will
lose weight. If the animal receives more energy than that required for maintenance
it will be used either for growth and development or, if production potential is met,
it will be stored as fat.
Factors that affect feed conversion ratio or the efficiency of feed use include:
• Live weight
• Gender
• Breed
Feed conversion efficiency can be computed by dividing the total feed
consumed to the total body weight of the animal.
Self-Check 2.3-4
TRUE OR FALSE. Write T if the statement is TRUE and F if the statement is

FALSE.
1. Feed conversion efficiency, feed conversion ratio or feed conversion ratio is a

measure of an animal’s efficiency in converting feed mash into increased
body mass.
2. Animals that have a low FCR are considered inefficient users of feeds.
3. Ruminants can convert 7kg of grain to one kilogram of meat.
4. Breeds do not affect feed conversion efficiency.
5. Ruminants are monogastric animals.
Answer Key 2.3-4
1. T
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. T
LEARNING OUTCOME 3
MANAGE BREEDING OF SMALL RUMINANTS
1. Signs of heat are monitored among sexually mature does and ewes
2. Breeding systems are identified based on PNS guidelines.
3. Animal pregnancy is monitored and tended based on enterprise procedures.
4. Unproductive buck/ram and doe/ewe are culled based on enterprise
procedures.
CONTENTS:
• Good animal husbandry practices

o Organic-based health care
o Sanitation procedure
o Collection of organic waste
• Animal Welfare Act
• GAHP guidelines
• PNS – Livestock
• Symptoms of in-heat breeders
• Different breeding system
• Monitoring and management of pregnant breeders
• Types of Culling methods, procedures and its advantages
• Maintain and analyze Farm Record
• Management on Lactating Goats and calves
• Feeds and feeding supplements of goats
CONDITIONS:
Tools and Materials:
• Monitoring checklist
o Culling
o Pregnancy
• Basket
• Scythe
• Broom stick
• Dust pan
• Wheelbarrow
• Sacks
• PPEs
• Feeding supplements (concoctions)
• Knapsack sprayer
• Shovel
• Spade
• Digging bar
• Sanitizer (concoctions)
• Record book
Equipment:
• Feeding trough
Learning materials:
• Animal welfare act

• GAHP guidelines
• PNS guidelines
o Culling
o Pregnancy
• Reading materials/ manual on covered topics
METHODOLOGIES:
• Observation
• Demonstration
• Farm visit
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
• Observation and oral questioning

• Demonstration
• Written exam
LEARNING OUTCOME 4
MANAGE DOES/EWES AND THEIR PROGENIES
1. Signs of approaching kidding/lambing are monitored following established

farm procedures.
2. Placenta and dead kids/lambs are disposed properly according to DENR
law.
3. Assisted kids/lambs to suckle colostrums according to organic practices.
4. Lambs/kids are weaned properly at 3 months from birth based from
established farm procedures.
5. Lactating goats and sheep are kept in clean and quiet environment, and are
separated from the breeder males based from established farm procedures.
6. Forage grasses, supplements and adequate water supply are provided
according to PNS recommendations..
CONTENTS:
• Good animal husbandry practices

o Organic-based health care
o Sanitation procedure
o Collection of organic waste
• Animal Welfare Act
• GAHP guidelines
• PNS – Livestock
• Assisting of kids and lambs to suckle colostrum
• Signs of approaching kidding/lambing
• Disposal of placenta and dead kids
• Monitoring and management of does and ewes
• Types of Culling methods, procedures and its advantages
• Maintain and analyze Farm Record
• Management on Lactating Goats and calves
• Feeds and feeding supplements of does and ewes
CONDITIONS:

Tools and Materials:
o Culling
o Pregnancy
• Basket
• Scythe
• Broom stick
• Dust pan
• Wheelbarrow
• Sacks
• PPEs
• Feeding supplements (concoctions)
• Knapsack sprayer
• Shovel
• Spade
• Digging bar
• Sanitizer (concoctions)
• Record book
Equipment:
• Feeding trough
Learning materials:
• Animal welfare act

• GAHP guidelines
• PNS guidelines
o Culling
o Pregnancy
• Reading materials/ manual on covered topics
METHODOLOGIES:
• Observation
• Demonstration
• Farm visit
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
• Observation and oral questioning

• Demonstration
• Written exam
LEARNING OUTCOME 4
MANAGE DOES/EWES AND THEIR PROGENIES
“Management of does and ewes” content of the information sheet don’t

information sheet 2.2-1,you can now
module.
3. Perform operation Sheet 2.2-1 Compare your work to the checklist
“Proper feeding practices” 2.2-1. If you got 100% correct answer
in this task, you can now move to the
next information sheet. If not review
the information sheet and go over the
task again.
4. Read Information 2.2-2 Compare your answer to the answer
“Tagging, identifying kids/lambs key 2.1-2. If you got 100% correct
properly answer in this self-check, you can now
“Preparation of inventory reports, content of the information sheet don’t
production and performance records, hesitate to approach your facilitator.
and financial analysis”
module.
7. Perform operation Sheet 2.2-3 Compare your work to the checklist
2.2-2. If you got 100% correct answer
in this task, you can now move to the
next information sheet. If not review
the information sheet and go over the
task again.
“Proper care/practices in growing content of the information sheet don’t
young and mature animals” hesitate to approach your facilitator.

perform the attached Job Sheets.
1. Perform If you passed these activities, you can
Job Sheet 2.2-3a – “Disbudding” now move to the next information
Job Sheet 2.2-3b – “Castration” sheet. If not review the information
Job Sheet 2.2-3c - “Dehorning” sheet and go over the task again.
“Health practices for goat/sheep” content of the information sheet don’t

module.
11. Answer Self-Check 2.2-4 Compare your answer to the answer
12. Perform Job Sheet 2.2-4 If you passed this activity, you can
“Treat Bloat” now move to the next information
sheet. If not review the information
sheet and go over the task again.
“Appropriate number of animals content of the information sheet don’t
for available grazing/pasture area” hesitate to approach your facilitator.

module.
“Monitoring body weights and feed content of the information sheet don’t
requirements of animals” hesitate to approach your facilitator.

module.
Management of Does and Ewes
CAUSES WHY SMALL RUMINANTS FAIL TO CONCEIVE:

Doe:
• Timing was off
• A bacterial or viral infection of the vagina may also prevent setting
• Retained corpus luteum – when an egg is released from the ovary, a
temporary yellowish mass of glandular tissue develops at the spot from
which the egg was released. This yellow body, the corpus luteum, releases
progesterone, which causes estrus to subside, seals the womb, that
otherwise aids pregnancy.
• Abortion – causes maybe disease, poor nutrition, poisoning, interference

with or absence of corpus luteum, or an abnormal fetus that is naturally
rejected by the doe.
FACTORS AFFECTING HEAT, FERTILITY AND CONCEPTION
Abortion Injury; poor nutrition, poisoning; improperly working
corpus luteum
Artificial Insemination Improper semen handling; bad timing; poor technique
False pregnancy Cause is unknown; future pregnancies likely to be
normal
Condition Overly fat buck or doe; disease
Flushing Promotes easier heat detection; chance for multiple births
Intersex Occurs most often in offspring ot two polled goats; has no
cure
Light Decreasing photoperiod, either natural or artificial;
subject bucks and does to same light condition
Overbreeding Young bucks should be bred no more than two or three
times a week; mature bucks not over twenty times a week
Nutrition Deficiencies
Owner Inexperience Failure to identify heat; poor timing in coordinating
breeding with ovulation
Reproductive disorders Retained corpus luteum; infertile sperm; abnormal egg;
hormonal malfunction
Season Swiss breeds come into heat from end September to end
of January
Social Presence of odor of active bucks
Stress Transporting; weather conditions; rough handling,
especially during AI
Temperature Buck fertility is low above 85 degrees Fahrenheit.
Conception is also reduced by warm weather
Vaginal Infection Bacterial or viral infection may cause sperm death after
mating
REPRODUCTIVE REVIEW
Breeding Season October - November
Does
Puberty 3 to 8 months; should weigh 80 lbs at first
breeding
Heat Cycle
17 to 23 days; 19 average
Heat Duration
Natural
12-36 hours; 18 average
Light-induced
8 – 10 hours
Gestation
147 – 156 days; 150 average
Number of kids
Buck
Puberty 2 – 4 months; should be 6 months old for
regular breeding
Breeding Frequency
2 -3 times a week to age one year; up to 20 times
a week thereafter
Sperm Viability 24 – 36 hours
Sign of Parturition
1) Fretful
2) Nervous
3) Emit a low bleat
4) She will appear hollow in the flank, and there will be a softening of the
ligament around the tail
5) She may paw her bedding around.
6) A slight mucus discharge may appear several days before kidding
7) A sign of immediate parturition is a discharge, which is opaque and slightly
yellow. This is an indication that parturition has really begun.
8) The doe become more restless.
9) She will lie down and get up, then lie down and strain slightly.
10) This will be repeated until the labor becomes more severe and the kid is
expelled.
The Kidding Pen

Place the doe in a roomy, well-lighted and comfortable pen that has been
disinfected. Clean, dry rice straw is a good bedding material.
The Kidding Time
First the “water bag” appears on the outside; it usually increases in size
until it ruptures. This is closely followed by the appearance of a second bag called
amniotic bladder with the fetus. Straining causes this second bag to break.
Presentation follows next.
You should be near but not in sight because the doe is likely to become
more nervous if she sees you. If the presentation is normal – with an hour or two
after the onset of the sign of kidding – assistance is not necessary. The normal
presentation is head and forelegs first.
Abnormal Presentations
The kid or kids should be born within an hour or so after the doe begins to
have strong labor contractions. If this does not occur, examine the doe for kidding
difficulty. You cannot safely deliver the kids without damaging the doe unless you:
First; examine the doe carefully.
Before doing the examination, clip your fingernails as short as possible so
that they won’t tear delicate tissues or have dirt underneath them. Scrub your
hand with antiseptic soap. Have another person scrub the rear quarters of the doe
with the same disinfectant. Gently and slowly, insert your hand into the birth
canal and feel for the head, legs or tail. By counting the number of joints and the
position of the joints, determine if the legs are front legs or back legs. Make sure
that both legs and/or head are attached to the same kid. Only after determining
the exact position of the kid, you commence to rearrange the position. If the head
and legs are presented in normal position but locked against the pelvis, apply
gentle traction first on one leg and then the other to straighten the legs and deliver
the kid. If the head is presented first without the legs, then push the head back in,
carefully locate and pull the legs forward, and then pull the kid. Many kid deliver
normally with one front leg back. If the kid is halfway out and its hips locks in the
mother’s pelvis, then pull the kid down toward the dam’s hocks and then to her
left or right side. This will cause one hip to move through the pelvis at a time.
If the back legs are presented first, then care should be taken to avoid the
kid’s inhaling uterine fluids. If the tail is presented but not the hind legs, pull
them into proper position before pulling the kid. If the kid is upside down, then it
must be rolled over before it can be pulled. If sideways, then again it must be
rolled into the proper position before being pulled. After pulling the kid, go back
into the doe and check for a second or third kid. These quite often must be pulled
also. Do not pull on the membranes or placenta as this will cause severe and often
fatal hemorrhage. Let the doe pass the membrane at her own speed.
After Birth
As soon as the kid is born, wipe its nose so that it can breath freely. Dip the
end of the umbilical cord of the kid with 10% iodine solution to reduce the danger
of infection. If there is continued bleeding from the cord, pinch the end of the cord
until the blood has clotted or tie the cord with a string.
The Importance of Colostrum
Colostrum is a thick, yellow-colored milk given by the dam from the first day
to the seventh day after kidding. Its uses are as follows:
• It contains antibodies, which temporarily protect the kids against certain

infection, especially in the digestive tract.
• It serves as a natural cleansing substance that helps remove fecal material,
which has been accumulated in the digestive tract.
• It helps supply Vitamin A. If the kid does not succeed in getting the
colostrum on the first and succeeding days, you have to help the kid. You
may induce the kid to suck by opening its mouth and carefully milking the
teat into it.
Placenta or Afterbirth
Normally, the afterbirth or placenta is expelled almost immediately. But is
the doe retains it for 24 hours or more, competent assistance should be given.
Intra-uterine drugs could be used to induce expulsion. NEVER pull or put
weight on the placenta or try to remove it by force.
Self-Check 2.2-1

1. Colostrum contains antibodies which temporarily protect the kid against
certain infection especially in the digestive tract.
2. Normally, the afterbirth or placenta is expelled 24 hours after kidding.
3. Doe/ewe may fail to conceive if the timing is off.
4. The average gestation of a doe is 155 days.
5. A sign of immediate parturition is a discharge which is opaque and slightly
yellow.
Answer Key 2.2-1
1. T
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. T
Tagging/Identifying Kids/Lambs Properly
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
There are management practices which are essential to the successful
operation of small ruminant production. It is very important that these
practices very carried out properly and promptly so as to save time and labor,
as well as money. Here are some essential management practices in raising
small ruminants
1) Marking
Each goat in the herd should be permanently marked in some
manner for these reasons:
a. To identify ownership;
b. To distinguish each animal of the herd for record-keeping
purposes;
c. To facilitate easy selection of the individual animal from the herd
in case you want to cull, dispose, medicate or segregate
Individual goats should be identified as soon as they are

purchased or born into your herd. Marking should be done by the use
of plastic or light metal ear-tags, by notching or by tattooing the ears.
1) Ear-tagging. Ear-tags are usually of plastic or light metal and are

numbered consecutively. You can purchase ear-tags from livestock
suppliers or make them yourself. The tag can be easily read if it
placed in the middle of the ear, taking care however not to pierce the
ear between the visible cartilage ridges. Use either an ear punch or
self-piercing tags, preferably the ear punch because there would be
more room around the tag after healing. This makes the ear not so
sensitive with the tag. The prevent infection, put tincture of iodine on
the wound where the tag has been pierced through.
2) Tattooing. Making a tattoo is very simple. You can do it by using

ordinary needle or a special tattoo instrument. If you prefer the latter,
it is an instrument which looks like a pair of pliers into which letters
or numbers are inserted.
Tattooing can be done in two ways:

b. In ears (but extra careful not to hit the cartilage)
c. In the soft tissue on one side of the tail.
Which ever of the above locations, you need to follow these
procedures: first, clean the part of the ear or soft tissue area that has
no veins or ridges. The, print your tattoo code (be it number or letter)
by piercing through the area to be marked with a needle or tattoo
instrument. After this, rub the tattoo ink into the pierced holes with
your finger.
3) Ear –notching. Notching the ears can be done with a sharp pair of
scissors or knife. Notches on certain parts of the ears indicate certain
numbers, the sum of the numbers represented by the notches being
the number of the goat.
Self-Check 2.2-2
Matching Type
Column A Column B
1. Ear-notching A. this is done plastic or light material
numbered consecutively
2. Tattooing B. an instrument used in ear-tagging
3. Ear-tagging C. this is done with a sharp pair of scissors or
knife
4. Marking D. this is done by using needle or specialized
instrument
5. Ear-tagger E. a method of identifying ownership
Answer Key 2.2-2
1. C
2. D
3. A
4. E
5. B

Proper Care Practices in Growing Young and Mature Animals
Learning Objectives: After reading this information sheet, trainees must be
able to:
1. Identify proper care practices in growing young and mature animals.
2. Perform ear tagging, ear notching and tattooing.
There are management practices which are essential to the successful

operation of small ruminant production. It is very important that these
practices very carried out properly and promptly so as to save time and labor,
as well as money. Here are some essential management practices in raising
small ruminants.
1) Marking
Each goat in the herd should be permanently marked in some manner
for these reasons:
a. To identify ownership;
b. To distinguish each animal of the herd for record-keeping purposes;
c. To facilitate easy selection of the individual animal from the herd in
case you want to cull, dispose, medicate or segregate.
Individual goats should be identified as soon as they are purchased or

born into your herd. Marking should be done by the use of plastic or light
metal ear-tags, by notching or by tattooing the ears.
a) Ear-tagging. Ear-tags are usually of plastic or light metal and are

numbered consecutively. You can purchase era-tags from livestock
suppliers or make them yourself. The tag can be easily read if it
placed in the middle of the ear, taking care however not to pierce the
ear between the visible cartilage ridges. Use either an ear punch or
self-piercing tags, preferably the ear punch because there would be
more room around the tag after healing. This makes the ear not so
sensitive with the tag. The prevent infection, put tincture of iodine on
the wound where the tag has been pierced through.
b) Tattooing. Making a tattoo is very simple. You can do it by using

ordinary needle or a special tattoo instrument. If you prefer the latter,
it is an instrument which looks like a pair of pliers into which letters
or numbers are inserted.
Tattooing can be done in two ways:
a. In ears (but extra careful not to hit the cartilage)

b. In the soft tissue on one side of the tail.
Whichever of the above locations, you need to follow these

procedures: first, clean the part of the ear or soft tissue area that has
no veins or ridges. The, print your tattoo code (be it number or letter)
by piercing through the area to be marked with a needle or tattoo
instrument. After this, rub the tattoo ink into the pierced holes with
your finger.
c. Ear –notching. Notching the ears can be done with a sharp pair of
scissors or knife. Notches on certain parts of the ears indicate certain
numbers, the sum of the numbers represented by the notches being
the number of the goat.
2) Disbudding
Goats should not be allowed to grow horns. Horns are not only
dangerous to other goats but also to human being as well. It is
advantageous therefore that the kids will be disbud one week after
kidding. Not all goats have horns. Some are polled or naturally hornless.
To determine whether newborn kids will grow horn, simply feel the skin
on the top of their heads. If the skin moves freely, then no horns will
grow. On the other hand, if the skin is attached and small horn buds are
felt – then the goat kid will grow horn.
Steps/Procedures in Disbudding Using Hot-Iron Cautery:
1) Clip the hair around the base of the horn bud.

2) Restrain the animal properly to avoid unnecessary burning.
3) Heat the dehorner red-hot. This instrument can be made at home
from an iron pipe 1.3 cm in diameter.
4) When ready, impress down the red-hot dehorner over the bud and
quicky remove it.
5) Cover the burnt area with Vaseline
3) Dehorning
Dehorning is the removal of the horn from older goats. This can be
done by using a small-tooth, very sharp saw. Cut the horn very close to
the skull and seal the wound with hot-iron cautery should there be
bleeding. If bleeding continues, dust the wound with iron sulfate until
bleeding stops. Continue to check the dehorned area for several weeks to
be sure there is no infection. If there is swelling and drainage, clean the
area carefully and apply antibiotic ointment.
4) Hoof Trimming
Overgrown hooves are painful to goats if not regularly trimmed.
The practice also aims to prevent malformation of the toes and to prevent
foot rot that results from manure getting inside the untrimmed hoof. A
sharp knife, pruning shears, or a broad, sharp chisel can be used to
trim.
Trimming is easily done in damp/cold weather when the hooves
are more pliable. Brittle hooves need a hoof ointment or softening can be
accomplished by letting the goat stand on damp floor for several hours
before trimming.
To trim, hold the foot of the goat between your knees. Always work
away from the goat to avoid accidental injury from goat kicks. With a
knife, trim down the excess hoof until the foot is like that of a newly born
kid. If chisel is used, placed hoof on a block of wood and trim the hoof.
Edges of the hoof must be at the same level with the frog (the soft part at
the center) after trimming. Avoid injuring the frog since this is the most
sensitive part of the hoof. Examine the hooves at least once a month to
detect animals with hooves that need trimming.
5) Castration
Castration is the removal of testicles of the male goat. All buck kids
that will not be kept or sold for breeding purposes should be castrated as
early as possible. By castrating the early in life, you can prevent
accidental breeding and also have chevron that is tender and without
strong odor. The best time to castrate the buck kid is when they are
about one week old.
The Castration Procedure is very simple:
a. Have someone hold securely the four legs of the kid to be
castrated.
b. Wash the scrotum (the skin that wraps the testicles) and its
surrounding area with disinfectant like creoline or tincture of
iodine.
c. There are ways of castration: the cap method and the slit
method. The cap method is done by cutting off horizontally the
tip of the scrotal sac, while the slit method is done by making
two vertical incisions near the tip of the scrotal sac or just one
vertical incision in between the two testicles.
d. In either method, press out the testicles through the opening of
the incision.
e. Then gradually pull them out either at the same time or one at
a time until the spermatic cord breaks.
f. To prevent infection, apply tincture of iodine on the wound
immediately after the operation.
g. To drive away flies – which are the number one enemy of
wounds – sprinkle with Negasunt powder or paint pine tar
around the wound.
h. Healing of the wound will take about two weeks
6. Weaning
Weaning is another management practice in raising goats. Wean
the kids at 4-5 months after birth. They should be taught to eat
supplemental feeds at this time. Separate the buck kids from the herd
not later 4-5 months. Or else some of the kids will be bred too young
thus stunting their growth.
Self-check 2.2-3
Identification
Instruction: Identify the missing word in the sentence.
1. _________is the removal of testicles of the male goat.
2. _________is easily done in damp/cold weather when the hooves are more
pliable.
3. _________is the removal of the horn from older goats
4. It is advantageous therefore that the kids will be _____one week after
kidding.
5. _________the ears can be done with a sharp pair of scissors or knife.
Answer Key 2.2-3

1. Castration is the removal of testicles of the male goat.
2. Trimming is easily done in damp/cold weather when the hooves are more
pliable.
3. Dehorning is the removal of the horn from older goats
4. It is advantageous therefore that the kids will be disbud one week after
kidding.
5. Notching the ears can be done with a sharp pair of scissors or knife.
JOB SHEET 2.2-3a
Title : Disbudding
Performance Objective: Given the needed supplies and materials,

you should be able to disbud a young goat using
hot-iron cautery.
Supplies : Alcohol, Vaseline, cotton, firewood
Equipment : Dehorner/disbudded, scissor
Steps/Procedure:
1. Clip the hair around the base of the horn bud.
2. Restrain the animal properly to avoid unnecessary burning.
3. Heat the dehorner red-hot. This instrument can be made at home from
an iron pipe about 1.3 cm in diameter.
4. When ready, press down the red-hot dehorner over the bud and quickly
remove it.
5. Cover the burnt area with Vaseline

Job Sheet 2.2-3a
(Disbudding)
Criteria YES NO
1. Clipped the hair around the base of the horn bud.
2. Restrained the animal properly.
3. Heated the dehorner red-hot.
4. Impressed down the red-hot dehorner over the bud

and quickly removed it.
5. Covered the burnt area with vaseline
Trainer: ___________________________ Date: ________

JOB SHEET 2.2-3b
Title : Castration

you should be able to castrate a buck kid using
the single-slit method.
Supplies : Alcohol, cotton, tincture of iodine sulfanilamide

powder, creoline solution, tetanus anti-toxin
Equipment : Castrating rack, pair of forceps, scalpel blade

with
handle
Procedure:
1. Disinfect the scrotum and the same around with a three percent
croeline solution or a similar disinfectant
2. Cut off the tip of the scrotum.
3. Through the opening, press out the testes together with the membrane
covering them.
4. Cut off the part which attaches the testes to the body, remove them
with forceps.
5. Dab tincture of iodine on the wound. In two days it will heal.

Job Sheet 2.2-3b
(Castration)
Criteria YES NO
1. Disinfected the scrotum and the surrounding with a

three percent croeline solution or a similar disinfectant
2. Cut off the tip of the scrotum.

3. Through the opening, pressed out the testes together
with the membrane covering them.
4. Cut off the part which attaches the testes to the body,
remove them with forceps.
5. Dabbed tincture of iodine on the wound. In two days it
will heal.
Trainer: ___________________________ Date: ______

JOB SHEET 2.2-3c
Title : Dehorning

you should be able to dehorn a buck using the
single-slit method.
Supplies : Alcohol, cotton, tincture of iodine, iron sulfate,

creoline solution, tetanus anti-toxin, pine tar
Equipment : Dehorner/disbudder/hot iron cautery, scissor,

rope
Procedure:
1. Use a dehorning instrument or a small-tooth sharp saw.
2. Restrain the animal properly.
3. Cut the horn very close to the base.
4. Seal the wound with pine tar or apply a hot-iron cautery. Should
excessive bleeding continue, dust the wound with iron sulfate until
bleeding stops.

Job Sheet 2.2-3c
(Dehorning)

Criteria YES NO
1. Used a dehorning instrument or a small-tooth sharp

saw
2. Restrained the animal properly.
3. Cut the horn very close to the base.
4. Sealed the wound with pine tar or apply a hot-iron

cautery. Should excessive bleeding continue, dust the
wound with iron sulfate until bleeding stops.
Trainer: ___________________________ Date: ________

Health Practices for Goat/Sheep
Learning Objectives: After reading this information sheet, trainees must be

able to:
1. Identify and implement herd health practices.
General Health Care of Sheep and Goats
Vaccinations
There are many disease conditions for which sheep and goats may be
vaccinated. All herds should be vaccinated for clostridial diseases, specifically
enterotoxemia (type C and D) and tetanus. Other diseases that flock herd may
consider vaccinating for are sore mouth, caseous lymphadentitis (CLA),
abortions (e.g. vibrio, Chlamydia), and rabies, but only if these disease
conditions have been diagnosed (by necropsy) in a flock or where the risk is
deemed high. Extreme care must be used when administering the sore mouth
vaccine, as it is a live vaccine and soremouth (orf) is contagious (and painful) to
humans.
Enterotoxemia or ”Overeating disease” is caused by

the bacteria Clostridium perfringins, which is a normal
inhabitant of the animal's gut, but can proliferate to
toxic levels under certain circumstances. Type C, also
called bloody scours or lamb dysentery, usually
affects lambs and kids during the first few weeks of
life. It is usually precipitated by an increase in feed,
such as the start of creep feeding or increased milk
availability due to loss of a littermate. Type D, more
commonly called overeating disease (and also pulpy
kidney disease), affects lambs and kids that are
typically over one month of age. Overeating occurs
with a sudden change in feed and is associated with
high concentrate feeding.
The health care of sheep
and goats is very similar.
Lambs/kids are usually found dead from
enterotoxemia. They are most often the best growing
lambs/kids in the flock/herd. Treatment (anti-serum and antibiotics) for
enterotoxemia is usually unrewarding; however disease can usually be
prevented by vaccination. Gradual changes in feed and inclusion of antibiotics
in the creep feed will also help to prevent losses.
Tetanus, also known as "lockjaw" occurs when the bacteria causing it,
Clostridium tetani, gains entry through an open wound or contaminated skin
break and proliferates to toxic levels. The use of elastrator bands for docking
and castration increases the risk of tetanus since it creates an anaerobic
(oxygen-deprived) environment which the tetanus organism prefers. Animals
affected with tetanus become rigid and stiff and experience muscle spasms.
They usually die. Treatment (anti-serum, antibiotics, and supportive therapy) is
usually unrewarding. Tetanus can be prevented by vaccination. Good hygiene
will also help to prevent the bacteria from gaining entry.
Ewes and does should be vaccinated for enterotoxemia type C and D and
tetanus (CD-T) approximately 30 days prior to arturition. This way, the
lambs/kids will receive passive immunity through the colostrum (first milk).
Lambs/kids should be vaccinated with CD-T (or type D) when they are
approximately 6 weeks old. They should be given a second injection two to four
weeks later.
If ewes/does were not vaccinated prior to lambing/kidding or their vaccination

status is unknown, the tetanus anti-toxin should be administered to
lambs/kids at the time of docking, castration, and/or disbudding. The anti-
toxin provides immediate short-term immunity, whereas the toxoid provides
long lasting protection, but requires 10 days to 2 weeks to impart immunity.
Lambs/kids from unvaccinated dams should be vaccinated for type D at three

weeks of age, followed by a booster several weeks later. Club lambs/goats
should be vaccinated twice for type D, if their vaccination status is unknown.
The vaccine for enterotoxemia is not considered to be as effective in goats as
sheep. Therefore, some veterinarians recommend vaccination every six months
for goats.
Parasite Control
Sheep and goats are very susceptible to worms due to their close grazing
behavior and slow-to-develop immunity. Goats are more susceptible than
sheep when forced to graze (versus browse). All sheep and goats have worms.
The parasites that cause the most damage to sheep and goats are stomach
worms and coccidia. Stomach worms can cause substantial death loss in sheep
and goats, if left unchecked. The barber pole worm (Haemonchus contortis) is
the stomach worm of primary concern. It is a microscopic, blood-sucking
parasite that pierces the lining of the abomasum (the ruminant's "true"
stomach) and causes blood and protein loss and anemia, as evidenced by pale
mucous membranes (lower eye lid, gums, etc.) and/or "bottle jaw," an
accumulation of fluid under the jaw.
The barber pole worm is difficult to control because it has a short, direct life
cycle, is a prolific egg producer, and can go into a hypobiotic (hibernating)
state, until environmental conditions are more favorable for its life cycle. The
barber pole worm likes warm, moist conditions. The small brown stomach
worm (Ostertagia circumctinca) is the stomach worm of secondary concern. It
also burrows into the wall of the abomasum. Howver, unlike the barber pole
worm, it causes digestive upset and scouring (diarrhea) in livestock.
Since the primary mode of transmission for stomach worms is grazing, pasture
management is an important aspect of controlling internal parasites. Pasture
control strategies include the use of clean or safe pastures, mixed species
grazing (with horses, cattle - not goats), and pasture rotation. Examples of
clean pastures include those which have not been grazed by sheep or goats for
six months or more, those which have been grazed by cattle or horses, fields in
which a hay or silage crop has been removed, fields which have been rotated
with row crops, and fields which have been newly planted or renovated.
Pasture rotation will help to control parasites in small ruminants, but only if
the pastures are rested sufficiently long - at least 70 days since the last sheep
and/or goats were on the pasture. In extreme cases where pastures are so
severely contaminated, zero grazing (confinement) will offer relief from stomach
worms.
Anti-parasitic drugs, called "anthelmintics" should be used wisely and

sparingly to control internal parasites in sheep and goats. Frequent use of
anthelmintics will enable the worms to become resistant to the drugs. It is also
costly and may lead to a false sense of security. Sheep and goats should be
dewormed strategically. The most important time to consider deworming a
sheep or goat is prior to (or at the time of) parturition. When a ewe/doe
lactates, her immunity to parasites is compromised. She is also the primary
source of infection to her newborn lambs/kids.
Deworming ewes/does prior to turning them out to spring pasture is also a

good strategy because it helps to reduce the contamination of the pasture, as
the worms resume their life cycle with the onset of good weather. Some
veterinarians have advocated multiple anthelmintic treatments in the spring to
control the "summer" explosion of worms that occurs in a normal rainfall year.
Deworming the flock in the fall after the first frost is also a good strategy, since
this is the time the worms will go into a hypobiotic state. Sheep and goats
should be dewormed prior to moving to a clean pasture. Fecal egg counts may
also be used to determine when the flock needs dewormed. Producers can learn
to do their own fecal examinations, or they can take samples to a veterinarian
or a state diagnostic laboratory.
Drug treatments should be targeted towards the animals that are the most
susceptible to parasitism. These include lambs and kids, lactating ewes and
does, and high-producing animals. Animals not showing symptoms of
parasitism (e.g. anemia) may be left untreated. Animals which are more
susceptible to parasites should be culled.
this is the time the worms will go into a hypobiotic state. Sheep and goats
should be dewormed prior to moving to a clean pasture. Fecal egg counts may
also be used to determine when the flock needs dewormed. Producers can learn
to do their own fecal examinations, or they can take samples to a veterinarian
or a state diagnostic laboratory.
Drug treatments should be targeted towards the animals that are the most
susceptible to parasitism. These include lambs and kids, lactating ewes and
does, and high-producing animals. Animals not showing symptoms of
parasitism (e.g. anemia) may be left untreated. Animals which are more
susceptible to parasites should be culled.
All sheep and goats have coccidia. Coccidia are single-cell protozoa that
damage the lining of the small intestines. Since the small intestines is where
nutrient absorption takes place, coccidiosis can permanently stunt lambs and
kids. Coccidia are species-specific, meaning the coccidia species that affect
sheep and goats are different from those that affect poultry and rabbits.
Coccidia cause weight loss and ill health in lambs/kids and diarrhea, which
may be streaked with blood or mucous. Affected lambs/kids may become weak
and dehydrated and die. Whereas stomach worms are more of a problem with
sheep and goats on pasture, coccidia are more of a problem in sheep and goats
that are in confinement or under intensive grazing systems. Outbreaks of
coccidiosis are caused by poor sanitation, overcrowding (or overstocking), and
stress. Consequently, coccidiosis can be controlled by good sanitation, clean
water, not feeding on the ground, and not overstocking pens and pastures.
Disease outbreaks can be prevented by administering Corid (Amprolium) in the
water supply or by including a coccidiostat in the feed or mineral. Bovatec
(lasalocid) and Deccox are both FDA-approved as coccidiostats for lambs.
Rumens in (monensin) and Deccox are FDA-approved to prevent coccidiosis in
goats. Outbreaks of coccidiosis can be treated with sulfa drugs and Corid.
Severely affected lambs and goats will require supportive therapy (e.g. fluids).
Internal parasites of lesser concern are tapeworms and lungworms.

Tapeworms, which are visible in the manure, are generally non-pathogenic,
though they can cause weight loss and death in extreme cases. Tapeworms can
be controlled by administering an anthelmintic from the benzimidazole family
(e.g. Safeguard, Valbazan). Sheep and goats become infested with lungworms
when they consume larvae from the pasture and the larvae travels to the
respiratory system. The symptoms of lungworms are not easy to recognize, and
only in extreme cases do lungworms cause severe respiratory distress. The
same drugs which control stomach worms will also control lungworms.
Sheep and goats may also get external parasites. The sheep tick is called a
"ked" and it can substantially decrease pelt value. Goats are more likely to get
mange mites and lice. Sheep and goats with "snotty" noses may have nose bots,
a parasite that gets into the nasal passages. These various "biting" parasites
can be controlled by administering an anthelmintic from the Macrolytic
Lactone family or Avermectin family (e.g. Ivomec, Moxidectin).
Types of injections and procedures
• Intramuscular (IM) is the most common injection method. Use an 18-gauge

needle, 2–3 cm long, to inject antibiotics. In small, young lambs and goats, a
smaller 20-gauge needle should be used. Inject into the neck muscle just in
front of the shoulder or the fleshy part of the shoulder itself. Injections should
not be given in the hind leg or quadriceps muscles of the thigh. Injections can
leave injection-site lesions that could decrease the value of the meat. To give an
injection:
➢ Gently tap/hit the muscle two or three times with your fist to accustom
the sheep/goat.
➢ Insert the needle quickly, straight into the
muscle.
➢ Before injecting, draw the plunger out slightly to
check if the needle has entered a blood vessel. If
➢ blood enters the syringe, withdraw the needle
slightly and redirect into the muscle.
➢ When a correct spot has been entered, slowly
➢ Press the plunger down. Volumes of no greater
➢ than 2 to 4 ml should be injected into a single Don’t inject in red area!
IM site.
➢ Remove the needle from the animal and rub the
injection site or press with cotton to prevent excess
bleeding. This will also help the medicine to stay in the muscle.
• Subcutaneous (SC) injections are given under the skin,
often in the skin just behind the shoulder or in the neck or
inside the elbow of the front leg. A short needle, 1–2.5 cm,
should be used to inject under the skin:
➢ Pull out a fold of skin and insert the needle at a right
angle to the skin-fold. Care must be taken to ensure
that the needle does not pass through the skin and
exit on the other side.
➢ Gently press the plunger down. Subcutaneous
• Intravenous (IV) injections are given into veins in

order for the antibiotics to enter the blood stream as
quickly as possible. Common sites for intravenous
injections include the cephalic vein and the jugular
vein. Use an 18-gauge or 20-gauge hypodermic needle.
➢ During an IV injection, the compound is
administered slowly and the animal monitored for
evidence of respiratory or cardiac distress. If there is
any adverse reaction, the injection should be stopped.
➢ An intravenous injection should only be given by a
veterinarian or experienced animal health technician.
Oral medication or a SQ injection is preferred to an IM injection and should be
given, if allowed. Use the smallest gauge needle possible when giving injections.
A clean needle should be used (each time) when drawing medications or
vaccines from a bottle. No more than 5 cc should be injected at any one site.
You should not inject into a dirty or wet spot. Unhealthy animals should not be
vaccinated. Each time you give an injection (or administer other animal health
products), you should keep a record of it. Withdrawal times should be strictly
adhered to.
Drenching (deworming)
Anti-parasitic drugs should always be administered to sheep and goats orally,

even if a pour-on or injectable product is used. Single and multi-dose drench
guns are available for administering oral medications to sheep and goats. You
can restrain the animal by straddling it or standing beside it and placing your
hand under its jaw. The syringe should be inserted into the corner of the
animal's mouth and rested on its tongue. The plunger should be slowly pushed
so that the medicine goes over the tongue. Once the animal has swallowed the
syringe can be released. Care should be taken not to under dose animals.
Weight should be obtained using a scale or tape measure to assure proper
dosage. Under dosing leads to drug resistance.
Drug families should be rotated on an annual basis to slow the rate of drug
resistance. There are three families of drugs which have been used to treat
sheep and goats for internal parasites. They are the Benzimidazoles (white
dewormers) - Fenbendazole (SafeGuard/Panacur), Albendazole (Valbazen), and
Oxybendazole (Synanthic); the Nicotinics - Levamisole (Tramisol/Levasol),
Pyrantel (Strongid), and Moratel (Rumatel); and the Macrolytic Lactones or
Avermectins - Ivermectin (Ivomec), Doramectin (Dectomax), and Moxidectin
(Cydectin/Quest). Only Fenbendazole and Rumatel are FDA-approved for use
in goats. Ivomec drench, Valbazen, and Levamisol are approved for use in
sheep.
Use of any animal health product which is inconsistent (species, route, or

dosage) with its label constitutes "extra-label" drug use and requires a
veterinary prescription and valid veterinarian-patient-client relationship.
Exaggerated withdrawals should be used whenever administering a drug extra-
label. It is important to note that many anthelmintics and other drugs are not
approved for use in sheep and goats and require veterinary consultation.
Nutrition is one of the keys to healthy livestock
Nutrition is one of the keys to raising healthy livestock. Well-fed livestock are
more resistant to diseases and parasites. Feed balanced rations and strive to
have your ewes and does in a body condition score of 3+/5 at the time of
breeding and lambing. Feed changes should always be made gradually,
especially when increasing the amount of concentrate (grain) in the ration.
Important Infectious Diseases of Small Ruminants
Common Diseases
1. Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP)
CCPP is a per-acute, acute or chronic contagious disease

of goats affecting the respiratory system. Infection
occurs by direct contact between goats. The disease is
widely distributed in the Rift Valley and lowland parts of
the country.
Signs
• Many goats are usually sick at the same time, 20–30 days after infection with
CCPP.
• Some animals die before they show signs of the disease.
• Affected goats cough and have a discharge from the nose.
• In severe occurrences that happen quickly:
¨ animals have distressed breathing.
¨ animals become weak and tired and have a high fever.
¨ many goats die after 4–5 days.
• With the mild form of the disease that lingers:
¨ animals develop joint problems.
¨ does may get mastitis.
¨ goats become thin and look very sick. Most recover slowly but some become
very sick and die.
• In dead animals, the lung looks very dark and has some yellow pus in it. The
lungs often stick to the side of the chest. A lot of yellow fluid is observed in the
chest.
Treatment
Treatment of sick animals with broad spectrum antibiotics is effective.
Prevention
• Ring vaccination of CCPP should be given around an outbreak area in order
to stop the spread of the disease.
• Restriction of movement of goats from and to the outbreak areas is necessary
to prevent spread of the disease.
2. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
• Animals become sick with FMD 2–14 days after infection.

• Animals get infection from direct contact with infected animals, from feed
infected by the saliva of infected animals and from people or things that
infected animals have touched. Infective organisms can also spread
hundreds of kilometers through the air.
• Sheep and goats get a much milder type of foot and mouth disease.
Sign
• Blisters in their mouth. The blisters are often very small.
• Most blisters are on the dental pad.
• It is difficult to see blisters on the feet.
• The feet are painful and the animals are often lame.
• Animals usually recover but often lose body condition for a long time.
Treatment
• There is no treatment for FMD but it is helpful to give infected animals plenty
of water, shade them from the hot sun, and give soft, green feed.
• Antibiotic treatment is important to prevent bacterial infection of the blisters.
Prevention and control
• Due to limited production capacity of the National Veterinary Institute,
vaccine is given only for improved cattle and cattle intended for export. Sheep
and goats are not vaccinated since the disease is mild in them, but they could
be sources of infection for cattle.
• Movement of animals to and from outbreak areas should be restricted in
order to stop the spread of the disease.
3. Anthrax
Cattle, sheep and goats get anthrax most often. People also can get anthrax.
Animals become sick with anthrax 12–24 hours after they get infected. Animals
get the disease while grazing on infected pastures.
Signs
• Animals, especially ruminants, often die before disease signs are seen.
• Infected animals have a very high fever and may have blood in the urine,
feces or milk.
• They often have difficulty breathing and usually collapse and die after 1–3
days.
• Dark blood often comes from the nose, mouth and anus of dead animals.
• This blood stays liquid (does not clot) and the body does not go stiff after
death.
Treatment
• People usually do not see animals with anthrax soon enough to treat them.
• Sometimes when the disease is less severe, there is time to treat animals with
antibiotics.
Prevention
• Bury or burn the dead bodies of animals infected with anthrax. Avoid taking
animals for grazing to places where anthrax was found.
• Follow annual vaccination with anthrax vaccine produced at the National
Veterinary Institute.
• Vaccinate animals every year a month before disease occurrence is expected
in common infection areas.
4. Bluetongue
Bluetongue is an infectious disease of sheep. Goats can be affected but usually
do not show signs. It is caused by a virus which is transmitted by an insect
vector. Transmission is by blood sucking flies, Culicoides spp. Sometimes
mosquitoes or infected needles may spread the disease.
Signs
• Sheep become sick 5–10 days after infection with Bluetongue virus.
• A high fever accompanied by unwillingness to feed.
• Rolling movement of the tongue and licking of the lips.
• Nasal discharge and salivation. The nasal discharge is at first thin and watery
but soon becomes thicker and mucous-containing.
• The nasal mucosa is congested and may ulcerate.
• Blood then appears in the nasal discharge.
• Lips and tongue are very swollen.
• The head and ears may also be swollen.
• Erosion and ulceration are often found in the mouth.
• Lameness or stiffness is often observed.
• Pneumonia can occur from secondary infection.
• Diarrhea, which may be blood stained, is sometimes seen.
Treatment
• Antibiotics are useful against secondary infection.
• Mouth lesions may be treated symptomatically with an antiseptic.
• It is important to keep infected animals in the shade as sunlight appears to
aggravate the condition.
Prevention
• Infection can be avoided by moving sheep during the rainy season to high,
well-drained ground.
• House sheep in barns at night to avoid insects.
• A smoking fire at night and spraying or dipping animals in insecticides are
useful methods of vector control.
5. Brucellosis
• The disease is caused by Brucella melitensis. The disease is very severe in
goats and death may occur.
Sheep are more resistant.
• Large numbers of B. melitensis are discharged during abortion.
• Close contact between animals is necessary for infection to be transmitted.
• This is a zoonotic disease, which is transmissible to humans from infected
goats.
Signs
• Animals become sick 3–20 weeks after infection.
• A primary infection following the introduction of disease by an infected male
or female may at first result in a few abortions.
• This usually progresses to a serious storm of abortions.
• Goats seldom abort more than once due to brucellosis but many sheep abort
twice or have dead lambs at the pregnancy following the abortion.
• Abortions usually occur beginning the fourth month of gestation.
• Mastitis is often the first sign seen, with milk appearing clotted and
discolored.
• Lameness; orchitis may be found in males.
Treatment
• There is no effective treatment.
Prevention
• Hygiene and good management practice is essential.
• Dispose of all aborted material, including the fetus, and disinfect the
surroundings.
• A separate shed should be used for kidding.
• Isolate infected flocks to prevent the spread of the disease.
6. Orf
Orf or sore mouth is a common disease of sheep and goats. It is caused by a
virus and is highly infectious.
Signs
• Sore patches around the mouth, usually starting at the corner.
• An affected lamb or kid may spread the disease to its mother’s udder.
• Ewes and does with painful teats will not allow lambs or kids to suckle. The
lambs and kids may die of starvation.
• Adult animals that are affected will not eat properly and may lose condition.
Treatment
• There is no treatment for orf. Antibiotic sprays or powders will prevent
secondary infections in open sores.
• Affected animals should be isolated.
• Owners should be warned that humans can become affected by the sores.
7. Bloat
Cause
Bloat is the result of failure to expel stomach gases normally and, if not
treated, can be fatal. Animals may bloat when they feed on lush legumes and
froth develops in the rumen preventing gas from escaping. Bloat can also be
caused by obstruction or blockage in the esophagus or stomach. A good
example is animals eating plastic bags.
A bloated animal:
• Will be restless.
• Have difficulty breathing.
• The upper left side of the stomach will appear bigger than normal and will
sound hollow when tapped.
• The animal urinates and defecates frequently.
• It bleats and walks unsteadily.
• Death due to restricted breathing and heart failure follow unless action is
taken.
Treatment
• Keep the animals in standing position.
• Tying a piece of wood in the mouth will help stimulate saliva production that
can assist in breaking up froth in the stomach.
• Apply side- or lifting-pressure to the stomach to help expel the gas by lifting
the animal from below the stomach.
• Walking may also help in getting rid of the gas.
• If the condition does not improve, a small diameter rubber tube (0.5–1 cm
opening) should be forced down the throat and into the stomach to release the
gas.
• To make certain the tube is in the stomach, smell the gas released. It should
smell like stomach contents.
• Another method is to place an ear next to the stomach on the left side of the
animal and blow into the tube. A bubbly sound should be heard. This also
helps to clear the opening of the tube.
• If it is a gas bloat, gas may be immediately expelled once the tube enters the
stomach; in some cases, it may be necessary to move the tube and try to find
the gas pocket.
• If it is a bubby bloat, pouring a small amount of vegetable oil (100–200 m_)
through the tube will help break up foam.
• For best results, use a tube within the first few hours of bloat occurring.
• If all other attempts fail, and as a last resort, a small tube can be inserted
into the stomach through the side of the animal.
¨ First, a small area on the top left side of the stomach is shaved and cleaned
with iodine solution.
¨ Determine the area to stab, about 3–4 fingers from the back bone in between
the ribs and hip bone.
Stab the area with a short piece of narrow metal tube (5 mm in diameter),
which has been dipped in iodine solution.
¨ Before stabbing, pull the skin slightly so that after the tube is pulled out, the
wound will close.
¨ The gas coming out through the tube will have a bad smell.
¨ After the gas is released entirely, pull the tube out and clean the wound with
iodine solution.
TREATMENT OF BLOAT (Illustration)
1.Tie a piece of wood 2. Force-feed a 3. Apply some pressure 4. Stab with a narrow
to the inflated stomach metal tube or trocar and
in the mouth half glass of oil cannula if available
inflated stomach
1. Contagious foot rot
Cause
Foot rot in goats is caused by infection with two bacteria, Dichelobacter
nodosus (from the feet of infected animals) and Fusobacterium necrophorum
(commonly found in the environment). The source of D. nodosus is the hooves
of chronically infected carriers that occur in approximately 10% of affected
small ruminants.
Because of D. nososus’ short life-span outside the hoof (usually less than four
days), pastures or paths left alone by sheep and goats can be considered to be
noninfectious after two weeks in wet/warm environments and after one week in
a dry environment. Outbreaks of foot rot occur only when pastures are
continually wet.
Wet conditions soften tissues surrounding the hoof and can lead to infection or
dermatitis, making the skin more permeable to infectious bacteria.
Signs
• In the mild form:
¨ Skin between the hooves will be inflamed and swollen. There may be some
secretion.
¨ Mild lameness.
¨ Can disappear spontaneously when the feet are exposed to dry conditions.
¨ Usually only a few animals are affected.
• In the severe form:
¨ The foot is red, swollen, and moist.
¨ As the infection progresses, the hoof exudes a dark, foul-smelling pus.
¨ The animal will limp or walk on its knees due to the painful hooves.
¨ An animal may have a fever and will lose productivity.
Treatment, prevention, and control

Treatment, prevention, and control generally consist of combinations of
antibiotic use, foot baths and foot trimming. Injectable antibiotics are highly
effective. Keep animals in a dry environment for at least 24 hours following
treatment. Topical treatment with antibiotics (5% tincture of tetracycline) or
antiseptics (10% zinc sulfate, 10% copper sulfate solution) is adequate for mild
foot rot in small flocks of animals. Large goat herds are treated more practically
with foot baths.
In an outbreak:
• Treat weekly for four weeks.
• Separate infected from non-infected animals, treat, and then place on
separate pastures.
• Foot baths must be deep enough to allow complete coverage of the foot and
can be made from concrete, fiberglass, or plastic-lined wood. Foam rubber or
wool can be placed in the solution to prevent splashing of caustic substances.
• Provisions should be made for drainage and proper solution disposal to
prevent environmental contamination.
• Copper sulfate (5%) and zinc sulfate (10%) are commonly used foot bath
chemicals. Both chemicals are slow to penetrate the hoof and soaking periods
of an hour or longer are necessary. Using a detergent, such as dishwashing
detergent, in the solution may help penetration.
• Dry foot baths (85% limestone, 15% zinc sulfate) can also be beneficial.
Foot trimming
Routine foot trimming is crucial in the prevention and treatment of foot rot.
Overgrown hooves provide annanaerobic environment for D. nodosus to grow,
and stress the foot, increasing the chance of damaging skin and allowing entry
of bacteria. In treatment, it is crucial to trim the feet adequately to expose
infected areas when topical disinfectants are used. Do not trim so severely as
to cause bleeding.
Self-Check 2.2-4
Matching Type
Instruction: Write T if the statement is TRUE and F if the statement is FALSE
Column A Column B
1.Contagious caprine A. the result of failure to expel stomach gases
pleuropneumonia (CCPP) normally
2. Contagious foot rot B. cause byDichelobacter nodosus (from the feet
of infected animals) and Fusobacterium
necrophorum (commonly found in the
environment).
3. Brucellosis C. sore mouth
4. Foot and Mouth Disease D. the feet are painful and the animals are often
(FMD) lame
5. Bloat E. the disease is caused by Brucella melitensis
6. Orf F. the disease is caused by Brucella melitensis
Answer Key 2.2-4
1. E
2. B
3. F
4. D
5. A
6. C
JOB SHEET 2.2-4
Title : Treat Bloat
Performance Objective: Given the needed supplies and materials, you

should be able to treat bloat
Supplies : half glass of cooking oil
Equipment : piece of wood, length of rope, metal tube (trocar)
Procedure:
1. Tie a piece of wood in the goat’s mouth
2. Force-feed a half-glass of oil
3. Apply some pressure to the inflated stomach.
4. Stab with a narrow metal tube or trocar.

Job Sheet 2.2-4
(TREAT BLOAT)
Criteria YES NO
1. Tied a piece of wood in the goat’s mouth

2. Forced-fed a half-glass of oil
3. Applied some pressure to the inflated stomach
4. Stabbed with a narrow metal tube or trocar
Trainer: ___________________________ Date: ________

Appropriate Number of Animals for Available Grazing/Pasture Area
GRAZING SYSTEM
As the term implies, the goats are allowed to graze in the pasture area for
at least eight hours a day. They are only kept inside the house during the
unfavorable hours of the day and during bad weather. This system can be used
for both milk and meat production.
Three favorable points in the grazing system of raising goats are:

1) The feeding in the pasture is more natural for the goats and will also
provide them desirable exercise.
2) Feeding is not laborious as in zero grazing because the goats themselves
are the ones going to the pasture area to look for their feeds.
3) The building is less expensive to construct because you do not need to
provide partitions as in the case of zero grazing system.
These are the unfavorable points:

1) The goats will be more exposed to internal parasite infestation, especially
when they are allowed to continuously graze on contaminated pasture
areas.
2) Goats do not like rain, thus when there is rain for a day or two, the goat
go hungry unless supplementary grasses are provided.
3) The space requirement will be larger, approximately ½ hectare for every 6
does and one buck.
4) If goats are being used for milk, the amount of milk produced is lesser
than with zero grazing
5) Goats are exposed to dogs and are easily stolen
6) Fencing is very expensive.
TETHERING OR STAKING
When there are only one or two goats being raised, this system can be
utilized. Always to be moved several times throughout the day and should be
given plenty of fresh water. Goats can be kept under the house during rainy
days. Also, goats that are tethered are more subject to injuries or sudden
deaths. Each year many goats are killed or injured by becoming tangles in the
rope.
INTENSIVE FEED GARDEN

Intensive feed garden is the planting of forage and leguminous trees
together on a piece of land as potential nutritional source of animal feeds
throughout the year. It requires 200 sq. m. to feed a goat.
The concept of IFG aims at maximizing the production of fodder in a
limited area (10m x 20m) through extensive cultivation of leguminous trees,
shrubs, and other grasses. This technology is recommended where compound
farming is practiced and livestock have to be confined. It is appropriate where
feed is scarce and not readily available or for a “cut and carry” system.
Benefits of an Intensive Feed Garden.

1. Provide renewable and inexhaustible source of nutritious and
palatable fodder, fuel and green manure.
2. Curbs soil erosion, consumes soil moisture, and increase soil fertility
3. Increases the productivity of a given piece of land by inter planting
diverse species of fodder trees, shrubs and grasses.
4. Provide a stable agricultural system for semi-arid tropics, drought
stricken areas and other adverse environment
5. Reduce danger of toxicity problems, noxious weeds and contaminated
poison
6. It can help lessen feed cost
7. Wide adaptability
8. Ease of propagation
9. Economy of production
10. Increase the income of the farmers
Requirements for Making Intensive Feed Garden

1) Good water supply – water is important in forage growth. In the dry
season, it is a vital requirement of forage growing. You should plant your
forage in a site where you can easily obtain water for the plants.
2) Good soil drainage – establish your garden on a slight slope to provide
drainage, especially during rainy season. If your land is flat, dig drainage
channels or ditches around the planting site.
3) Soil fertility – soil is a natural medium for plant growth and is the
primary resource of agriculture. The soil in your garden should be fertile
enough to make plants grow.
4) Sunlight availability – your garden site should receive sunshine
throughout the day. Growing forage crops needs sunshine to
manufacture food.
5) Good air circulation – air circulation refers to the intensity of wind
passing through your garden site. Strong wind is not good for forage
grasses. Your site should leave natural windbreaks around, including
hills, trees and leaves.
6) Labor – garden laborer is the most important support in your garden. If
you don’t give emphasis in the labor works in your garden, it will not last
to sustain your forage/pasture needs.
7) Time allocation and tender loving care – as a gardener time allocation
and tender loving care are necessary to your garden. It needs 2-3 hours a
day of caring for your planted forage grasses.
8) Interest – willingness to adopt technology.
9)
Housing Requirements
TYPE
Does:
Open Housing 15 sq. ft.
Stalls 12 sq. ft.
Stall partition height 3.5 ft.
Yard 200 sq. ft.
Fence height 5.0 ft
Buck:
Housing 40 sq. ft.
Stall partition height 3.5 sq. ft.
Yard 100 sq. ft
Fence height 6.0 ft
Note: House buck at least fifty feet from the doe to prevent them from becoming
overly excited during the breeding season.
Self Check 2.2-5

FALSE
1. The yard requirement of a matured buck is 200sqft.

2. The yard requirement of a matured doe is 100sqft.
3. The buck must be housed at least 50 ft from the doe to prevent them
from becoming overly exited during the breeding season.
4. Intensive feed garden is the growing of forage and leguminous trees in a
piece of land as potential nutritional source of animal feeds throughout
the year.
5. It requires 200sqm of to feed a goat in intensive feed garden.
Answer Key 2.2-5
1. F
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. F
Monitoring Body Weights and Feed Requirements of Animals
Suggested Feeding Guides for goats

Age Feed Amount Per Day
Birth- 3 days Colostrum Ad-libitum
(3-5X feeding)
4 days – 2 weeks Whole milk (Goat milk) 0.5- 1L/kid divided into
3X feeding
Vitamin-mineral Ad-libitum
Water Ad-libitum
2 weeks – 16 Whole milk or milk replacer 0.5-1L/kid divided into
weeks 2X feeding
Grass-legume hay or quality
fresh forage Ad-libitum
Vitamin-mineral mix Ad-libitum
Water Ad-libitum
Starter Ration (22%CP) Increasing amount
without causing
digestive upset
4 months to Forages, vitamin-mineral mix Ad-libitum
kidding
Water Ad-libitum
Concentrates(18% CP) Up to 0.5 kg/head
Dry, Pregnant, Forages, vitamin-mineral mix Ad-libitum

Bucks Water Ad-liibitum
Concentrates 16-18% CP 0.2- 0.7 kg/head
Lactating Forages, vitamin-mineral mix Ad-libitum
Water Ad-liibitum
Concentrates 16-18% CP 0.3- 0.5 kg/head
Guide in Feeding:
Feeding the General Herd:

• Should be pastured most of the time to lower the cost of feed
• Provide enough space for grazing
• Provide fresh water and salt
Feeding with Concentrate Schedule:

• Feed concentrate at two evenly spaced intervals
• Feed goats with plenty of hay or pasture forage before they eat their
concentrates to avoid over eating of grains which causes rapid
fermentation in the rumen, leading to serious build-up of gas, a
condition called bloat.
General Guidelines in Feeding:

1) Begin with enough land to provide enough hay.
2) Let goat forage first until brush is browsed down, or the pasture is grazed
to about two inches.
3) Remove the herd until browse re-grows six to twelve inches.
4) Raise kids away from adults where they won’t pick up worms.
5) Separate wethers to maximize growth for meat production.
Feeding the Dry Doe

A pregnant and dry doe should be adequately fed with quality feeds in
order to build reserves for coming lactation and also to nourish the developing
fetus or fetuses. Nutritious grasses and legumes whether cut or in pasture, will
normally be sufficient to support the doe. However, if you observe that your
pregnant doe look thin, give her about ½ to 1 kg concentrate everyday. A
concentrate high in fiber such as plain corn and rice bran can be given a few
days before kidding and will act as laxative. The lessening of the contents of the
digestive tract can help the doe to kid more easily.
Feeding the Milking Doe

Feed the milking does as much good quality grasses and legumes as they
can eat. For every kilo of milk that a doe gives, feed her with one kilo
concentrate. Fresh water and mineral lick brick or loose coarse salt should be
provided to the doe freely. If the doe does not consume all her concentrate,
reduce the next day’s feeding by the amount she did not eat. From time to
time, increase her feed to see if she needs more than you are giving her.
Feeding the Buck

Buck should be fed properly. When not being used, feed him at least ½
kilo concentrate every day plus give him plenty of grasses and legumes.
However, do not overfeed buck with concentrate for this will make him fat and
non-aggressive. But when he is scheduled for service, increase his concentrate
to 1kilo per day two weeks before and during the breeding period in order to
keep him fertile and in good condition.
Feeding the Young Goats

The goal of feeding yearling or young goats is not to fatten them, but
rather to provide them enough nutrients for maintenance and growth.
Adequate space for exercise plus abundant quality grasses and legumes are
important for yearlings. Feed each of them ½ kilo concentrate daily.
Feeding the Baby Goats

Let the kid be with the mother for the first five days. This will enable the
baby goat to suck milk whenever it is hungry and also get the colostrums
needed for its good health. The colostrums contain antibodies that serve as
protection from diseases. You can also bottle-fed the kids in cases where: a)
there are more than two kids from a doe; b) a doe is unable to nurse her own
kids due to sickness; c) a doe died after the delivery; and d) you prefer to use
the goat milk for your consumption or for sale.
SYSTEMS OF RAISING GOATS

Your system of raising goats will guide you in making the decision on the
design and dimension of the house you should provide for your goats. There
are several systems of raising goats, namely zero grazing, grazing, and
tethering.
ZERO GRAZING (CUT AND CARRY)

The forage is cut and chopped in the field each day and hauled to the
goat.
Advantages of Zero Grazing:
1) Facilitate manure handling
2) Maintain uniform growth and quality
3) Goats/sheep do not require high management skills.
4) The animals are less exposed to communicable diseases and worm
infestation for they do not come in contact with pasture.
5) The animals are generally heavier in weight and higher in milk
production for they can conserve their energy due to their limited
movements.
6) The land space requirement is minimal, estimated to be ¼ ha of
improved pasture for six doe and one buck. But with good varieties of
forages, which are well-managed, the number could reach 15 does and 1
buck.
7) Close attention can be given to the animals because they can be easily
observe in the pens.
8) The animals will eat more grasses for they will eat all the grasses they
can find in the surrounding. As most people know, the goat will not go
out in the rain and graze.
Self Check 2.2-6
FALSE
1. Yearling must be fed 1/2kg concentrate daily.

2. The kid should be with the mother for the first 3 days.
3. Feed bucks with at least 1/4kg of concentrate daily and plenty of grasses
and legumes when they are not in used.
4. Foe every kilogram of milk the doe gives, feed her with 1kg concentrate.
5. A pregnant and dry doe should be adequately fed with quality feeds in
order to build reserves for the coming lactation and also to nourish the
developing fetus.
6. The general herd should be pasture most of the time to reduce cost of
concentrate feeds.
7. Vitamin supplementation is not a must in small ruminant raising.
8. Protein is essential for growth, repair of old tissues, milk production and
development of the unborn kid.
9. Nutrient is a single class of food or group of like foods.
10.Feed concentrate at 2 evenly spaced intervals.
Answer Key 2.2-6

1. T
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. T
6. T
7. F
8. T
9. T
10.T
INSTRUMENT FOR INSTITUTIONAL ASSESSMENT
EVIDENCE PLAN
Qualification Title ORAGNIC AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION NC II
Unit of Competency
The evidence must show that the candidate… Ways in which evidence will
be collected
Third party
Demonstrat
Question/i
nterview
Written
report
ion
• Specific relevant information was accessed
from appropriate sources.
• Effective questioning, active listening and

speaking skills were used to gather and
convey information
• Appropriate medium was used to transfer

information and ideas.
• Appropriate non-verbal communication was

used.
• Appropriate lines of communication with

superiors and colleagues were identified.
• Defined workplace procedures for the

location and storage of information.
• Personal interaction was carried out clearly

and concisely.
• Team meetings were attended on time.
• Own opinions were clearly expressed and

those of others were listened to without
interruption.
• Meeting inputs were consistent with the

meeting purpose and established protocols.
• Workplace interactions were conducted in

a courteous manner appropriate to cultural
background and authority in the enterprise
procedures
• Questions about simple routine workplace

procedures and matters concerning
conditions of employment were asked and
responded.
• Meeting outcomes were interpreted and

implemented.
• Ranges of forms relating to conditions of

employment were completed accurately
and legibly.
• Workplace data was recorded on standard

workplace forms and documents.
• Basic mathematical processes were used

routine calculations.
• Errors in recording information on

forms/documents were identified and
rectified.
• Reporting requirements to superior were

completed according to enterprise
guidelines.
Prepared Date:
by:
Checked Date:
by:
COMPETENCY ASSESSMENT RESULTS SUMMARY
Candidate’s Name:
Assessor’s Name:
Qualification:
Date of Assessment:
Assessment Center:
The performance of the candidate in the following

assessment methods – Produce Organic Not
Vegetables Satisfactory
Satisfactory
[Pls. check (✓) appropriate box]
A. Demonstration with Oral Questioning
B. Written Exam
Did the candidate's overall performance meet the

required evidences/ standards?
OVERALL EVALUATION COMPETENT NOT YET COMPETENT

Recommendation
For re-assessment.
_______________________________________________________
For submission of document. Pls. specify (Portfolio Document)
_____________________
For issuance of NC ______________________________________________________
General Comments [Strengths / Improvements needed]
Candidate’s
signature: Date:
Assessor’s
Date:
signature:
RATING SHEET FOR OBSERVATION/ WITH ORAL QUESTIONING
Candidate’s
Name:
Assessor’s Name:
Assessment
Center:
Qualification:
Unit of RAISE ORGANIC HOGS

Competency
Instructions for the assessor:
Date of observation:
Description of assessment
activity:
Location of assessment
activity:
If yes, tick the

During the performance of skills, the candidate….
box
• Showed dedication and enthusiasm toward the

learning process.
• Developed effective communication in the

workplace
• Demonstrated appropriate lines of communication

with superiors.
• Observed cleanliness and orderliness in the

workplace.
• Practiced courteous manner in the workplace. 
• Showed interest in any group activity given to

them.
Assessor’s signature: Date:
RATING SHEET FOR OBSERVATION/DEMONSTRATION WITH ORAL

QUESTIONING
Satisfactory
response
The candidate should answer the following

Yes No
questions:
• How will you be able to promote sound and
pleasant working relationships with other workers
in the company?
• What will you do to prove your honesty and

loyalty to the company you are working with?
• In case of unexpected incident or problem that will

arise in the workplace, to whom will you report the
incident?
• What will you do to grow and learn from the error

you have committed in the exercise of your duties
and responsibilities in the company you are
connected with?
• How will you Share Company values/practices
with co-workers using appropriate behavior and
language?
The candidate’s underpinning knowledge was:

Satisfactory  Not Satisfactory 
Feedback to candidate:
The candidate’s overall performance was:

Satisfactory  Not Satisfactory 
Assessor signature: Date:

RATING SHEET FOR WRITTEN TEST
Candidate’s
Name:
Assessor’s Name:
Assessment
Center:
Qualification:
Unit of
RAISE ORGANIC HOGS
Competency
Instructions for the assessor:
Date of observation:
Description of assessment
activity:
Location of assessment
activity:
During the performance of skills, the candidate…. If yes, tick the box


Assessor’s signature: Date:
SUGGESTED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR OBSERVATION /

DEMONSTRATION
Qualification:
Unit of Competency
1. Explain how will you communicate toward your superiors and

colleagues?
Answer:
2. How will you be able to relate basic mathematical processes to the

nature of your work?
Answer:
3. What will you do to improve your communication skills?

Answer:
1. In case of workplace meetings, how will your knowledge in technical

writing help you in gathering information?
Answer:
6. Explain the importance of effective communication to your work?
Answer:
WRITTEN TEST
INSTITUTIONAL ASSESSMENT
Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer from the given
choices.

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COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

Qualification: ORGANIC AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION NC II

Unit of Competency: RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS

Module Title: RAISING SMALL RUMINANTS

TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

Welcome to the Module Raise Small Ruminants. This module contains

The unit of competency Raising Small Ruminants is one of the Elective

You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

Produce Organic Producing Organic AGR611306

Produce Organic Producing Organic AGR611301

Produce Organic Producing Organic AGR611302

UNIT OF COMPETENCY: RAISE SMALL RUMINANTS

MODULE TITLE: RAISING SMALL RUMINANTS

NOMINAL DURATION: 30 Hours

2. Feed small ruminants

. 3. Manage breeding of small ruminants

4. Manage does/ewes and their progenies

1. Bucks and rams are identified according to breed

After reading this information sheet, you should be able to:

1. identify suitable and superior breeds of goats based on industry standards

- Sheep for medium to large - From long

- Fairly sophisticated, Fairly long and

Back, loins and croup:

Feet and legs:

The Merino is an economically influential

Merino wool is finely crimped and soft. The term merino is

The Barbados Blackbelly sheep is a breed of domestic

Overview: One of the most fertile of sheep breeds that is

Katahdin are hardy, adaptable, low maintenance

Sheep Breeds by Wool Type

Sheep breeds come from a variety of climates;

Here are descriptions of different wool types:

These breeds are popular with rugmakers and with cheesemakers.

Superior Breeds of Goats

This is the most popular

Saanens are another Swiss

Toggs are medium-sized

This breed was developed in

Oberhasli, another Swiss

The Pygmy Goat was originally called

The Boer Goat was developed in South

Cashmere production is a new industry

2. It is a breed of sheep prized for its wool.

5. This breed of sheep is ideal for pasture lambing and grass/forage

6. This is the most popular breed of goat characterized by having a

9. This goat is distinguished by having very short ears.

Answer Key 2.1-1

• select suitable and superior breeds of goats based on industry standards

Selection is the method used by animal raisers to make long-term genetic

Major considerations when choosing goats to be raised

Sources of Replacement Stock:

4. Within flock replacements

Economically Important Traits

Age and Teeth:

Self Check No. 2.1-1a

I. TRUE OR FALSE: Read the questions carefully. Write T if the statement is

Information Sheet No. 2.1-1b

Breeding Practices for Does

Reproductive Phenomena in Goats

Age of puberty 4-8 months