Knowledge interrelated with well testing

Well Drilling, Mud

and Casing

Well Testing Co.

GWDC
2013-4

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Fixed rigs

Jack up rig Land rig

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Floating rigs

Semi-Submersible rig Drillship

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Water Depth vs. Rig Types

Onshore Bottom-supported Jack ups Semi-Submersible Drill Ship

(caisson)

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 4 categories of well: Vertical, Deviated, Horizontal and Slant.

Vertical

Deviated

Horizontal

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China
Land
Rig

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Rig Hoisting System

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Rig Floor
draw works

dog house

drive

mouse hole

rat hole

driller’s console

door ramp

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

Rotary
System

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

In the Rotary
Table
Bushings

Slips

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

Rotating Systems
– Kelly & Rotary Table drill 1 joint at a
time.

– Power swivel(top drive) drills in

stands (3 x 30’/2 x 45’)

– Down hole motor does not require

string rotation.

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

BOP stack Location

All Fixed Rigs All Floating Rigs

Just Bellow Rig Floor

Sea level
Ground level

BOP stack
Sea bed

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Why do we need a BOP stack ?

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Blow Out Preventers

Main Components
–Wellhead Connector
–Pipe Rams
–Shear Rams
–Blind Rams
–Annular Preventers

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

BOP stack

(drilling)

(drilling)

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

BOP stack / Pipe
Rams
•Fit a specific pipe size
•Need pipe to make a
seal

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 BOP stack / Shear Rams
•Both shears drill pipe and seals the hole
•Capacity to cut through 6-5/8” drill pipe
•Emergency equipment

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

BOP stack

Hydrill-type
Annular Preventer
Close/seal on
any object
in the wellbore

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Drill Tubular
(from surface
to bit)
• Kelly stem,
• Drill pipe,
• Heavy wall
drill pipe,
• Drill collar

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Drill Tubular CONNECTIONS

Connection
type Male/female note
IF 211／210, 311／310, 411／410……

Drill FH 221／220，321／320，421／420……
Tubular REG 231／230，331／330，431／430……

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

Rig
Circulating
System

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Drilling Fluids

The drilling fluid, popular named mud, is an essential

part of the drilling and well control system.
It is the blood of the drilling.

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Mud is used to:
• Cool, wash & lubricate the bit,
• Wash bottom, carry & suspend debris,
• Help to break up the rock in jet drilling,
• Provides a pressure to overcome that of the
formation,
• Makes a mud cake on well bore to seal
permeable formation,
• Drive down hole motor / turbine.

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Requirement of mud：

• Low damage to person & environment,

• Low influence to reservoir interpretation
& evaluation,
• Low damage to reservoir,
• Low erodibility to drilling equipment &
Tubular

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Variety of drilling fluid
Liquid Gas

Gas-liquid
mixture

Water-base Oil-base Aerated Foam Air Natural

mud mud mud gas

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Variety of drilling fluid
Water-base mud:
• Fresh water mud,
• Salt water mud,
• Sea water mud used on offshore, one of salt water muds
• Saturated salt-water mud,
• Calcium treated mud,
• Low solids mud,
• Emulsion mud (oil emulsion mud, oil-in-water)
……
Oil-base mud:
• Common Oil-base, water＜10%,
• Water-in-oil emulsion, 10%＜water＜50%(60%),
Foam & air used in very low formation pressure
especially gas well.

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Oil-base mud
Advantages
• Caving inhibition
• Lubrication action prevent sticking
• Protect reservoir
• Good heat stability

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Mud properties
• Weight (density) ρ,
• Viscosity η: apparent viscosity η(Marsh funnel
viscosity) & plastic viscosity η,
• Shear forceτ: gel strength τs, yield value τo,
• Filtration (API, HTHP)
• Filter cake thickness,
• pH and alkalinity,
• Sand content,
• Solids content,
• Bentonite content,
• Inorganic ion contents

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Mud weight
•The mud density is kept at a level to overcome expected
reservoir pressures and keep the well at a positive
“overpressure”.
•It should be not too heavy or it will crack the formation,
resulting in “lost circulation”.
•Mud weight can be used in predicting the formation pressure
before carrying a well testing.

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Equivalent circulating density(ECD) =
Equivalent mud density (EMD)

ECD:
Sum of mud density and additive density converted by flow
resistance in bottoms up
ECD=EMD=mud density + head loss in bottoms up/depth

Note:
Usually the ECD in reverse circulation is bigger than ECD in
direct circulation

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Mud flow models

Shear
rate Newtonian
Dilatant fluid
fluid Pseudoplastic fluid
Bingham fluid

Casson fluid

s 0 Shear
stress
赫切尔—巴尔克莱流体

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Gel strength τs & Yield value τo
Bingham fluid

Shear rate γ

Bingham fluid

s 0 Shear stress 

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Apparent viscosity ηe & Plastic viscosityηp
Bingham fluid

Shear rate γ
Bingham fluid

s 0 Shear stress 

Model： = o+p  ηe = τ/γ = (τo+ηpγ)/γ = τo /γ+ηp= ηs+ηp

：Shear stress (YP), Pa
o：Yield value (YP), Pa ηe: Apparent viscosity,
p：Plastic viscosity (PV), cP
：Shear rate, s-1 ηs: Structure viscosity

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Filtration & wall building effect

cake

Hydrostatic
column Static filtration Dynamic filtration
pressure

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Mud Cake
Good cake:
• Thin,
• Compact,
• Good toughness

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Categories of solids in mud

Function： Granularity：
• Useful solids • Clay: d<2m
– Clay • Silt: 2m< d<74m
– Barite • Sand: d>74 m
• Useless solids
– Debris(cuttings)

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Casing
Casing is seamless steel pipe string to be run
in hole to protect the wellbore from caving
after drilling a well or one stage of drilling.
After running in hole the casing the annular
space between bore hole face and casing will
be bonded through well cementing. When
produce the well a perforating job will be
usually needed to make holes on the casing
as passes between reservoir and well bore.

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Varieties of casing
• Conductor casing
• Surface casing: seal the shallow layer and fix
up the well head.
• Protection casing or intermediate casing. 1, 2
or 3 layers of protection casing depending on
well depth and formation badness.
• Production casing and/or liner

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Current Casing program

•Casings start large and

gradually become smaller
•Casing sizes are always
given as Outside Diameter
•The Inner Diameter
depends on the weight or
wall thickness

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Casing

Liner 5-1/2”

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 Cementing

•Cementing is used to fix the casing in place and provide

mechanical strength to the system.
•The most essential use of cementing is to seal one zone
from another.
•If the cement is found poor, a squeeze has to be made to
repair the deficit.

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China

 The END

2013 well testing training, Tarim, China