Author Definition Other names by Year of Characteristics Objectives Main Contributions

which it is Publication
known
European Ferdinand Argues that linguistics No other name is early 20th - Structuralism considers Structuralism - Proposed the location of a
Structuralism de Saussure should have as its known century language as a system, that represents a break new science that will deal with
object of study the is, a set of supportive with the historicist the description of the sign
language in a elements that have tradition of system.
synchronous way, that different relationships. linguistics known - The structuralism founded by
is, the study of the From the teachings of until then, which Saussure continued to develop
structure and Saussure, the structuralists focused on the in Europe at the hands of later
functioning of a radically adopt his evolutionary study linguists, later emerging with
language at a given contribution on language as of language. the contribution of various
time, without taking into a system of signs. -- In the structuralist schools such as:
account its evolution, same way they study The Geneva school, the
which is called external language from synchrony, Prague Language Circuit and
structure. that is, language as a the Copenhagen school.
present object.
- Conduct studies from a
descriptive approach,
analyze structures and their
relationships.
- They use an inductive
method, they build theories
from an analysis of the
Corpus as such, without
taking into account the
influence of the context
environment. The
structuralists adopt
imminent criteria, that is,
they adhere to the natural
essence of language.
 - From a structural analysis
they define levels, delimit
hierarchical units, define
concepts using a
terminology that adapts to
their needs.
American Leonard . It starts from the Known as 1950 - Detached from European Analyze, describe - The relationship between
Structuralism Bloomfield psychology of Distributionalism theories, following their the lexicon and the language and social reality
bohavarism, or own paths. most common becomes evident.
behavior, which comes - The study of indigenous structures in the use - The first task of the linguist is
to affirm the languages configured and of language, try to the establishment of a
predictability or gave originality to this find laws specific to transmission system.
explainability of movement and its methods each language, not - Dedicated to the phonological
behavior if the - Study language from universal laws for all and morphological analysis of
situations in which it synchrony, that is, languages. American languages.
appears are known, language as a present Spoken language or
thus making it object languages without
independent of any written tradition
internal factors. It becomes the object
affirms that a speech of study, the
act is nothing other objective is to
than a particular describe the
behavior, and that, as a language at its
logical consequence, different levels of
this speech act can – current state using
indeed, must – be the inductive
explained from the (synchronic)
external conditions of method.
its appearance. This
thought is called
mechanism in
opposition to
mentalism, which had
 affirmed that the act of
speech is an effect of
the thoughts of the
person who executes it.
Functionalism Émile Theoretical perspective No other name is 1930 - Requires observation and Study any linguistic Functional grammar studies
Durkheim that considers known respect for each of the facts fact as long as its are aimed at explaining how
language basically as of study. basic theoretical human language has
an instrument of - Instigate the function of principles are developed as a communicative
communication, part of language in all its aspects rigorously tool. Therefore, the syntax (and
the linguistic units and and establish theories that explained, the point the rest of the linguistic
structures in relation to help set the guidelines for of view of components) are supposed to
the functions that any knowledge within this observation is made reflect a certain communicative
language can fulfill in discipline. explicit and the functionality in their design.
the communicative - Most functional grammars articulations with Michael Halliday's Systematic
activity of a social are discourse grammars: other human Functional Grammar and
nature. they assume the sentence sciences are Robert Van Valin's Grammar of
as a unit but within the described Paper are examples of this
framework of a pragmatic type of linguistic orientation.
theory.
Copenhagen Louis He spoke of the Glossematics Twentieth - Introduce logic and Create a study - At first he focused on
School Hjelmslev linguistic sign as a century mathematics for the study forum that would phonology, but later he derived
plane of expression of invariants in language develop a new type a structuralism heir to
and content, instead of - Deductive and formal of linguistic Ferdinand de Saussure.
signifier and signified. approach research. With clear - Introduce mathematics for the
He posits linguistics as - Strictly linguistic study, influences from the study of invariants in language
a true science based that is to say in language, Prague Linguistic - Basically, glossematics uses
on language as a self- without the psychological Circle, they the same concepts as the
sufficient object. aspect (unlike Saussure) intended to create a School of Prague and
study forum for Saussure
linguists that would
foster research in
this field.
Generativism Noam It is a model of No other name is 1928 - The sentence has 2 Indicates that Until now, grammar was
Chomsky grammar that has known different levels of syntax studies the conceived as a closed element
specific rules and representation: a deep ways in which that, far from helping the
principles so that the structure and a surface words are performance of the language,
speaker can structure. combined, as well slowed it down and prevented
understand, speak and - Seeks to discover the as syntagmatic its vital development.
produce all the grammatical structure of a relationships, that It has made us conceive of
sentences of his own language. is, grammatical language as something alive
language. functions such as that grows and develops with
agreement and the free use of the people.
function of words Structural analysis achieved a
within a sentence merely static description of
and paradigmatic, linguistic constituents.
that is, the
relationship of
meaning that exists
between the signs.
Of the same
category that may
appear in the same
context.
Text T. Van Dijk Reference is made to a No other name is Late 1960s - It must be coherent, that Its specific task is It is limited to the assumptions
Linguistics verbal communicative known is, focus on a single topic, the study of that the sentence is the
event discipline with full so that the various ideas supersentence maximum unit of the system
meaning, which has a poured into it must structures (global) and the minimum of the
series of properties contribute to the creation of that allow discourse, since the language
a global idea. establishing the does not exhaust its
- It must have cohesion, criteria to communicative possibilities
which means that the distinguish between with the sentence, but its use
various sequences that a set of sentences. for communicative purposes is
make it up must be related carried out through the text.
to each other.
-It must be adapted to the
recipient, so that it uses a
language that is
understandable for its ideal
reader, but not necessarily
for all readers, and so that it
also offers all the
necessary information (and
the minimum of
unnecessary information)
for its ideal reader or
recipient