Prof M.

Rashid Khan
 MDCAT Unit: DEFORMATION OF SOLIDS
Deformation
Change in dimension(length, area, radius …) or shape of body
Deformation of solids is of three types
Tensile Deformation Volumetric/Bulk Deformation Shear Deformation
Change in length. Change in volume Change in shape
LO
𝐅𝐝
∆L
𝐅𝐝
𝐅𝐝
∆L 𝐅𝐝
𝐚

A force required to deform a body, is called deforming force. 𝐅𝐝

Prof M. Rashid Khan
 Stress
Deforming force per unit normal area, is called stress δ
𝐅𝐝
δ= A ( SI unit Nm−2 = Kg m−1 s−2 =Pa )
⊥
stress of solids is of three types
Tensile stress Volumetric Stress Shear Stress
stress which change length stress which change volume stress which change shape
Stress which produce tensile change Stress which produce bulk change Stress which produce shear change
Tensile stress which decrease Volumetric stress which
length, is called compressive decrease volume, is called
stress. compressional stress.

Strain
Measure of deformation in a body ε
Fractional deformation in a body
Deformation
ε = original dimensiion ( no unit)
strain of solids is of three types
Tensile strain volumetric strain shear strain
Fractional change in length Fractional change in volume Fractional change in shape
∆L ∆V
ε = = constant ⟹ ∆L ∝ Lo ε= = constant ⟹ ∆V ∝ Vo γ=tan θ ≈ θ
Lo Vo
 Solids posses tensile, bulk and shear changes.
Fluid (liquid and gases) posses only bulk changes
Mechanical Properties Of Solids
Properties of solids arising due to straining it. Mechanical properties of solids are
Elasticity Plasticity Ductility Malleability
With in certain limit of When body is deformed Ability of a body to
Ability of a wire to
deformation, a body has beyond its elastic limit, it change its shape
change its length
ability to restore its cannot restore its original permanently, beyond its
permanently, beyond its
original dimension or dimension or shape and it elastic limit is known as
elastic limit is known as
shape. This limit is called suffer a permanent malleability.
ductility.
elastic limit. deformation.
Ability of body to restore Ability of a body to
its original dimension or deform permanently, Tensile plastic deformation shear plastic deformation
shape with in elastic limit, beyond its elastic limit is
is known as elasticity. known as plasticity.
Force that is responsible to restore original dimension or shape of a body with in elastic limit is called restoring
force. 𝐅𝐫

Origin of elasticity and restoring force is the cohesive forces among the atoms in body
Prof M. Rashid Khan
 Hook’s Law
Stress generated in a wire is directly proportional to strain in it, with in elastic limit. Or mathematically
δ∝ε
δ
= constant with in elastic limit known as modulus of elasticity
ε
δ
Modulus of elasticity = ( SI unit is N m−2 = Pa )
ε
Modulus of elasticity is measure of elasticity of a body. ⟹ 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 ∝ 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Modulus of elasticity depends upon nature and temperature of body
but is independent of its dimension
Young/Tensile Modulus Bulk Modulus Shear Modulus/Modulus of rigidity
Ratio of tensile stress to tensile Ratio of volumetric stress to Ratio of shear stress to shear
strain. or volumetric strain. or strain. or
δ F/A F Lo
Y= = = δ F/A F Vo
G=
δ
=
F/A
=
F
ε ∆L/Lo A ∆L E= = = γ tanθ Aθ
ε ∆V/Vo A ∆V
F Lo F L 4F L
Y= = 2 o= 2 o
A ∆L πr ∆L πd ∆L
F ∆L F L 4F L
∆L = = 2 o= 2 o Reciprocal of bulk modulus, is
A Lo πr ∆L πd Y
called compressibility C
∆L ∝ Lo ∆L ∝ F 1
∆L ∝ 1 ε
1 A C= = ( SI unit is m2 N−1 = Pa−1)
E δ
∆L ∝ Prof M. Rashid Khan
Y
 δ − ε graph is a straight line with in elastic limit as ε − δ graph is a straight line with in elastic limit as
shown in Fig. shown in Fig.

δ ε

ε δ
δ ε 1
Slope of δ − ε graph = tanθ = = modulus Slope of δ − ε graph = tanθ = =
ε δ modulus
Area of δ − ε graph = Area of right angle tringle
1
= base altitude = ε δ
1 Q. What is relation between moduli of material A
2 2 and B as shown in Fig?
=energy density
Q. Which material is most elastic in the Fig. shown?

Prof M. Rashid Khan

δ
δ

ε
YA tan θB tan 60𝑜 3 3
= = = =
ε YB tan θA tan 30𝑜 1/ 3 1

YA < YB < YC < YD YA = 3YB

Q. Which material is most elastic among the given Q. A wire is stretched Table of elastic constants
below? such that its length for some materials
Rubber Iron Steel Tungsten becomes four times.
Q. Young’s modulus of Aluminum is 70 Pa. What is What is relation between
its Bulk modulus? stress and young’s
Q. Young’s modulus of a wire of length L and modulus for this wire?
thickness d is Y. What is its Young’s modulus when
its length is increased to 2L and radius is reduced to δ
Y=
r/2? ε
⟹ δ = Yε
Q. You are given three wires A,B, C of same length ΔL 3Lo
and same cross-sectional area. They are stretched =Y =Y = 3Y
Lo Lo
by same force to the ends. Wire A is stretched less
and return to original length on removing
stretching force. Wire B is stretched more than A
and return to its original length on removal of
force. Wire C is stretched most and remain
stretched even when force is removed. Which wire Q. What is young
has greatest modulus? modulus of water?
F 𝐿𝑜 1
Y= ⟹𝑌∝
A ∆𝐿 ∆𝐿

∆LA < ∆LB < ∆LC

YA > YB > YC Prof M. Rashid Khan
 Energy Stored In Deformed Material
Work done in straining a body against restoring forces with in elastic limit, appear as elastic P.E, known as energy
stored in deformed material. U

With in elastic limit force-extension graph is incline straight line as shown

in Fig.
LO F Fi + Ff
L Ff = F <F> =
2
L/ 0+F
=
2
1
ΔL1 = F
Fi = 0 2
ΔL2
ΔL
F
𝐅𝟏 Slope of F -ΔL = tan θ = = Force constant ( SI unit: N m−1 )
∆L

Force constant measure elasticity of a wire.

𝐅𝟐
Force/spring constant of a wire depends on its material nature,
temperature and dimension( length, thickness)

Beyond elastic limit force-extension graph becomes curve of decreasing

Prof M. Rashid Khan slope.
 𝟏 𝟏
Area under F –𝚫𝐋 graph = area of right angle triangle = 𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞 = 𝐅 ∆𝐋 =< 𝐅 > 𝐝 = 𝐖𝐚𝐯 = 𝐔𝐚𝐯
𝟐 𝟐

1 1 ∆L2 1 δ ∆L2 1δ 2 1
Uav = F ∆= YA = AL = ε volume = δε volume
2 2 L 2 ε L2 2ε 2
Uav 1
=u= δε = energy density
volume 2
𝛅
From Y =
𝛆
1
Put δ = Y ε ⟹ u = Yε2
2
δ 1 δ2
Put ε = ⟹u=
Y 2 Y

1 1 2 1 δ2
u= 2
δε = 2
Yε = 2 Y

Area method is better to measure work done as it is applicable to the region where force F is variable

Prof M. Rashid Khan

Q. When force is applied on a wire of uniform
cross-sectional area 15 𝐦𝐦𝟐 and length 3 m.
what is energy stored in the wire when extension
in it is 1 mm? (Y=2× 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 Pa )

1 ∆L2
Uav = YA
2 L
1 10 −6 1×10−6
Uav = 2 × 10 × 15 10
2 3
Uav = 5 × 10−2 J = 50 × 10−3 J = 50 × mJ

Prof M. Rashid Khan

Elastic Limit and Yield Point
Stress-strain graph for a typical ductile material is shown in Fig.
From O to A, 𝜹 and 𝜺 vary linearly i.e 𝜹 ∝ 𝜺. OA is proportional
region. Point A corresponds to proportional limit 𝜹𝑷
Proportional Limit (𝛅𝐏 )
Greatest stress generated in wire for which it can endure
straight line proportionality between stress and strain

Beyond point A, variation of 𝜹 and 𝜺 becomes non-linear

but even now wire possess elasticity up to point B .
OB is elastic region. Point B corresponds to elastic limit 𝛅𝐞
Elastic Limit (𝛅𝐞 )
Greatest stress generated in wire for which it can posses
elasticity.

Beyond point B wire loss elasticity and under goes in

plastic/ductile deformation. BCD is ductile region.
Transition of a material wire from elastic region to
plastic region, is called yielding. Point B thus also
corresponds to yielding and is called yield point.
Prof M. Rashid Khan
 At point C stress generated in wire is maximum and is called UTS 𝛅𝐦 Q. A wire can be broken by 100 N force. What
U𝐓𝐒(𝛅𝐦 ) load is required to break the wire of half
Greatest stress generated in wire for which it can thickness?
withstand. Nominal strength of wire. Ff ∝ d2

Beyond point C, stress generated in wire begins to decrease sharply Q. Which region is ductile in the stress-strain
and wire tends to break. Finally material wire breaks up at point D. graph as shown in Fig?
Point D corresponds to fracture stress 𝛅𝐟
Fracture stress(𝛅𝐟 )
Stress generated in wire for which it breaks up.
Ff
𝛅𝐟 = = constant
A⊥
⟹ Ff ∝ A ∝ r 2 ∝ d2

𝛅𝐦 >𝛅𝐟 >𝛅𝐞 >𝛅𝐏

Substance which exhibit plastic deformation until they break are

known as ductile substances. e.g: Lead, copper, wrought iron
Substance which break just after elastic limit has crossed are
known as brittle substances. e.g: clay, glass, high carbon steel
Prof M. Rashid Khan