Purposive Communication

GEd 106 (Lesson 1 - 4)

Micah V. Andal | BPA 1102 | PROF. Jeffrey Metrillo | SEM 1 2022

Speaker (role*) Audience (role*)

Shannon-Weaver’s Model of
Communication (1948) deliver a speech influenced by the
to the audience speech
● Shannon - American
Mathematician and Electronic
Engineer
● Weaver - American Scientist
5 PRIMARY ELEMENTS:
Both joined together to write an article
called “A Mathematical Theory of
Communication” aka “Shannon-Weaver ● Speaker - deliver a speech to the
Model of Communication” in “Bell System audience
Technical Journal” ● Speech
● Occasion
Designed to develop effective ● Audience - influence by the
communication between sender and speaker’s speech
receiver ● Effect

● Noise - factors which affects the “Communication process is one way,

communication process from speaker to receiver”

Concept of Shannon-Weaver Model of Rhetoric - the study of communication

Communication and persuasion and different messages

● Sender - originator of message

● Encoder - converts the message
into signals
● Channel
● Decoder - converts signals into
messages. Reverse process of
encode
● Receiver - the destination of the
message from sender
● Noise - affects the communication
flow. (Problems that occur)
Aristotle’s Model of Communication
(300 BC)
Speaker (role*) Audience (role*)
NOTE: There is no concept of feedback in
Aristotle’s Model of Communication
Processes and Principles of Effective
Communication
Communication
- is beyond putting words into
thoughts and emotions
- art of creating and sharing ideas
for a specific purpose
Forms of Examples
Communication

speaker centered; Verbal language, sounds

focused on and tone of voice
speaker & speech
Non-verbal body language &
most important facial expressions
role
Written journals, emails,
the only one active passive blogs, & text

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Purposive Communication
GEd 106 (Lesson 1 - 4)
Micah V. Andal | BPA 1102 | PROF. Jeffrey Metrillo | SEM 1 2022

systematic flows of ideas and

messages
transition from one point to another
Visual signs, symbols, ● there are instances when
pictures, graphics communication is impromptu, but
and emojis this should not be an excuse for an
organized presentation of ideas.

Empathy
Principles of Effective
Communication
● sender should be sensitive to the
needs and interests of the receiver
Clarity ● in case of face-to-face
communication, the speaker must
● pertains to both the message and always be conscious of the
the purpose reaction of the listener and adjust
● message should be clear by using his/her communication strategy
appropriate language and accordingly.
communication channels
● reason for sending and receiving Flexibility
the message must be understood
by both sender and receiver ● different people have different
communication styles, and
Conciseness consequently, different
expectations
● message should be as brief as ● effective communicators know how
may be required depending on to adapt to the varying needs and
one’s purpose, especially in most expectations of their audience, and
modern contexts in the business modify the message or the way the
and academic fields where time is message is sent to avoid
essence misunderstanding or
● it should be devoid of trivial details misinterpretation
that would hinder communication

Completeness
The History of English in 10 Minutes
● despite its conciseness, the
message should still be complete 1. ANGLO-SAXON
and accurate. Whenever - Look at what words the
necessary, background information Anglo-Saxons and Vikings brought
should be given to provide better to the English language
context; facts and observations
2. THE NORMAN CONQUEST
Organization - In 1066, William the Conqueror
invaded Britain and brought with
● effective communication is usually him fancy French words to add to
planned in order to ensure the the English language

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Purposive Communication
GEd 106 (Lesson 1 - 4)
Micah V. Andal | BPA 1102 | PROF. Jeffrey Metrillo | SEM 1 2022

3. SHAKESPEARE 1972 - first email was sent

- Shakespeare invented over 2000
new words and phrases like 10. GLOBAL ENGLISH
eyeball, anchovy and puppy - The future of English and the many
hybrids that have been created.
4. THE KING JAMES BIBLE
- In 1611, the new King James Bible
was created and gave us many
famous phrases.
A Short History of Public Speaking

5. THE ENGLISH OF SCIENCE

- In the 17th Century, new science
words were being created like acid,
ovary and tonsil.
6. ENGLISH AND EMPIRE
- Exploring how the British Empire
spread across the world bringing
back many of new words and
phrases
● The most well-known public
speaking traditions come from
theWest, specifically from the
Greco-Roman tradition.
● The Greek studies the art of
rhetoric on the island of Sicily.
Corax - greek teacher of rhetoric

7. THE AGE OF DICTIONARY Three Parts of Basic Speech

- Lexicographers started creating
the Dictionary of the English
● The introduction, evidence and
Language to ensure that everyone
conclusion
spelt words correctly and knew
their correct definitions
Protagoras- father of debate

LEXICOGRAPHERS - new breed

of men
Aristotle - greek philosopher, father of
Dictionary - 18 inches tall & 20
Modern Communication
inches wide - and contained
42,773 entries
● Aristotle wrote a treatise entitled
“Rhetoric” where he discussed the
8. AMERICAN ENGLISH
use of:
- American-English and how some
American words were actually
Logos - logical argument
English to start with.
Pathos - emotional argument
9. INTERNET ENGLISH
- Exploring the expansion of internet
Ethos- the speaker’s character and
language, with abbreviations like
credibility
lol and btw.
- Conversations were getting shorter

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Purposive Communication
GEd 106 (Lesson 1 - 4)
Micah V. Andal | BPA 1102 | PROF. Jeffrey Metrillo | SEM 1 2022

According to Greenville Kleiser (2009), in

Successful Methods in Public Speaking,
“The great actors of the world did not
regard eloquence as simply an
endowment of nature, but applied
themselves diligently to cultivating their
powers of expression”.
Demosthenes- the most famous orator in
ancient greece
Cicera- the most famous Roman orator
whose eloquence was described as a
“resistless torrent”
Quintilian- Roman lawyer and educator,
he forwarded the idea that public speakers
should be ethical.
The Philippines was one of the few places
that allowed women to speak in public for
the purpose of presiding over religious
rituals. These women were known as the
babaylan priests also existed. wearing
feminine clothing and adopting a
feminized role in Philippine society.
Huwego de Prenda- a game used to
entertain guests and the bereaved family
during wakes.
Francisco Balagtas - a well known
Filipino poet
Balagtasan- like an ordinary debate,
except that one has a reason and argue in
verse.
Local and Global Communication in
Multicultural Settings
Communication Style- refers to the
choices people make and the strategies or
tools they use in the process of
communication.
Tips for People with Spirited
Communication Style
1. Respect decisions and agenda that
have been agreed upon, as well as
time limits during meetings or any
communicative situation
2. Try to limit your sharing of personal
anecdotes that may take the
discussion off-topic.
3. Make sure you are allowing others
to contribute their ideas and
suggestions - and that you are
genuinely listening to them
4. Be certain that any request you
make is clear and that you convey
the reason for such request
5. Communicate your appreciation for
others’ work and input
Tips for People with a Considerate
Communication Style
1. Recognize what other people’s
opinions about a topic are separate
from their opinions about you.
2. Realize that everyone is
comfortable discussing personal
topics with colleagues.
3. Allow others to open personal
matters before asking questions of
that nature .
4. Respect your own opinion as you
respect that of the others’.
5. Recognize that you don’t have to
be friends with everyone, but you
should treat others - and be treated
- professionally.

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Purposive Communication
GEd 106 (Lesson 1 - 4)
Micah V. Andal | BPA 1102 | PROF. Jeffrey Metrillo | SEM 1 2022
Tips for People with a Direct
Communication Style
1. Make an effort to listen carefully to
others. Avoid Interrupting.
2. Allow time for ‘chatting’ at the
beginning of a meeting.
3. Recognize that others may also
feel the need to express
themselves.
4. Recognize that brainstorming can
be effective and is not a waste of
time.
5. Take some time to show your
appreciation for others’
contributions.
Tips for People with Systematic
Communication Style
1. Recognize that for good working
relationships, consideration for
others’ feelings is important.
2. Learn to ask qualifying questions
that will help you get the
information you need.
3. Make sure you understand the
background of the discussion or
scope of the conversation so no
time is wasted
4. Politely ask other questions about
themselves if you want to build
rapport.
5. If you need to ask for more time to
know, analyze or discuss
something, explain the benefit of
the information you need to know.
Varieties and Registers of Spoken
and Written Language
Language Varieties
Also called as “lects” these refer to the
different variants of language that can be
sufficiently delimited from one another
terms of social, historical, or geographical
factors
PIDGIN - it refers to a new language that
develops into situations where speakers of
different languages need to communicate
but do not share a common language.
Examples are Chavacano in the
Philippines and Bislama, a language
spoken in Vanuatu.
CREOLE- it is a pidgin that becomes the
first language of the children, or the
mother tongue of a certain community.
Examples are the Gullah and the Patwa, is
a creole in Jamaica
REGIONAL DIALECT- it is not a language
that is not distinct from a national
language, but rather a variety of a
language spoken in a particular area of a
country. Examples are as Cebuano,
Waray, Ilocano, and Hiligaynon in the
Philippines.
MINORITY DIALECT- this is a variety
used as a marker of identity, usually
alongside a standard variety, by the
members of a particular minority ethnic
group. Examples are the Sinama of the
Badjaos in the Philippines and the
London-Jamaican variety in Britain
INDIGENIZED VARIETIES- These are
spoken mainly as second languages in
former colonies with multilingual
populations. A classic example is Singlish
(Singaporean English)
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Purposive Communication
GEd 106 (Lesson 1 - 4)
Micah V. Andal | BPA 1102 | PROF. Jeffrey Metrillo | SEM 1 2022
Language Registers
A language register is characterized by
the way a speaker uses languages
differently in different social
circumstances. These are determined by
such factors as social atmosphere,
purpose of communication, audience, and
the general context of the discourse
FORMAL - these registers are used in
professional, academic or legal settings
where communication is expected to be
respectful, uninterrupted and restrained to
specific rules. Slang is never used and
contractions are rare. Example are
registers used in research paper,
government documents, business letters,
and in business presentations.
CASUAL- these registers are used when
communicating with friends, close
acquaintances, colleagues and family
members. These are used in birthday
parties or family gatherings.
INTIMATE- reserved for special
occasions, usually between only two
people and often in private. Examples are
inside joke between two high school
friends or sweet nothings whispered to
you “special someone”
FROZEN- it refers to historic language
that is intended to remain unchanged.
Examples are registered and used in the
Philippine Constitution and the Holy Bible.
CONSULTATIVE- used in conversations
when people are speaking with someone
who has specialized knowledge or is
offering advice. Tone is often respectful,
such as the use of honorifics or courtesy
title, but may be more casual if the
relationship between or among the
communicators is friendly. Examples are
registers used in local television
broadcasts or in a conversation with a
doctor during a medical examination.
Language Registers can also be classified
as Formal, Informal, or Neutral. Formal
Language registers are appropriate for
professional situations, such as when
speaking to a supervisor or writing an
invitation letter. Informal language
registers, on the other hand, are
conversational and appropriate when
speaking or writing to a friend or to
someone you know quite well.
Evaluating Messages and Images of
Different Text Types
Evaluating Messages and/or Images
of Different TYpes of Texts Reflecting
Different Cultures
Kirkpatrick (2007) proposes a scale with
two extremes that characterizes problem:
Extreme 1: The goal of national or
regional identity. People use a regional
variety of English with its specific
grammar, structure and vocabulary to
affirm their own national or ethnic identity
(e.g. Only Filipinos use the terms
“senatoriable”, “congressman”, “chancing”,
and “bedspacer”, among other, and use
these when communicating with other
Filipinos.
Extreme 2: The goal of intelligibility.
Users of a regional variety should ideally
still be readily understood by users of
English everywhere else in the world to
fully participate in the use of English as an
international language.(e.g. users of
Filipino English have to understand that
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Purposive Communication
GEd 106 (Lesson 1 - 4)
Micah V. Andal | BPA 1102 | PROF. Jeffrey Metrillo | SEM 1 2022
they have to use “bin” instead of “trash
can” or “lift” instead of elevator” when in a
country using British English).
The challenge is to find a good balance
between the identity-intelligibility
extremes. Hence, speakers of the english
language may resort to code-switching
(i.e., using English and another language
in the same statement).
Multimodality
● fairly new concept in the general
academic setting, but can be
powerful tool in light of digital and
multicultural communication
● A text or output is considered
multimodal if it uses two or more
communication modes to make
meaning.
● It shows different ways of
knowledge representations and
meaning-making, and investigates
contributions of semiotic resources
(language, gestures, images) that
are co-deployed across various
modalities (visual, aural, somatic,
etc.)
● Most importantly, multimodality
highlights the significance of
interaction and integration in
constructing a coherent text
A MULTIMODAL TEXT CAN BE EITHER
BE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING:
● Paper ( books, comics, posters,
brochures)
● Digital (slide presentations, blogs,
web pages, social media,
animation, film, video games)
● Live (performance or an event)
● Transmedia (A story is told using
multiple delivery channels through
a combination of platforms, such
as comics, film, and video games
all working as part of the same
story with the same message).
IN CREATING A MULTIMODAL TEXT,
THE PURPOSE, AUDIENCE, CONTEXT
MUST ALL BE CONSIDERED
● As to purpose, the creator of the
text must be clear on the message
and the reason(s) why the
message has to be delivered.
● As to the audience, the nature,
interests and sensitivities of the
target audience must be
considered so the text will not be
offensive and hurt people’s
sensibilities.
● As to context, the message should
be clearly delivered through
various semiotic resources, and in
consideration of the various
situations where and how the text
will be ready by different people
having different cultural
backgrounds
The Rise of New Media and
Technology Aids in Communication
Social Media Use
Social media has undoubtedly altered the
world operates. The rapid and vast
adoption of new media platforms have
changed the way people relate and
communicate with each other in the social,
economic, and political arenas.
Though there are minor social minor social
media platforms available since the 90’s ,
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Purposive Communication
GEd 106 (Lesson 1 - 4)
Micah V. Andal | BPA 1102 | PROF. Jeffrey Metrillo | SEM 1 2022

the social media that we know today - the 5. Instagram (36%)

one with millions of active and interactive 6. Twitter (23%)
users - started with MySpace in 2004, 7. Snapchat (13%)
when it reached a million active users. 8.
Since then, other sites started Countries with most number of
mushrooming, and people began hooked Facebook users
to these new media.
1. India (290 million)
Some Interesting Statistics on Social 2. United State (190 million)
Media Use 3. Indonesia (140 million)
4. Brazil (130 million)
Here are a few interesting statistics on 5. Mexico (89 million)
social media use. All data are extracted 6. Philippines (76 million)
from statista.com of July 2020. 7. Vietnam (64 million)
8. Thailand (50 million)
Global digital population 9. Egypt (42 million)
10. Bangladesh (38 million)
● Active Internet Users - 4,57
billion In a 2017 report by the Global Web
● Unique Mobile Internet Users - Index, around 42% of people use social
4.17 billion media platforms to stay in touch with what
● Active Social Media Users - 3.96 their friends are doing, while 39% said
billion they want to stay-up-to-date with news
● Active Mobile Social Media and current events.
Users - 3.91 billion ‘ The other top reasons for using
social media are filling up spare time,
Most popular social networks general networking with other people,
worldwide, ranked by number of active looking for entertaining content, sharing
users. photos or videos, sharing one’s opinion,
meeting new people, and researching or
1. Facebook (2.6 billion) finding products to buy.
2. Youtube (2.0 billion)
3. WhatsApp (2.0 billion) Responsible Use of Social Media
4. Facebook Messenger (1.3 billion)
5. Weixin/Wechat (1.2 billion) Social media has grown in
6. Instagram (1.1 billion) popularity over the years, with hundreds of
7. TikTok (800 million) options for sharing your thoughts, photos,
and videos and for interacting with friends
Most popular social networks and family. The more it grows, the more
worldwide, ranked by each/active we discover about the do’s and don'ts of
usage penetration social media. The same rules apply to all
social media playgrounds, regardless of
1. Facebook (63%) which site is your favorite. There are some
2. Youtube (61%) practices engaging in responsible social
3. WhatsApp (48%) media use and best practices for social
4. Facebook Messenger (38%) site etiquette.

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Purposive Communication
GEd 106 (Lesson 1 - 4)
Micah V. Andal | BPA 1102 | PROF. Jeffrey Metrillo | SEM 1 2022

We all have a social responsibility. accounts for evidences of bad

behavior.
We all have friendships and
professional relationships that can either
be helped or hindered by our social media
presence. Imagine you post inappropriate
selfies of your weekend activities on
Instagram. Have you considered what
your boss will think? What if you say
something spiteful after a fight with a
friend and then realize they saw it before
you could delete it? You may have just lost
a friendship over social media silliness.
You are 100 percent responsible for
everything that appears on your social
media accounts, from your status updates
and comments to pictures, videos and
links you share.

1. You may not agree with everything

or everyone you counter on social
media networks, but treat each
person with dignity and respect.
The Golden Rule of treating others
how you want to be treated is a
good practice.
2. Do not turn social media as a way
to harass, demean, or bully
someone else. Sitting in front of a
computer screen does not give you
license to embarrass, intimidate, or
spread hurtful rumors about others.
3. Regardless of your privacy
settings, keep in mind that
anything can possibly be seen by
anyone at any time, even by that
person that you did not want to see
it. Pause before you post, think
before you click.
4. Whether you’re concerned with
maintaining good friendships or
future job prospects, be
responsible in what you post and
how it could affect your reputation.
Many employers now check up on
job candidates’ social media