Purposive Communication Reviewer
PRELIMS: Communication, Elements, 4cs, Criteria Language register, genre, and style
Elements in the Communication Process
1. Source - or Sender; where the message originates…
1.1 Encoding - processing the message to be sent.
2. Message - the information, idea, thought, being relayed.
3. Channel - means by which message is relayed.
3.1 Decoding - process the message being received.
4. Receiver - or audience to whom the message is relayed.
5. Effect/Feedback
4Cs Model of Effective Communication
1. Comprehension - clear, sharp, simple message
2. Connection - getting the M, its meaning/significance - makes
R want to respond.
3. Credibility - believable S-M - connection is established.
4. Contagiousness - “M fever”, catches, spread - recall.
Assessing Communication Competence: The Criteria
1. Adaptability - ability to adjust to a given situation
2. Conversational Involvement - use of verbal and non-verbal
gestures
3. Conversation management - control/regulation of
communication
4. Empathy - ability to put oneself in someone else’s shoes
5. Effectiveness - ability to achieve the objectives
6. Appropriateness - ability to meet expectations in any
situation
MIDTERMS:
Interculturalism/Culture, Language Register, Genre, and Style
1. Culture-specific - Communication that is distinctive to a
culture is communication that takes place inside that culture.
2. Culture-general - Communication that crosses cultural
boundaries but does not take into consideration specific cultural
distinctions is referred to as "culture-general communication."
3. Intercultural communication - Also known as intercultural
engagement, is the exchange of ideas and information between
people or organizations from various cultural backgrounds.
Culture is compared to an ICEBERG.
Material culture - are clothing, food, music, art, and architecture
are examples of the physical things that people construct
Non-material culture - is the term used to describe the
intangible aspects of culture, such as ideas, values, norms, and
social behaviors.
by: symonddd
Language Register - refers to the degree of formality or
informality used in communication
1. Frozen or static language is a language that never changes
and is often used in highly formal settings such as legal
documents or religious ceremonies. Examples include the Pledge
of Allegiance or the Lord's Prayer.
2. Formal language is typically used in academic or professional
settings where decorum and professionalism are highly valued. It
is characterized by complex sentence structures, a broad
vocabulary, and a lack of contractions. For example, a research
paper or business letter may be written in formal language.
3. Consultative language is used in more formal conversations
or interactions, such as doctor-patient consultations or job
interviews. It is more relaxed than formal language but still
maintains a level of decorum and respect.
4. Casual language is commonly used in everyday conversation
among friends, family, and acquaintances. It often features
contractions, slang, and colloquialisms.
4.1 Slang is used between people who belong to the
same social group and also those who know each other well.
Example, Telly (television)
4.2 Colloquial language is the everyday use of
language, commonplace parlance or vernacular language.
Example, Whatcha doin’ this weekend?
5. Intimate language is used in private conversations between
individuals who are very familiar with each other, such as
couples or close friends. It is highly informal and may include
inside jokes or personal anecdotes.
Genre - refers to the various types of language used for
specific purposes.
1. Language of information is used to provide factual
information, such as news articles or scientific reports.
2. Language of persuasion is used to convince or persuade
someone, such as in advertising or political speeches.
3. Language of argumentation is used to present an argument,
such as in legal or philosophical writing.
4. Language of narration or description is used to tell a story
or describe something, such as in novels or travel writing.
5. Language of aesthetics is used to evoke emotions or create
an artistic experience, such as in poetry or song lyrics.
 Style - the use of words to communicate a message. Outlines - a means to analyze the organization of somebody
else’s writing; reflect what the writer wants to include in the
1. Literary style is characterized by its use of metaphor, piece; serves as guide for the writing you do yourself; and helps
imagery, and symbolism to create a rich and evocative the writer
experience for the reader.
An outline is likened to a FRAMEWORK, A SKELETON,
2. Critical writing style is characterized by its focus on A ROAD MAP.
analyzing and critiquing a subject matter objectively.
Typical example is a table of contents.
3. Technical writing style is characterized by its use of clear and Types in terms of style:
concise language to convey complex information. 1. Topic – phrases
2. Sentence – sentences
4. The plain style emphasizes clarity and simplicity of language.
Always have at least two items under a heading.
5. Artistic style emphasizes creativity and aesthetic beauty.
2 Types of Abstact

FINALS: Technical, Business Communication Descriptive

- tells contents of report (summary)
Two Aspects of Technical Writing - introduces subject to readers, who must then read the report to
learn and study the results
1. The results/end products
2. The skills that go into writing/producing them Informative
a. special techniques - communicates contents of report
b. style - highlights essential points
c. intro, transition, conclusion - is short – from a paragraph to a page or two, depending on the
d. outlines length of the report (10% or less of the report)
e. layout, format - allows reader to determine whether they want to read the
report
Principles of Technical Writing
Special Techniques in Technical Writing
1. Writer must have a specific reader or group of readers.
2. He must have a specific purpose and makes sure that purpose Definition
is met. First, determine what should be defined.
3. He must use specific, single, concrete words and familiar The nature of language is that words are labels or symbols for
language. things, ideas.
4. He must check every part of his writing to see if he followed
these: Referent – the thing for which a word stands
a. telling the reader what he is going to tell them But sometimes, a writer and reader are not in perfect agreement
b. telling them as to the referent for certain words --- NO communication or
c. telling them what he had told them understanding is achieved.
5. He must make his writing presentable in format, layout…
4 Categories of Words
In technical writing there is no room for
MISINTERPRETATION. 1. familiar words for familiar things - should be used
whenever possible; definition is not necessary
Graphics or Graphic Aids - are materials that enhance the 2. familiar words for unfamiliar things - simple, everyday
content provided by text. words which have special meanings in S & T
- shop talk
Examples of graphic aids - ex. mouse, apron
3. unfamiliar words for familiar things
1. Tables - quantitative data in column form; combines large ex. medicines
amount of data in a concise way; should be properly numbered, 4. unfamiliar words for unfamiliar things
titled, captioned or labeled; and footnotes to indicate sources. - jargon; terms familiar only to professional groups
 Business Communication - is a process of linking
superiors and subordinates to one another and to management
(Sharma, 1991); Relies on feedback; It is also considered as
private written communication.
4 Directions of Communication in an Organization
1. Downward - higher to lower
2. Upward - lower to higher
3. Lateral - “horizontal” same level
4. Outward - organization to public
7 Essential Parts of a Business Letter
1. Heading – address of the sender
2. Date – when the letter is written
3. Inside address – Complete name of the addressee or recipient
(Inc MI, all in CAPS)
His official position/title
Complete name of his company, organization
Compete address of his company
4. Greeting or Salutation – Dear Mr./Atty./Engr. Rivera: or
Punctuation mark is colon or comma
5. Body – content of the letter (3-4 paragraphs)
6. Complimentary closing – Yours truly, Respectfully,
7. Signature above name (all CAPS) of sender/writer
Before sending the letter, make sure it is neat, appealing,
balanced, and follows a standard format.
Optional Parts
1.ID line
2. Enclosure Encl: Minutes of Meeting
3. EPG/otm
A letter of application should be effective and
powerful enough for the applicant to land a job. It is a cover letter
for your resume and other attachments.
Formats of Business Letter
1. Full Block
- most popular/commonly used
- margins all left aligned, no indention
2. Modified Block
- like full block except for the dateline (if with letterhead) and the
complimentary closing and signature which are on the right side.
3. Semi-Block
- Same as modified block, except that the paragraphs in the body
are indented.
4. Memorandum
- for internal use in an organization
- No inside address, no greeting/salutation, no complimentary
closing
The resume always goes with the letter of application.
Difference of CV and Resume:
The Curriculum Vitae (CV) presents a full history of
your academic credentials. In contrast, a resume presents a
concise picture of your skills and qualifications for a specific
position.
Letter of Application and Resume
Three Types
1. Solicited – in response to an advertisement
2. Unsolicited – no ad was responded to
3. Blind advertisement
The application letter is like a sales letter in that it
sells the applicant and his qualifications to a prospective
employer.
Two objectives of this letter:
immediate – to get called to an interview
ultimate – to be hired or get the position
Guide in writing the paragraphs in your application letter
1. First paragraph - aims to attract the reader’s attention
1st sentence: the manner in which the applicant came to know of
the opening
2nd sentence: exact purpose of the writer
2. Second paragraph - to create the employer’s interest in your
application
1st sentence: educational attainment including scholastic honors
received
2nd sentence: work experience, trainings, seminars attended
3rd sentence: most desirable characteristics and skills related to
the job
3. Third paragraph - to make the employer believe that you are
the right person the company is looking for.
1st sentence: attachments or enclosures of proofs of your
qualifications (diploma, TOR, certificates, etc.)
2nd sentence: evidence of personal qualities (membership in
school/community/ professional organizations; participation in
outreach activities, elective post)
3rd sentence: references to vouch for you (photocopies of your
claims)
4. Fourth paragraph - urge the employer to act on your letter
1st sentence: request for an interview
2nd sentence: exact information about the suggested place, time
of interview, plus your contact information
Size of paper for business letters: 8x11 (Letter size), not A4.
A resume should only consist of 1 page.
Formats of resume

Traditional or Chronological
- most recent to past jobs
- good for people with continuous record of employment

Functional
- focuses on writer’s accomplishments
- good for people with broken record of employment and for new graduates w/o any work experience
- good for positions in advertising, sales, entertainment, creative jobs

Combination
- of #1 and 2
- also good for fresh graduates

Two types of Resume

Targeted – to suit a particular job; response to a solicited letter of application.

General – good for unsolicited application letter and for just about any job opening

OTHER IMPORTANT POINTS:

1. The harry potter series — the books and movies, where do they fall?
2. When it comes to multidimensional transactions, yun ay transactional.
3. Most superficial level of interculturalism is Multiculturalism.
4. Best friends from childhood would finish each others sentences (what register) Intimate.
5. Slang colloquialism? Slang is temporary while colo is classic and used in everyday language and does not really change.
6. Benefits of outlines and abstracts
7. Business letters and other docu that are written are official and permanent records of that organization
8. Which category of word does not need definition? familiar words for familiar things
9. Yung SIMILE? compare things to other things that are similar to them while you contrast them to things that are opposite or
contradictory to them. Juxtaposition? Anthesis?
10. Two types of Resume; targeted – to suit a particular job; response to a solicited letter of application. general – good for
unsolicited application letter and for just about any job opening
11. Ang formats ng resume ay tatlo: traditional or chronological, functional, combination.
12. What should you not put on your resume?
13. It is not good for an applicant to do this, lalo na during interviews. Dont initiate tungkol sa pera: salary, benefits, and
renumerations. Do not overvalue yourself.
14. Letter of application, what should go into the first paragraph. Sabihin agad ang intent mo which is applying for a position.
15. Second paragraph is about your achievements and experiences
16. Third, provide evidences for the second paragraph
17. Word of appreciation
18. An application letter is said to be powerful enough when the applicant is called for an interview
19. Two objectives of a letter application is immediate and ultimate
20. Ang mga writers are generally prefer short and simple structured sentences
21. Anong klaseng documents ang pedeng isubmit sa Hr na photocopy?
22. Business letters should not have participial endings
23. Anong letter pinapadala to verify the claims of an applicant. Letter of Reference.
24. Ano ang pinaka madaling makitamg example ng isang outline.
25. Yung pinagkaiba ng dalawang type of abstract, descriptive and informative