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Other related chapters from the Air Force "Stress Analysis Manual" can be seen to the right.
Thick vessels, other than cylindrical and spherical ones, have bending stresses even if there are
no discontinuities present. The analysis of these stresses is difficult and is not established on a
satisfactory basis as yet. Thus, it is best to determine the intensity of the maximum stresses that
exist in unconventional designs by strain gauge measurements or other experimental means.
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Figure 8-50 shows a cross section of a thick cylindrical pressure vessel of internal radius a and
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external radius b .
The radial, tangential, and axial stresses, Fr , Ft and Fmer in such a cylinder are given by Equations
(8-35), (8-36), and (8-37), respectively.
2 2 2 2
a pi − b po a b (pi − po )
Fr = −
2 2 2 2 2
b − a (b − a )r
2 2 2 2
a pi − b po a b (pi − po )
Ft = +
2
b − a2 (b2 − a2 )r2
2 2
a pi − b po
Fmer =
2
b − a2
In order for Equation (8-37) to apply, the point considered must be far enough removed from
the ends for St. Venant's principle to apply.
2 2
a pi b
Fr = (1 − )
2 2 2
b − a r
and
2 2
a pi b
Ft = (1 + )
2 2 2
b − a r
Both of these stresses have maximum magnitudes at r = a . If the maximum shear stress theory
of failure is to be used, the design equation becomes
2
Ftmax − Frmax b
Fsmax = = pi
2 2
2 b − a
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and
2 2
−po b a
Ft = (1 + )
2 2 2
b − a r
In this case, both the tangential and radial stresses are always compressive, with the former
always the larger of the two. The maximum compressive stress occurs at the inner surface of the
cylinder where the radial stress is equal to zero. This maximum compressive stress is given by
2
−2b po
Ftmax =
2 2
b − a
Solution: Assume the external pressure is negligible and apply Equation (8-40). Thus,
2 2
b (15) (10, 000)
Fsmax = ( ) pi = = 18, 000 psi
2 2 2 2
b − a [(15) − (10) ]
We have a number of structural calculators to choose from. Here are just a few:
Beam Calculator
Bolted Joint Calculator
Bolt Pattern Force Distribution
Lug Calculator
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3 3 3 3 3
po b (r − a ) pi (b − r )
Fr = +
3 3 3 3 3 3
r (a − b ) r (a − b )
3 3 3 3 3 3
po b (2r + a ) pi a (2r + b )
Ft = −
3 3 3 3 3 3
2r (a − b ) 2r (a − b )
The terminology here is the same as that shown in Figure 8-50 for cylindrical pressure vessels.
If po = 0,
3 3 3
pi a (2r + b )
Ft =
2 3 3
2r b − a
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