GUINAYANGAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

GRADES 11 & 12
Guinayangan, Quezon

A COMPARATIVE STUDY REGARDING THE EFFECTS OF

CLASSICAL AND POP MUSIC TO THE SHORT-TERM
MEMORY OF GAS 11 STUDENTS IN GUINAYANGAN
NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL GRADES 11 & 12
S.Y. 2019-2020

Research Paper
Presented to
FACULTY
of Guinayangan National High School
Guinayangan, Quezon

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

By:

JEDIZIEL P. BELIGON
MEYNARD A. CADACIO
MARK ANTHONY G. CUBILE
RUBY PATRICIA J. FRANCIA

2019
 Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Technology paved way to the invention of various platforms and tools that can

easily access music. Since most students nowadays listen to music whenever they are

studying for a test or just to feel ease while doing school related works, easy access to

music is a must nowadays. It has been determined that music normally improves the

moods and mental activity of individuals, particularly if they hear it while partaking in

their own personal activities (Uratex, 2011). This method of applying music while

learning can further enhance the ability of students to recall or retain information.

According to the article of Nelson and Yanek (2019), suggests that music,

specifically classical music makes you smarter, lowers blood pressure, eases pain,

improves memory, helps in relaxing, and other brain related functions. Classical music

produces soothing sensation that can trigger the hormones dopamine and serotonin that

causes feel good sensation and relaxation. With this the listeners will be able to focus

more on their work.

Furthermore, Pop music influences almost all of the teens around the world most

Pop music are preferred by the teens nowadays. According to Han (2019), when listening

to preferred genre of music the brain connections are more active thus making us

remember things easily as it triggers the Default Mode Network that function as the

bridge for other brain related functions such as memory. Thus, listening to music

especially to your preference can further enhance memory function.

 Moreover, in accordance to Subido (2019), Filipino internet users topped as the

largest average music listeners with two (2) hours and sixteen (16) minutes each day.

This means that many Filipinos love listening to music. Thus, maximizing the use of

music will be practical especially during work, studying, and any other things that needs

focus.

However, that will not always be the case because certain variables such as

preference and whether the song is lyrical or not. Because these factors can affect the

focus and short-term memory. According to Cherry (2019), short-term memory is very

brief and limited. The article suggest that short-term memory can only last about mere

seconds without rehearsal and can only hold about seven plus or minus two items. Thus,

being able to focus can clearly improve the short-term memory.

Background of the Study

Listening to music while studying is a trend now because of the easy access of

music using applications that are free and available. In addition, music can also elicit

emotions depending on the genre (Rea, MacDonald, and Carnes, 2010) and preference of

the listeners.

Many studies and articles have focused on the effects of classical music to

memory retention. In fact, according to Spotify Insights by That Eric Alper (2015),

Classical music takes the fifth spot and Pop music takes the second spot for the most

listened genre of music in the Philippines. This means that most Filipinos appreciate

classical music and pop music thus, promoting its benefits. Classical music “refers to

serious or conventional music following long-established principles rather than a folk,

jazz, or popular tradition” (Lexico, 2019). Pop music refers to “any music that is popular

on a given time” (MacMillan Dictionary, 2019).

The researchers were amazed on how the memory works especially the short-term

memory. According to an article of Wonderopolis (2019), memories are the collection of

our past experiences and the way on how we remember things boils down on our senses

and through short-term memory that can only hold about seven things for roughly 20-30

seconds. Short-term Memory also known as “Working Memory” refers to as “system for

temporarily storing and managing information required to carry out complex cognitive

tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension” (Medicinet, n.d.).

This baffles and motivates the researchers to conduct a study regarding the effects

as well as the differences between the Classical and Pop music to the short-term memory

of the students. Since most of the students nowadays are listening to music, why not use

this music to help support studying if proven effective and if not can provide awareness

on the effects of this music to studying. Still there are limited studies and articles

regarding the effects of this music genres locally to support this study. The researchers

will focus on the effects of this music genres to short-term memory.

The researchers aims to find the differences between the effects these two genres

of music to the short-term memory of students in Guinayangan National High School

Senior High School. This study will conclude whether these music genres have positive

effects on the short-term memory and eventually find the differences between this two

variables regarding its effects on short-term memory of the students in Guinayangan

National High School Senior High School.

Statement of the Problem

This study will generally aim to determine whether there is a significant

difference between the effects of Classical and Pop Music to the short-term memory of

General Academic Strand 11 students in Guinayangan National High School Senior High

School.

Specifically, this study shall seek answers to the following questions;

1. What is the average words can the General Academic Strand 11 students recall in:

1.1 Classical Music

1.2 Pop Music

2. Is there a significant difference between the scores of General Academic Strand

11 students before and after using:

2.1 Classical music

2.2 Pop music

3. Is there a significant difference between the effects of Classical and Pop music to

the short-term memory of General Academic Strand 11 students?

Hypothesis

This study is designed to assess the hypothesis that Classical music can improve

short-term memory and Pop music can disrupt short-term memory because of its

distracting nature through the use of word list recall exercise. Thus, establishing the

differences between the effects of these variables.

Significance of the Study

This research study will provide the significant relationship of using classical

music in terms of studying within the students of senior high school. The results and

findings of this study can be a reference for further studies and this will be beneficial to

the following: The result of this study will be beneficial to:

Students. This study will be handy to the students who are having a hard time

retaining information in their minds, this might help them have a retentive memory when

it comes to their academics. The researchers can advise the students whether listening to

music is better when in comes to memory.

Teachers. This study will help the teachers to improve the environment of

teaching to students. This study can become the solution for their students who are

struggling to remember the past lessons.

Parents. To the parents it will made sure that there are good benefits of classical

music upon their children. It will guide them to give an advice to their children about the

effects of this kind music to their memory.

Future researchers. The result of this study will provide as a guide to the future

researchers about whether listening to any genre of music can have a significant effect on

short-term memory that is a vital part of memory.

Scope and Delimitation

This research is a comparative study focusing on the differences between the

effects of Classical and Pop music to the short-term memory of General Academic Strand
11 students in Guinayangan National High School Senior High School of the academic

year, 2019-2020. The study will be conducted in Guinayangan National High School

Senior High School, BLISS Site Bgy. Sisi, Guinayangan, Quezon.

Moreover, this study delimits itself to short-term memory of the students exposed

in two different music genre the Classical and Pop and will only measure these variables

in the given locale and population. Classical music entitled “Classical Music for Brain

Power – Mozart” and Pop music entitled “Memories – Maroon 5” will be limited to the

use of speakers. In addition, the word list recall exercise instrument to be used will

delimit to the use of most common English words to avoid word biased knowledge and to

know the short-term memory of the students exposed in different intervention/treatment.

Definition of Terms

The conceptual and operational definition of terms that will be used in this study

are listed below:

Classical Music is a serious music following long-established principles rather than a

folk, jazz, or popular tradition (Lexico, 2019).

This will be one of the intervention/treatment to be used in the study, and

the determinant of other variables.

Cognitive Ability is defined as a general mental capability involving reasoning, problem

solving, planning, abstract thinking, complex idea comprehension, and learning

from experience (Gottfredson, 1997).

 This is one of the terms explained by the related literature/study to further

support the study.

Default Mode Network is a network of interacting brain regions that is active when a

person is not focused on the outside world (Science Direct, 2019).

This is one of the terms explained by the related literature/study to further

support the study.

Pop Music is any music that is popular on a given time (MacMillan Dictionary, 2019).

This will be one of the intervention/treatment to be used in the study, and

the determinant of other variables.

Short-term Memory is also known as “Working Memory” refers to as “system for

temporarily storing and managing information required to carry out complex

cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension (Medicinet, n.d.).

The variable to be determined from the intervention by using a simple

exercise/test to know the effects of the intervention and its differences from one

another.
 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE & STUDIES

In this chapter, different topics, concepts and principles gathered from foreign and

local readings, periodicals and online resources that correlates the present study are

highlighted. Discussion of topics and findings from previously conducted researches also

shed light in the pursuit of this study.

Related Literature

International Literature

Music and Process of Brain

 Music is everywhere. Listening to music has been shown to cause the release of

dopamine, meaning that it is a pleasurable, rewarding experience which can relax an

individual and may result to perform better in each situation.

According to Baker (2016), listening to music triggers the release of dopamine in

our brains. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that promotes feelings of happiness and

excitement. People may be better at solving problems when they are listening to music

than when they are in negative or neutral mood (Segaren, 2019). When talking about

music, there are different types of effects on our brains depending on what background

they are listening. According to Roffman (2016), “dopamine in the prefrontal cortex is

known to play an important role in working memory by increasing the activity of brain

circuits relevant to a task and suppressing circuits that distract from that task.” It implies

that the presence of dopamine during studying will be beneficial because it suppresses the

circuits of the activities that may cause distraction.

Genre of Music

“Loud or ‘angry’ music has negative effects on reading comprehension, as well as

mood” (Segaren, 2019). This makes it less efficient on the tasks because of the distraction

that they are facing. That is why soft or "dramatic" music is much better to listen, because

they can express their idea and feelings that can have positive influence on the

performance or learning outcomes. In addition, it seems possible that the learner’s

characteristics such as their musical expertise or their familiarity with the presented

music could also impact their learning capacity.

Classical Music and Working Memory

 Classical music has been found to have a range of effects from boosting brain

power and creativity to the reduction of stress (Pardi, 2018). In fact, according to a study

from Sapienza University of Rome as cited in the article of the Daily Mail UK by

Freeman (2015), listening to classical music especially to Mozart’s can give brain boost,

suggesting that it has able to ‘activate’ brain circuits related to attentive and cognitive

functions. This supports that classical music do have effects on memory though it is not

yet proven, it still elicits some sort of effects that helps on memory retention.

Pop Music Effects on Performance

According to an article made by Andal (2019), "there was a study conducted by

Mindlab found that participants exposed to pop music completed data entry tasks 58%

quicker than those who had no music at all". In addition, Pop music has been described as

the best genre for fastest overall performance. This could imply that Pop Music can

further increase performance of the students with regards to short-term memory.

Classical and Pop Music on Memory

According to Ana (2013) in her article entitled “How Changing the Genre of

Music Affects Memory”, shows that both Pop and Classical music has no significant

differences between the scores of the students. This could imply that they both have

effects that are not significantly apart from one other. Yet, the article suggest that

Classical music has positive effect. While Pop music can elicit distracting effects due to

its lyrical nature that conflicts with the sensory registers of short-term memory.

Local Literature

Music’s Triggering Effects

 Distracting effects of music, as stated by Garcia (2017), music and consciousness

are intricately intertwined with each other, thus it can distract us from whatever things

and work we are focusing on. Due to this the use of music can be useful during childbirth

(Fiel, Labrague, Rosales G., and Rosales R., 2013). The article said that specifically

during the latent phase of labor, as soothing music can reduce pain, because it distracts

the transmission of pain impulses thus reducing the pain and also helps on producing

dopamine and endorphin hormones that helps on pain reduction while increasing the

sensations of motivation and good feeling.

Classical Music

Music or songs that contain lyrics, proves to be distracting, because this type of

music will activate the language center that will conflict to your work (Mapúa, 2016).

This will cause confliction during the process of learning or studying, nevertheless there

are other factors to consider in terms of memory retention, and one of those is the type of

music or genre. That is why the use of classical music will reduce the distraction brought

by music, for because classical music is known for its calming and relaxing nature as well

as reducing stress, thus helping the students to retain more information (Patel, 2019). This

makes the use of classical music effective in short-term memory.

Pop Music

According to Sagge and Palomo (2014), Pop music affects the ability of students

in terms of mathematical ability, this mainly because of the soothing benefits of Pop

music to the listeners and their scores was significantly higher compared with other
genre. This suggests that Pop music can improve skills such as practice and rehearsal

which is the main step on memory creation from short-term memory.

Classical Vs Pop Music

According to an article by Nelson and Yanek (2019) entitled “Classical Music’s

Effects on Brain and Body”, there was a study published in the Journal of Advanced

Nursing in 2008 “found that students with sleep disorders slept better when they fell

asleep to classical music and popular music, music with words, and music with upbeat

tempos can require your brain to multitask, and as the brain actively responds to the

music, it may be difficult to fully focus on sleep or any other task”. This could imply that

the presence of lyrics on music can be a factor on distorting the brain to store information

in short-term memory and Classical music has no lyrics compared to Pop music that can

be its advantage on with regards to short-term memory.

To sum it up both Classical and Pop music elicit effects on memory especially in

short-term memory. These articles all suggest that certain genre of music influences the

short-term memory of the listeners of music depending on the type or genre and its ability

to produce distraction or concentration that will benefit on the improvement of short-term

memory. These articles establishes effects and differences of these two genres of music

with regards to short-term memory.

Related Studies

International Studies

Music Benefits
 Music can be in a form of art and part of cultural activities that is organized by

sound in time. Music have elements such as pitch, rhythm, dynamics, timbre, and texture.

In the research study entitled, "The Effect of Listening to Music Concentration

and Academic Performance of The Student: Cross-sectional study on Medical

Undergraduate Students" by the researchers of the Research Journal of Pharmaceutical,

Biological and Chemical Sciences (2016) conducted an experimental study on which they

explore the effects of music on the curricular activity of the students and if the music

trend is beneficial to the academic performances of the students.

In their study they had involve 200 Malaysian students that represents three major

ethnicities. Among them there were 80 students out of 120 that prefer to listen to music

while studying. This study comprised in two ways of survey, the questionnaire based and

experimental based.

Among the survey there are 47% that believes that music helps them to

concentrate while they study, 29% claims that music calms their minds and 17% states

that it would prevent sleepiness. Out of 80 students there were 78 that stated that listening

to music while studying distracts them from concentration.

Listening to soft music rather than other fast track or instrumental music revealed

that in their experimental data (75%) that there is higher incidence of correct answers

while listening. It justifies that the current trend of listening to music while studying may

not have a direct effect on the concentration of the students.

Music to Memory
 If music can help concentrate, then music could also have an impact to the

memory. There is a possibility that there are also significant effects to the memory. In the

research study entitled, "The Impact of Music in Memory", by the students of Heimerer

College (2017) is an experimental study on which the researchers conducted an

experiment where there were 4 different tests that is self-created in accordance to

experiment of nonsense syllables from (Ebinghaus, 1885; Heimerer College, 2017).

Their firsts test had 50 nonsense syllables to be led to the next stage of their

experiment. The students or the participants were separated to three groups on which the

first group took the tests without any music and in silence, the second group with lyrical

music, and the third group with relaxing music. All groups had 5 minutes for each 3

different tests to memorize 12 lines from poems, different order of numbers and later

write down how much they can remember.

During the memorization and writing the music the music is not change, it has the

same volume and with headphones on. There were significant differences between the

participants that has music and to those who does not. The result of the test appears to be

that music affects negatively on the participants and that it is much better to memorize

without music.

Music to Short-Term and Long-Term Memory

In the research study entitled, “The Effects of Music on Short-Term and Long-

Term Memory”, by Miller of the University of Iowa (2017) conducted a study on

undergraduates of the university of Iowa. This study is comparing the benefit of learning
verbal information with songs rather than spoken word and the retrieval practices that had

been documented as a beneficial learning strategy.

The undergraduate students were assigned into to one of the four groups that

listened to several complex sentences. Two groups were spoken (Speech-Restudy, and

Song-Retrieval) and the two that were sung (Song-Restudy, and Song-Retrieval). The

restudy groups that listened to the sentences four times, the retrieval group listened to the

sentences twice, and both of the groups were required to complete each sentences’ back

out loud. Twice as well, after they were given the first part of the sentences as a cue. All

of the participants’ memory of the sentences were tested by a cued-recall and multiple

choice test after one week of the following initial listening. Retrieval learning strategies

leads to significantly better recalling immediately after a week.

Classical Music’s Effects

In the research entitled, "The Effect of Classical Music on Reading

Comprehension of Iranian Students", by Rashidi (2011), conducted a study to see the

difference between the comprehension of performance of two groups of Iranian students

in an English institute. The study went on for three months on which the difference of the

two groups is that the group was taught reading comprehension with music and the other

without. There is a significant difference between the performance of the two groups.

In this study it shows that the significant difference between set A and B is that on

the reading comprehension of the students, the students who has classical music as

background music outperformed the latter group. This research is depending on the future

researchers because it shows that there might be an effect on memory retention.

Popular Music’s Effects

In the research study entitled, “Effect of Pop Music on Students’ Attitudes To

Music Lessons”, an experimental study by Ozdemir and Ciftcibasi (n.d.), they conducted

a study on which the aim of the study is to identify if the use of popular music in teaching

songs can create a significant difference in the attitudes of middle school students

towards music lesson. The design of this study is a pretest-posttest. Both experimental

and control group is consist of 8 classes of continuing education from four different

middle schools from Burdur province on which they were randomly selected.

The “syncopation/off-beat” topic that were chosen by the researchers were taught

in both groups for four weeks. The song teaching related to the topic were taught

traditionally on the control group, using the Turkish pop music were taught to the

experimental group using karaoke recordings After the experiment, the music lesson

attitude scale were was applied to both groups again, and there was an attempt that made

the researchers conclude that the use of popular music as example in song learning had

caused an increase in attitudes of students to the music lessons. In the result of this study

it can be seen that the middle school students enjoyed on the music lessons on where

popular music are given as examples for song learning. The motivation for the lesson and

their desire to participate in the indoor and outdoor class also increased.

Local Studies

Classical Music’s Effects on Memory Recall

 There are different types or styles that music may or may not give special

attention to. Music have different sort of genres like blues, classical, country, electronic,

international, jazz, Latin, pop/rock, R&B, rap, and reggae.

In the experimental research entitled, "The Effects of Music in Memorization", by

the students of San Mateo College (2016) hypothesized that listening to music can help

improve the level of memorization.

In this experimental research study, the researchers randomly selected

participants, there were 16 participants consisted of both male and female and were

divided equally into two group conditions on which there was a room that does not have

any noise and a room that has a background music. The session lasted for 10 minutes.

The participants will be given a 64-word poem that was presented to them on an

illustration board and was given only 10 minutes to memorize then, later were given an

answer sheet. The participants were instructed to recall as many words as possible and in

their right order.

In this research they found out that there were no significant differences between

the participants who had background music to those who don't while memorizing. It did

not support their hypothesis as well. They concluded that “participants who listened to

Mozart’s Sonata did recall more words than participants who had silence in the

background, but it was not a significant difference."

In the research they had used Mozart's Sonata on which it is part of Classical

Music. Classical music is light and almost airy. This type of music gave emphasis on

homophonic melodies meaning there is only a single melody that all the instruments are
playing not unlike on the Baroque period where they were layering melodies and because

of this the classical pieces became much powerful. This could imply that classical music

indeed has recall effects on the brain making it susceptible to remembering words.

Classical Music on Retention

In the mini-research study entitled, "The Effect of Classical Music on the

Comprehension of Grade 9 Students", by the students of De LaSalle University (2014),

an experimental study on which they have tested if there will be a benefit on learning

while having classical music as background music. Their experiment have set A and set

B, both composed of 41 people, but the only difference is that in set A they had classical

music as background music while they are reading and comprehending a short story

while set B on the other hand is the controlled group on which they are given normal

conditions without having classical music.

Memory retention is when the mind can retain information and ideas by recalling

them. The result of their study proves that classical music has a significant effect on the

student’s comprehension, and it might have a significant effect on the retention of their

memory.

Overall in the recent researches it can be seen that music has an effect in the

aspects of memory retention and such. Thus, this current research will prove the truth or

fallacy of the recent researches about the claims of the recent researches about the effects

of both classical and popular music. Also, the current research will provide the significant

differences of the genres. The result of the current study will show on which genre is

better in short-term memory.

Theoretical Framework

Figure 1. Multi-Store Model of Memory

The Multi-Store Theory of Memory

This model was developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968 (tutor2u, 2018). This

describes the flow of between the three permanent stores of memory namely: the sensory

register (SR), short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). The article

states that the SR is where the information from the senses is stored but only for about

half a second before it is forgotten. Yet, if attended it will then move to the STM for

temporary storage which will be encoded (as an image), acoustically (as a sound) or, less

often, semantically (through its meaning) (tutor2u, 2018). Rehearsing this information

helps to retain information in the STM and through LTM which will be encoded

semantically.

Mozart Effect

Mozart Effect is a theory stating that listening to classical music will make us

smarter and was developed by Dr. Gordon Shaw in the early 1990s (Fowers, 2014). This
theory mainly focuses on Mozart's work, including other classical music genre. A

scientist at the University of California conducted a study about the Mozart Effect Theory

effects and found out that subjects who listened to Mozart's sonata had significantly

increased in spatial reasoning skills (Classic Fm, 2018). Though the article also said that

it will depend on the appreciation and preference of the individuals to music, that will

enable to trigger the "enjoyment arousal" and will cause the effects stated by this theory.

The multi-store model suggest that in terms of short-term memory it is needed

attention and focus to further remember information from the sensory registers. Though

Mozart effect theory suggest that listening to classical music can make you smarter it still

lacks about how the process works. Yet, listening to music especially lyrical can disrupt

the process of storing information that creates conflict between the sensory registers.

Thus, listening to music while memorizing can have negative impact to the storage of

information through short-term memory.

Conceptual Framework

Word List Recall Exercise

(Short-term memory test)
Group 1 Group 2
(Respondents) (Respondents)

Pretest Pretest
Classical Music Pop Music
(Intervention/Treatment) (Intervention/Treatment)

Effects Posttest Effects Posttest

Short-term memory
(Comparison)
 Figure II. Conceptual Framework

Figure II illustrate the concept of the study. The respondents will be divided into

two groups: Classical music group and Pop music group. These groups will then be given

the same word list recall test in the form of presentation in its pretest and posttest and will

be exposed to their corresponding treatment/intervention in posttest part for 45 seconds.

After that they will be given an assessment test that will determine the number of words

they will remember and that will determine the effects of the Classical and Pop music as

well as their differences with regards to short-term memory.

 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods and procedures that will be used in

accomplishing this study. This includes the research design, respondents, research

sample, research locale, research instrumentation, data gathering procedure, and

statistical treatment that shall be used in determining the correlation between the

variables.

Research Design

The research will employ a quantitative research approach through experimental

research method in comparative analysis approach. Through this design, the researchers

will be able to determine the differences between the effects of Classical and Pop music

to the short-term memory of the students in Guinayangan National High School Senior

High School. All the data will be gathered using a Word List Recall exercise inspired by

the Brain Connection brain teaser games as well as the treatment of Classical and Pop

music that is to be validated by English teachers and with the help of the research adviser

from a purposive sample of 80 General Academic Strand 11 students of Guinayangan

National High School Senior High School. The data that will be collected from the test

results will be analyzed using an appropriate statistic to be postulated with the help of

Statistics teachers.

Respondents

The respondents of this study will be the 80 General Academic Strand 11 students

of Guinayangan National High School Senior High School that will divided into two
groups: General Academic Strand A 11 for Classical music treatment and General

Academic Strand B 11 for Pop music treatment. This study will be using the respondents

that will be chosen through purposive sampling that will represent the total population of

the Guinayangan National High School Senior High School. The reason for this selection

is to attain the minimum number of sample to achieve statistical significance of the

results, further increasing the validity of this study.

Research Sampling

The research will be utilizing the General Academic Strand strand specifically the

Grade 11 students as the representative of the whole population using purposive sampling

technique to achieve maximum validity of the results and will be the sources of data

needed by the researchers. This study will be employing the General Academic Strand 11

students of Guinayangan National High School Senior High School to be part of this

research since the researchers believe that they can give accurate response to the exercise

they will be given in determining the effects and differences between the variables.

Research Locale

This study will be conducted at Guinayangan National High School Senior High

School in BLISS Site, Brgy. Sisi, Guinayangan, Quezon. It is one of the five (5) public

high schools in municipality of Guinayangan and considered as one of the biggest senior

high school in the municipality due to its population. Considering that the researchers are

also from the same school where the study will be conducted.

Guinayangan National High School Senior High School started in the year 2016

and offers both Academic and Technical Vocational and Livelihood Tracks. Academic
track has four (4) strands namely: Accountancy, Business, and Management (ABM),

Humanities and Social Science (HUMSS), General Academic Strand (GENERAL

ACADEMIC STRAND), and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

(STEM). The Technical Vocational Strand offers the following specializations namely:

Bread and Pastry Production (BPP), Electrical Installation and Management (EIM), and

Information Communication and Technology (ICT). It is headed by the Secondary

School Principal III, Ms. Leilani A. Pregellana.

Research Instrumentation

The researchers will be using two Word List Recall exercises for pretest and

posttest in each treatment that both contain 15 most common English words and will be

played for 3 seconds each word to a total of 45 seconds in each exercises this is to avoid

word biased knowledge. The exercises will be played in a self devised PowerPoint

presentation to be created by the researchers as well as an assessment paper where the

respondents will list all the words they will remember in pretest and posttest after the

treatment. The treatment will be played in a speaker set in a audible yet not distracting

volume. This will be helpful to the researchers on knowing the effects of each treatment

to the short-term memory as well as their difference from one another.

Data Gathering Procedure

To fulfill this study, the following processes or procedures shall be considered

and followed:
 First, the researchers will construct a letter of approval for the principal regarding

the permission to conduct our study with the respondents that will be chosen through

purposive sampling. This will serve as the key in data gathering phase.

Second, the research instrumentation will then be constructed based on the Word

List Recall exercise inspired by the Brain Connection brain teaser games. 15 words to be

played for 3 seconds each word to a total of 45 seconds in each exercises for pretest and

posttest will be the component of the PowerPoint to be created by the researchers. The

preparation of materials such as the speaker, PowerPoint materials, and post assessment

paper in the data gathering phase shall be considered.

Third, the researchers will be conducting the data gathering phase with the help of

a Reading and Writing teacher for facilitating the respondents which are the General

Academic Strand students to be divided into two groups of different treatment

specifically Classical music for General Academic Strand A and Pop music for General

Academic Strand B students. The data gathering phase will be divided into three parts:

the distribution of consent for the respondents, then the data gathering of pretest without

treatment for both classes that will last for about 5 minutes, lastly is the data gathering for

posttest with treatment for both classes that will also last for about 5 minutes with the

total of atleast 10 minutes of data gathering for both classes.

Lastly, all the data results shall be analyzed and interpreted using a suitable

statistic that will be postulated with the help of the Statistics teachers. This will conclude

whether there is a significant effect and difference of Classical and Pop music to the

short-term memory of GENERAL ACADEMIC STRAND 11 students of Guinayangan

National High School Senior High School.

Statistical Treatment

The researchers will use statistical measures to analyze, interpret, summarize, and

present the data that will be gathered from the respondents.

1. Mean formula will be used to determine the average number of words

retained by the respondents in each group. The mean formula X is:

X=
∑x
N

Where:

X = Mean

∑ x = sum of all scores

N = Number of cases

2. Paired sample t-test will be used to determine the difference between the

pretest and posttest procedures. Thus, knowing whether there is an effect between the

control and experimental group of the same sample for each group. The paired sample t-

test formula is:

Where:

t = t-score

N = Sample size

ΣD = Sum of the differences of pretest and posttest for Classical/Pop treatment

ΣD2 = Sum of the squared differences

 (ΣD)2= Sum of the differences squared.

3. Independent sample t-test will be used to determine the significant

difference between the posttest mean scores of the two experimental group. The

independent sample t-test formula is:

Where:

(ΣA)2 = Sum of data set A (Classical music), squared

(ΣB)2 = Sum of data set B (Pop music), squared

μA = Mean of data set A (Classical music)

μB = Mean of data set B (Pop music)

ΣA2 = Sum of the squares of data set A (Classical music)

ΣB2 = Sum of the squares of data set B (Pop music)

nA = Number of items in data set A (Classical music)

nB = Number of items in data set B (Pop music)

 C o r r e l a ti o n B e t w e e n C l a s s i c a l M u s i c ’ s V o l u m e … | 29

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 GUINAYANGAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
GRADES 11 & 12
Guinayangan, Quezon

A COMPARATIVE STUDY REGARDING THE EFFECTS OF

CLASSICAL AND POP MUSIC TO THE SHORT-TERM
MEMORY OF GAS 11 STUDENTS IN GUINAYANGAN
NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL GRADES 11 & 12
S.Y. 2019-2020

Instrumentation

This will be the content of the Word List Recall Exercise for both pretest and posttest.

Pretest

Word
Can
Said
About
Follow
Some
So
Home
Animal
Near
Down
Look
Go
Many

Posttest

These
Make
People
Hand
Port
Large
Change
Mother
Year
Food
Country
School
Sea
May
Run

GUINAYANGAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

GRADES 11 & 12
Guinayangan, Quezon

A COMPARATIVE STUDY REGARDING THE EFFECTS OF

CLASSICAL AND POP MUSIC TO THE SHORT-TERM
MEMORY OF GAS 11 STUDENTS IN GUINAYANGAN
NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL GRADES 11 & 12
S.Y. 2019-2020

Name (Optional): __________________________________________

Directions. Fill in the spaces below all of the words you remember from the reading
material that was given to you earlier.

1. 9.

2. 10.

3. 11.

4. 12.

5. 13.

6. 14.

7. 15.

8.