EC 8451/ ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS Dr.

Prajith Prabhakar

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

UNIT – 1- Introduction

Syllabus:

Electromagnetic model, Units and constants, Review of vector algebra, Rectangular, cylindrical and
spherical coordinate systems, Line, surface and volume integrals, Gradient of a scalar field,
Divergence of a vector field, Divergence theorem, Curl of a vector field, Stoke's theorem, Null
identities, Helmholtz's theorem.

PART A

1. List the source quantities in the electromagnetic model.

2. Describe line, surface and volume charge density.
3. State divergence theorem.
4. Define Stokes theorem.
5. Identify the unit vector and its magnitude corresponding to the given vector
A=5 âx + ây + 3 âz.
6. What are surface and volume integrals?
7. Give the relationship between potential and electric field intensity.
8. Estimate the distance between the given vectors A (1, 2,3) and B (2,1,2).
9. Analyze a differential volume element in spherical coordinates (r,θ,φ) resulting from
differential changes in the orthogonal coordinate systems.
10. Specify the unit vector extending from the origin towards the point G (2,-2,-1).
11. Obtain the gradient of V=10 r sin2θ cosφ.
12. Convert the point P (5, 1, 3) from Cartesian to spherical coordinates.
13. Show the transformation between spherical and Cartesian coordinates.
14. Justify that the electric field is conservative.
15. Compare orthogonal and non-orthogonal coordinate systems.
16. Define Helmholtz theorem.
17. How are the unit vectors defined in three coordinate systems?

PART B & C

1. What is electromagnetic Fields? Give the advantages and disadvantage of field and

circuit theory. (13)

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EC 8451/ ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS Dr.Prajith Prabhakar

2. Tabulate the various field, source and universal quantities of electromagnetic model and

explain. (13)

3. Summarize the curl of a vector field in cylindrical and spherical coordinates. (13)

4. Obtain the expressions for differential area and volume element in cylindrical coordinate

system. (13)

5. State and prove divergence theorem for a given differential volume element. (13)

6. Explain the difference between the Irrotational and solenoidal fields using the Helmholtz

theorem.

7. Elaborate the Stokes theorem with their applications. (13)

8. Given the two points A (x=2, y=3,z=-1) and B (r=4,θ=250,φ=1200). Solve the spherical

coordinates of A and Cartesian coordinates of B. (15)

9. The straight-line equation in the XY plane is given by 2x+y=4.

a) Find the vector equation of a unit normal from the origin to the line.

b) Find the equation of the line passing through the point P (0,2) and perpendicular

to the given line. (15)

10. Validate stokes theorem for a vector field F̅ = r2cosφar̅ + Z sinφ az̅ and the path L defined

by 0≤r≤3, 0≤φ≤45ˑand z=0. (15)

11. Estimate the position of the point in Cartesian and spherical coordinates if the position of

the point in cylindrical coordinates is given as (4, 2π/3,3).

12. check validity of the divergence theorem considering the field D=2xy ax +x2ay c/m2 and

the rectangular parallelepiped formed by the planes x=0, x=1, y=0,y=2 &z=0,z=3.

13. A vector field D=[5r2/4]Ir is given in spherical coordinates. Evaluate both sides of the divergence

theorem for the volume enclosed between r=1&r=2.

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14. Given A= 2r cosIr+rI in cylindrical co-ordinates .for the contour x=0 to1 y=0 to1 , verify

stoke’s theorem.

15. Determine the divergence of these vector fields

i. P=x2yz ax+xy az

ii. ii. Q=sin a+2z a+zcos az

iii. iii. T=(1/r2)cos ar + r sincos a + cos a

UNIT II

ELECTROSTATISTICS
Syllabus:

Electric field, Coulomb's law, Gauss's law and applications, Electric potential, Conductors in
a static electric field, Dielectrics in a static electric field, electric flux density and dielectric
constant, Boundary conditions, Capacitance, Parallel, cylindrical and spherical capacitors,
Electrostatic energy, Poisson's and Laplace's equations, Uniqueness of electrostatic
solutions, Current density and Ohm's law, Electromotive force and Kirchhoff's voltage law,
Equation of continuity and Kirchhoff's current law.

PART A

1. Define electric field intensity.

2. Write the significance of Columb’s law.
3. Why the electrostatic potential is continuous at the boundary?
4. Describe the boundary conditions for electrostatic fields.
5. State Gauss law.
6. Give the relationship between electric flux density and polarization.
7. List the properties of conductor and dielectric materials.
8. Describe capacitance and capacitors.
9. Solve the energy stored in a 10 μF capacitor which has been charged to a voltage of 400v.
10. Obtain the relation between current and current density.
11. Identify the equation of Ohm’s law in point form.
12. Compare Poisson’s and Laplace’s equation.
13. Calculate the value of capacitance between two square plates having a cross-sectional
area of 1 sq. cm separated by 1 cm placed in a liquid whose dielectric constant is 6 and
the relative permittivity of free space is 8.854 pF/m.

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14. Derive the continuity equation in integral and differential form.

15. Formulate a mathematical expression for electrostatic energy.
16. . Define dielectric strength.

PART B

1. List out the properties of dielectric materials. (3)

(ii) Brief note on conductors and dielectrics in a static electric field. (10)

2. Derive the boundary conditions of the normal and tangential components of the

electric field at the interface of two media with different dielectrics. (13)

3. Obtain a formula for the electric field intensity on the axis of a circular disc of radius

b and carries uniform charge density ρs. (13)

4. Describe the electric potential due to electric dipole in a spherical coordinate system.

5. Explain any two applications of Gauss law with neat diagrams.

6. Determine the electric field intensity at P(-0.2,0,-2.3) due to a point charge of +5nC at

Q(0.2,0.1,-2,5) in air. All dimensions are in meters.

7. The region y<0 contains a dielectric material for which εr1=2.5, while the region y>0

is characterized by εr2=4. Let E1=-30 âx+ 50 ây+70 âz V/m. Interpret (a)EN1, (b) |Etan1|,

(c)E1, (d) θ1

8. Explain the importance of Poisson’s and Laplace’s equation in electromagnetics with

necessary equations.

9. Find the total current in a circular conductor of radius 4 mm if the current density

varies according to J = (104/r) A/m2. (8)

(ii) Calculate the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor having a mica

dielectric, εr=6, a plate area of 10 inch2, and a separation of 0.01inch. (5)

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EC 8451/ ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS Dr.Prajith Prabhakar

10. Formulate the expression for electrostatic energy required to assemble a group of

charges at rest.

11. A cylindrical capacitor consists of an inner conductor of radius ‘a & an outer

conductor whose inner radius is ‘b’. The space between the conductors is filled with a

dielectric permittivity Ɛr & the length of the capacitor is L. Estimate the value of the

Capacitance.

12. Write the equation of continuity in integral and differential form. (8)

Discuss the energy stored and energy density in a capacitor with supporting

expressions. (5)

13. Analyze the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with dielectric εr1 =1.5 and εr2 =

3.5 each occupying one half of the space between the plates of area 2 m2 and d = 10-

3m. (10)

(ii) State Kirchoff’s current and voltage law. (3)

14. A capacitor with two dielectrics as follows: Plate area 100 cm2, dielectric 1 thickness

= 3 mm, εr1=3dielectric 2 thickness = 2 mm, εr2=2. If a potential of 100 V is applied

across the plates, evaluate the Capacitance and the energy stored.

15. A uniform line charge L =25Nc/m lies on the x=3m and y=4m in free space. Find the

electric field intensity at a point (2,3,15)m.

PART C

• (i) Determine the dc resistance of 1km of wire having a 1mm radius a) if the wire is made

of copper b) if the wire is made of aluminium. (10)

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(ii) A metallic sphere of radius 10 cm has a surface charge density of 10nC/m2. Calculate

the energy stored in the system. (5)

• A capacitor consists of two coaxial metallic cylindrical surfaces of a length of 30mm and

a radius of 5mm& 7mm. the dielectric material between the surfaces has a relative

permittivity εr =2+(4/r), where r is measured in mm. Determine the capacitance of the

capacitor.

• Formulate the energy required to assemble a uniform sphere of charge with radius b and

volume charge density ρ C/m3.

• Drive an expression for the electric field due to a straight and infinite Uniformly charged

wire of length ‘L’ meters and with a charge density of + c/m at a point P which lies along

the perpendicular bisector of wire.

UNIT III
MAGNETOSTATICS

Syllabus:

Lorentz force equation, Law of no magnetic monopoles, Ampere's law, Vector magnetic
potential, Biot- Savart law and applications, Magnetic field intensity and the idea of relative
permeability, Magnetic circuits, Behavior of magnetic materials, Boundary conditions,
Inductance and inductors, Magnetic energy, Magnetic forces and torques

PART A

1. Define magnetic dipole moment.

2. State Biot-Savart’s law.
3. Describe Ampere’s circuital law.
4. What are scalar magnetic potential & vector magnetic potential?
5. Write the relation between magnetic flux and flux density.

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6. List the applications of Ampere’s circuital law

7. Point out the relation between magnetic flux density and magnetic field intensity.
8. Outline the concept of self-inductance.
9. Infer the Lorentz force equation for a moving charge?
10. Explain the hall effect.
11. Identify the relationship between magnetic field intensity and permeability.
12. Classify the different types of magnetic materials.
13. Derive the expression of H for a solenoid having N turns of finite length d.
14. Express the inductance of a toroid for the coil of N turns.
15. Examine the magnetic flux density in vector form for the given vector magnetic
potential A =10/(x2+y2+z2) âx.
16. An inductive coil of 10mH is carrying a current of 10A. Analyze the energy stored in
the magnetic field.
17. An infinitesimal length of wire is located at (1,0,0) and carries a current 2A in the
direction of the unit vector az. Find the Magnetic Flux Density B due to the current
element at the field point (0,2,2).
18. A ferrite material has μr = 50 operating with sufficiently low flux densities and
B=0.05 Tesla. Compute magnetic field intensity.
19. List the types of magnetic materials.
20. Define magnetic dipole.

PART B

1. From Biot Savart’s law, write the expression for magnetic field intensity at a point P

and distance R from the infinitely long straight current-carrying conductor.

2. Derive the equations for magnetic field intensity and magnetic flux density at the

centre of the square current loop with side w using Biot Savart’s law.

3. Derive the expression for torque developed in a rectangular closed circuit carrying

current I a uniform field.

4. State about magnetization? Describe the classification of magnetic materials with

examples.

5. Determine the magnetic field intensity at the origin due to current element I dl =

3π(âx + 2 ây + 3âz) μA at(3,4,5)m in free space.

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6. An iron ring with a cross-sectional area of 3cm square and a mean circumference of 15 cm is

wound with 250 turns wire carrying a current of 0.3A. The relative permeability of the ring is

1500. calculate the flux established in the ring.

7. Discuss the forces and torques acting on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform

magnetic field. (8)

Illustrate how Vector Magnetic potential is obtained from Biot Savart law. (5)

8. Using Biot-Savart’s law, illustrate the magnetic field intensity on the axis of a circular

loop of radius R carrying a steady current I. (8)

A circular loop located on x2 + y2 = 9 , z = 0 carries a direct current of 10 A along aφ.

Calculate H at (0,0,4) and (0,0,-4). (5)

9. Discover the expression of magnetic energy in terms of B and H.

10. Solve the magnetic field at a point P(0.01, 0, 0)m if the current through a co-axial

cable is 6 A. which is along the z-axis and a=3mm, b=9mm, c=11mm.

11. Analyze the expression for the inductance of a Toroidal coil carrying current I, with N

turns and the radius of toroid ‘r’.

12. Describe the magnetic boundary condition at the interface between two magnetic

mediums.

13. A solenoid with N1=2000, r1=2 cm and l1= 100cm is concentric within a second coil

of N2= 4000, r2= 4cm and l2=100cm.Calculate mutual inductance assuming free

space conditions.

14. Formulate the magnetic flux density around an infinitely long straight conductor by

magnetic vector potential.

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PART C

1. Validate the expression which relates Magnetic Flux density B and Magnetic vector

potential A. Demonstrate the expression with the supporting laws.

2. At a point P(x,y,z) the components of vector magnetic potential 𝑨⃗⃗ are given as Az =

(4x + 3y+2 z) , Ay =(5x +6y +3 z) and Az= (2x+3y+5z). Invent 𝑩⃗⃗ at point P. (8)

(ii) A solenoid has an inductance of 20mH. If the length of the solenoid is increased

by two times and the radius is decreased to half of its original value, Compute the

new inductance.

3. A solenoid is 50 cm long, 2 cm in diameter and contains 1500 turns. The cylindrical

core has a diameter of 2 cm and relative permeability of 75. This coil is co-axial with

a second solenoid which is 50 cm long, 3 cm diameter and 1200 turns. Solve the

inductance L for the inner and outer solenoid. (7)

(ii) Propose the solution for energy stored in the solenoid having 50cm long and 5 cm

in diameter

UNIT IV
TIME-VARYING FIELDS AND MAXWELL's EQUATIONS

Syllabus:

Faraday's law, Displacement current and Maxwell-Ampere law, Maxwell's equations,

Potential functions, Electromagnetic boundary conditions, Wave equations and solutions,
and Time-harmonic fields.

PART A

1. State Lenz’s law?

2. What are the characteristics of an ideal transformer?
3. Write the source free wave equations for E and H in free space?

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4. Show the expression for time-harmonic retarded scalar and vector potentials in terms
of charge and current distributions
5. Infer the electromagnetic boundary conditions.
6. Summarize the differential form of Maxwell’s Equation.
7. Find the Poynting vector on the surface of a long straight conducting wire of radius
‘b’ and conductivity σ that carries a direct current I.
8. Analyze the Lorentz condition for potentials? What is its physical significance?
9. Point out the coefficient of coupling in inductive circuits.
10. Explain the significance of displacement current.
11. Fundamental postulates of electromagnetic induction and how it leads to Faraday’s
law.
12. Are conduction and displacement currents in phase for time-harmonic fields? Justify.
13. A wave propagates from a dielectric medium to the interface with free space if the
angle of incidence is the critical angle of 200. Solve for the relative permittivity of the
medium.

PART B
1. Write the boundary conditions at the free space interface and a magnetic material of

infinite permeability.

2. With the necessary explanation, derive the Maxwell’s equation in differential and integral

forms.

3. Write the boundary conditions at the free space interface and a magnetic material of

infinite permeability.

4. In a material for which =5 s/m and r=1 and E=250 sin 1010t (V/m). find the conduction

and displacement current densities.

5. A circular loop of N turns of conducting wire lies in the XY plane with its centre at the

origin of the magnetic field specified by B= az B0 Cos (πr/2b) * Sin wt where b is the

radius of the loop and w is the angular frequency. Find the emf induced in the loop.

6. Write short notes about displacement current and displacement current density. (8)

In a given lossy dielectric medium, conduction current density Jc=0.02 sin109t (A/m2).

Find the displacement current density if σ=103 S/m and εr=6.5.

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7. Show Maxwell’s equation for static fields. Explain how they are modified for time-

varying electric and magnetic fields.

8. Illustrate the integral and point form of Maxwell’s equations from Faraday’s law and

Ampere’s law.

9. Express the transformer EMF induced in a stationary loop in terms of time-varying vector

potential A.

10. Demonstrate the detailed steps for the derivation of electromagnetic boundary conditions.

11. Calculate the general wave equations for E and H in a non-conducting simple medium

where a charge distribution ρ and a current distribution J exist. Convert the wave

equations to Helmholtz’s equations for sinusoidal time dependence.

12. The magnetic field intensity in free space is given as H=H0sin ay t A/where = t-z and is a

constant quantity. Determine the displacement current density.

13. Write short notes on faradays law of electromagnetic induction

PART C
1. Evaluate the general wave equations for E and H in a non-conducting simple medium

where a charge distribution ρ and a current distribution J exist. Convert the wave

equations to Helmholtz’s equations for sinusoidal time dependence. Write the general

solutions for E(R,t) and H(R,t) in terms of ρ and J.

2. Deduce the intrinsic impedance equation from the relation between E̅ and H̅ in free space.

3. Calculations concerning the Electromagnetic effect of currents in a good conductor

usually neglect the displacement current even at microwave frequencies.

(a) Assuming εr =1, σ=5.7*107 s/m for copper compare the magnitude of displacement

current density with that of the conduction current density at 100 GHz. (8)

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(b) Write the governing differential equations for magnetic field intensity H is a source free

good conductor.

4. Estimate the value of k such that following pairs of field satisfies Maxwell’s equation in

the region where σ=0, σv=0 (a) E̅ =[kx-100t] a̅ y V/m, H̅ =[x+20t] a̅ z A/m and

μ=0.25H/m, ε=0.01F/m (b) D̅ =5xa̅ x-2a̅ y+kza̅ z μC/m2, B̅ =2a̅ y mT and μ=μ0, ε=ε0.

5. Derive General field relation for time-varying electric and magnetic fields using

Maxwell’s’ equations.

UNIT V
PLANE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Syllabus:
Plane waves in lossless media, Plane waves in lossy media (low-loss dielectrics and good
conductors), Group velocity, Electromagnetic power flow and Poynting vector, Normal
incidence at a plane conducting boundary, Normal incidence at a plane dielectric boundary.

PART A
1. Define uniform plane wave.
2. State Poynting theorem.
3. Describe the characteristics of the uniform plane waves?
4. Give the relation between group velocity Vs phase velocity
5. Demonstrate the Doppler effect.
6. Point out the difference between reflection and transmission coefficient
7. Explain the significance of the pointing vector?
8. Identify the relationship between SWR and reflection coefficient.
9. Construct the Phasor expressions for E and H field intensity vectors of an x-
polarized uniform plane wave propagating in the +z direction.
10. Express the values of the reflection and transmission coefficients at an interface
with a perfectly conducting boundary?
11. Examine the wave impedance of the total magnetic field.
12. Find the value of free space intrinsic impedance.
13. Show the phasor expressions of normal incidence of a plane dielectric boundary.
14. Develop the expressions in terms of electric and magnetic field intensity vectors for
a) instantaneous Poynting vector b)time-average Poynting vector

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15. Write down the wave equation for E and H in free space.
16. Write down the wave equation for E and H in a conducting medium.
17. For a loss dielectric material having μr=1 , r=48, =20s/m. calculate the Propagation
constant at a frequency of 16 GHz.

PART B
1. Find the wave equations governing the E and H field in a source free conducting

medium with parameters Ɛ,μ,σ.

2. Write short notes on plane waves in the lossy and lossless medium.

3. State and prove the Poynting theorem. (8)

Describe the Poynting vector, average power and instantaneous power.

4. Determine the condition under which the magnitude of the reflection coefficient

equals that of the transmission coefficient for a uniform wave at normal incidence

on an interface between two lossless dielectric mediums.

5. Demonstrate the equations for a plane wave incident normally on a plane dielectric

boundary.

6. A uniform plane wave in a lossless medium with intrinsic impedance Ƞ1 is incident

normally onto another lossless medium with intrinsic impedance Ƞ2 through a

plane boundary. Develop the expressions for the time average power densities.

7. Generalize and prove the electric field intensity in lossy media satisfies the

homogeneous Helmholtz’s equation.

8. Demonstrate the pointing vector on the surface of a long straight conducting wire of

radius b that carries a direct current I. Verify Poynting’s theorem.

9. A uniform plane wave with E= axe Ex propagates in a lossless simple medium (Ɛr =

4, μr =1, σ=0) in the +Z direction. Assume that Ex is sinusoidal with a frequency of

100 MHz and has a maximum value of +10-4 V/m at t=0 and Z= 1/8 m. write the
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instantaneous expression for E & H for any t and Z. Determine the locations where

Ex is a positive maximum when t=10-8 sec.

10. A y- polarized uniform plane wave (Ei, Hi ) with a frequency of 100 MHz propagates

in the +X direction and impinges normally on a perfectly conducting plane at x=0.

Assume Ei = 6mV/m. Develop the phasor and instantaneous expressions for

a. Ei, Hi of the incident wave

b. Er, Hr of the reflected wave

c. E1,H1 of the total wave in the air

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