Aetrivity Based on Chapter-

6 Applications of Derivatives
08JECTIVE

minima and
To understand the concepts of local maxima, local
point of inflection.

Prerequisite Knowledge MATERIALS REQUIRED

Cardboard Sheet White paper
of maxima,
knowledge .Ruler
Concept of
tangents, local minima and point of
Adhesive
minima, local maxima, Pen/Pencil
inflection.

Procedure
white paper on it.
1. Take a cardboard sheet of convenient size and paste a
2. Draw two perpendicular lines X'OX and YOY' intersecting at O, which represents
-axis and y-axis.
3. Now, draw a curve as shown in Fig. 1.

E1 E2
B1
B2
02
01
A1 A2

X
X
C1c2
Y
Fig. 1

A, B, C, D and E, and draw a line of 2 cm on eac

4. Take five points on the curve as

point on the curve.

to the curve and are parall-
6. The lines at the points A, B, C and E represents tangents
these points are zero, i.e., the value of the fir
to the x-axis. The slopes of tangents at
derivative at these points is zero.
The tangent at D intersects the curve.
35-
 MatheIMAttC8 LaDoratory ACUvny DDo

other to
6. Take two points, one to the immedinte left of A and other thei
to the
ofthe eurve. Naume these points N A and Az
nediae rn
immedi
their respective
7. Repeat the process for points for B, C, D and E. Let their respetive
C. C). (D,, D,) and (E, E,). pojnts beig,
.
8. Draw tangents at points A, Ag, B, B2, C1, Cz, D1, Dz, E;, E.
9. Sign of the slope of the tangent (first derivative) at a point immediate leh
is negative and sign of the slope of the tangent (first derivative) at a ne
thepoint
right of A G.e. Ag) is positive. This implies at the point A, sign of
of the
ehanges from negative to positive. So, the point A is the point of local
sfirst
local mini
minima.
imnan
erivive
10. Similarly, at point C the sign of first derivative changes from negative to.
when we move from point C to C. So, the point C is also a point of
of local
local mive t

minim
11. Sim of the slope of the tangent (first derivative) at a point on the curve immea.
of B i.e. B,) is positive and immediate right of B (i.e. B,) is negative. This imn
the point B, sign first derivative changes from positive to negative.
ofthe
Bis the point of local maxima.
So,the
12. Similarly, we can show that point E is also point of local maxima.
18. At the point D, sigm of first derivative does not change. So, it is a point of inflectin
Observation
OBSERVATION TABLE

Points Nature of function Point of local Remarks

Increasing/Decreasing maxima /local minima

A Decreasing
A None Point of local minima Decreasing to
increasing
A2 Increasing
B Increasing9
B None

B2 Decreasing
C
C

C2
D
D

D2
E
E

E2
Conclusion
Point of local maxima occurs when slope of the tangent changes sign from positive to
negative and point of local minima occurs when slope of the tangent changes sign from
negative to positive. If slope ot the tangent does not change sign at a point, then such a
called a point of inflection.
point is
Activily Based on Chapter-
Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
OBJECTIVE
To draw the graph of
sinlx, using the graph of sin x and demonstrate
the concept of mirror
reflection (about the line y r). =

Prerequisite Knowledge MATERIALS REQUIRED

Knowledge of plotting the .Graphpaper
graph of sin x and basic Ruler Pencil
knowledge of inverse of trigonometric functions. Eraser Nail/Safety pin
.Colour pens
Procedure
1. Take a graph paper and cut it into a square shape. Draw two perpendicular lines on
the graph paper using ruler.
2. Name them as XOX and YOY' as coordinate axes as shown in Fig. 1.

Y = SI

N,

0.5 N

X X

-0.5

N
-1.5

Fig. 1

mark the points on the

points on the positive y-axis 0.5, 1, 1.5, Similarly,
2.
3. Mark the
-2.
negative y-axis -0.5, -1,-1.5,
12 athematics Laboratory Actlvity Book-XI
.Giraduate the axes and mark approximately the poinus
ini. i05071G0s7 and ,in
the coordinate plane.
Name them as N, Na, N, and N, as shou
. Make hole on these points using pin or nail. bwn
in Fig. 1.
0. Kepeat the above process on the negative x-axis, by marking the points

sin 0.71
ini-05-071
make hole on these points using satety pin or nail
-0.87 and-1and c
hole at 0.
and name them as N',, N, N, and N. Also make a
. Draw a free hand curve by joining all the pin holes to get the graph of sin x from
T

2t as shown in Fig. 1.
8 the square paper along the diagonal to get the graph of line y = *. Using ruler,

draw a line on a square sheet of paper where the crease formed as shown in Fig. 2.
. Draw perpendiculars from the points N, N, N, N, on the liney =x and produce these

ines such that the length of pendicular on both sides of the line y =x are equal. Name
the points on the other sides of the line as I,, I, L and I, as shown in Fig. 2.

S i n x.

N
0.5

0.5

-1.5

Sin x y
Fig. 2
10. Repeat the above process on the negative of x-axis to
get the images as I, I,, I, and
11. Join all the points I, to I, andI, to I, on both sides
ofy =sin'. of the line y =x to obtain the graph
12. Clearly,the two functions sin x and sin x are the mirror
shown in Fig. 2. images of each other as
 Based on Chapter-
Aetivity
Vector Algebra
OBJECTIVE
semi-circle is
To verify that angle in a a
right
method. angle, usin
Prerequisite Knowledge MATERIALS REQUIR
.Cardboard
y

Knowledge of circle and its properties, Pythagoras

theorem and knowledge of vectors.
.Rubber
Fevicol
bands NadNhite pa
Nals
Protractor
Procedure Pencilm
Pape 2ftO
1. Take athick cardboard of size 30 cm x 30 cm and paste a white n.

on it using fevicol.
the ate
2. Draw a circle on the paper with centre O and radius 10 cm.
3. Draw a diameter AB of the circle.
4. Take points C andD on the circumference of the circle as
shown in B.
ig. 1.

Fig. 1
5. Fix nails at the
points O, A, B, C
A and B.
Now, stretch the rubber and D. Fix a rubber band between the
band between the band to the ppoint
point C. Similarly, fix another
rubber band and fix points O and A, and stretch it to theSimilarly, na te
at point O and it between the points B and D. Now, fixpoint
stretch it to the
Danuer
the fourtu
point C as shown in
6. Stick arrowheads on the figure.
show them as vectors, as rubber band BD
along OA, OB, OC, OD, AC,
,AC, BC, AD and
shown in the
figure. D
7. Using protractor, measure the
i.e., ZACB = 90°. angle between the vectors AC and BC
 Mathematlcs Laboratory Activity Book-XI 49
8. Similarly, meusure the angle between the vectors AlD and BD, ie., ZADB = 9 ,
9. Repeat the nbove procens by tuaking Home more pointn on the memi-circle and meanure
the angles.
10. The angle formed between two vectors in n Hemi-circle in a right angle,

Observation

By actual measurement (P'ig. 1) we have:

OBSERVATION TABLE
Oc=OA|= |OB|= |OD| AC AD 160
BCI AC BC AB ADI BD

So, LACB = and AC.BC . =

LADB =
and AD.BD.
Angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.

Conclusion
It is verified that angle in a semi-circle is a right angle, using vector method.
NOTE

Let OB a and oC =D, then OA

=
= -

OB -a
=

AC OC-OA = p +a
BC OC-OB =p-a
AC BC-p+a)-(p-a)
-PP-a=r?- =0
(wherer =
radius of circle)
So, AC 1BC LACB = 90°
Anglein a semi-circle is a right angle.
 Aefivily J
Based on Chapter-
Vector Algebra
OBJECTIVE
To verify geometrically that cx(a +6) =exa+cxb
Prerequisite Knowledge MATERIALS REQUIRED
Geometry box
Knowledge of addition of vectors and eross product White paper
of vectors.
Pencil/pen
Procedure
1. Takewhite paper and draw a line
a
segment OA = 6 cm and let it
represent c.
2. Draw another line
segment OB 4 cem at an =
angle (say 60°) with OA (2AOB
Let OB =a as shown in Fig. 1.
= 60
3. Draw BC
4. Draw
= 3 em
making an angle (say 30°) with OA.Let BC =b.
perpendiculars BP, CQ and BR.
C
D

30

at

60
O P
Q
A
Fig.1
5.
Complete the parallelograms OAEB, OADC and
6. OC OB + BC a +b BEDC.
=

(Triangle law of vector

addition) and let zcOA-a
2COA 0
Ex b sin
6- area of parallelogram OADC
=

7.
Cxa area of parallelogram OAEB.
 Book-X|
47
47
Mathematics Laboratory Actlvlty

a r aarallelugram BED
Ara ot uralelagram OADC - (0A CQ ii
04Q8RC)=OA(BP +RC)
(04XBP+(0AMRC)
Ara otparallelogram OAEB+ Area ofparallelogram BEDC

IhNEat ox e n t thee veetors ex(a+ð). cxa and cxb is perpendicular to the

Otservation
OBSERVATION TABLE

eOA0Aa OC CQ ex(ab) cxa Cxb

Area of lgm Area of |lgm Area of |lgm
OADC OAEB BEDC
(0ACO) (OABP) = (OA)RC)

(sq. units (sq. units) (sq. units)

As of gm 0ADC = Area of parallelogram. +Area of parallelogram

G-=xae6
ea.eb snd exla +d) are all in the direction of _ to the plane of paper.

I CONCLUSION
Distributive property of vector multiplication over addition is explained by this activity.
 AGTIVIT A
Based on Chapter-
tActivity Probability
0BJECTIVE
n of
of conditio
conditional

torhrough
obabilianty exaof
computation
the
To explain B has already occured
when event
event A, dice.
throwing a
pair of
MATERIALS
Prerequisite Knowledgee
of probability, sample space of rolling
.White
.Pencil
paper REOUIRED
Knowledge
and definition of
conditional probability. Eraser Scale
of dice
.Pencl colours
Procedure
a square on the paper and : ..
1. Take white paper. Now, draw
a and divide it
1.5 cm each as shown in the figure. into
squares of size
two dice together as shown in
2. Write the sample space of rolling
3. The following figure represents all possible outcomes of the given gure.
sample space (S) has 36 outcomes. ent. ta
event that sum of the numbers two dice is 7
Let A on
the =
(1, 6),
,5),,4.4
=

5,2), (6, 1)) and B = event that 4 appears atleast one of the dice = (4.1
(4
(4,4),(4, 5), (4, 6), (1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (5, 4), (6, 4)) 1,14,2,/4
1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5

2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6

3,1 3,2 3,3 3 3,4 3,5 3,6

4,1 4,2 43 4,4 4,5

4,6
5,1 5, 2 5,3 5, 4 5, 5 5,6
1 6,2 6,3 6, 4 6,5 6, 6

So, AnB =
((3, 4), (4, 3)) Fig. 1
4. We have to
find the conditional probability 1 a s OCCure

ie., PCA |B). of an event A if an eve

5. Number of
Number of
outcomes favourable to A =6
outcomes
Number of outcomes favourable to B 11
favourable to AnB =2
6. (i) P(B) = 11
36 i) P (An B) =
P A B ) 21,
36 iii) P(A
) P (A| B )-
B)= PB)
36

58
 59
MathematicsLaboratory Activity Book-XII
|Observation
The number of possible outcomes by throwing two dice simultaneously is 36.
OBSERVATION TABLE
Probabilities Case Case Il
A = event that sum of two numbers is 10 A event that sum of two numbers
B event of getting doublet is 6
once
B=event that 2 appears atleast

P(B)
P (A B)

P(A nB)
P (A B) =

P(B)

Conclusion
The concept of conditional probability of a given event A, when event B has already
occured, ie. P (A|B), is explained by this activity.

Similarly, we can find the probability of an event B, when event A has

already occured.
PMA B)
P(B|A) =
P(A)
PA)* 0