Photovoltaic effect

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The photovoltaic effect is the generation of voltage and electric current in a

material upon exposure to light. It is a physical and chemical phenomenon.[1]
The photovoltaic effect is closely related to the photoelectric effect. For both
phenomena, light is absorbed, causing excitation of an electron or other charge
carrier to a higher-energy state. The main distinction is that the term photoelectric
effect is now usually used when the electron is ejected out of the material (usually
into a vacuum) and photovoltaic effect used when the excited charge carrier is still
contained within the material. In either case, an electric potential (or voltage) is
produced by the separation of charges, and the light has to have a sufficient energy
to overcome the potential barrier for excitation. The physical essence of the
difference is usually that photoelectric emission separates the charges by ballistic
conduction and photovoltaic emission separates them by diffusion, but some "hot
carrier" photovoltaic devices concepts blur this distinction.

Contents

 1History

 2Physics

o 2.1Effect of the temperature

 3Solar cells

 4See also

 5References

History[edit]
The first demonstration of the photovoltaic effect, by Edmond Becquerel in 1839,
used an electrochemical cell. He explained his discovery in Comptes rendus de
l'Académie des sciences, "the production of an electric current when two plates of
platinum or gold immersed in an acid, neutral, or alkaline solution are exposed in an
uneven way to solar radiation."[2]
The first solar cell, consisting of a layer of selenium covered with a thin film of gold,
was experimented by Charles Fritts in 1884, but it had a very poor efficiency.
[3]
 However, the most familiar form of the photovoltaic effect uses solid-state devices,
mainly in photodiodes. When sunlight or other sufficiently energetic light is incident
upon the photodiode, the electrons present in the valence band absorb energy and,
being excited, jump to the conduction band and become free. These excited
electrons diffuse, and some reach the rectifying junction (usually a diode p–n
junction) where they are accelerated into the n-type semiconductor material by the
built-in potential (Galvani potential). This generates an electromotive force and an
electric current, and thus some of the light energy is converted into electric energy.
The photovoltaic effect can also occur when two photons are absorbed
simultaneously in a process called two-photon photovoltaic effect.