Slovin’s Formula  Sometimes called area sampling because it

N is usually applied when the population is

n=
1+ N e
2 large
n = sample size  Clusters instead of individuals are randomly
N = population size chosen. You will draw the members of the
E = margin of error sample by cluster and then you select a
sample from each group or cluster
Probability Sampling individually
 All elements in the population frame have an equal Non-Probability Sampling
chance of being selected.  Not all elements of the population frame have an
1. Simple Random Sampling equal chance of being selected. Instead, personal
 Chosen at random with members of the judgment plays a very important role in the selection
population having a known or sometimes 1. Convenience Sampling
equal probability or chance of being  Takes the available persons to constitute his
included in the samples sample and continues doing so until he
 Fishbowl technique reaches a predetermined sample size
 Easy for small population but complicated  Used because of the convenience. The
and time consuming for larger ones. subjects in a study may be people who you
2. Systematic Sampling meet anywhere and are willing to be
 Modified version of the simple random interviewed.
sampling design  Also known as accidental sampling
 Samples are randomly chosen following 2. Quota Sampling
certain rules set by the researcher  Selects a predetermined number or
 Sampling Interval proportion of units, in a non-random manner
N 3. Purposive Sampling
k=  Choosing the respondents on the basis of
n
predetermined criteria set by the researcher
3. Stratified Random Sampling
Frequency Distribution
 Starts with the stratification or grouping of
 Collection of observations produced by sorting them
the population units into non-overlapping
into classes and showing their frequency/numbers of
strata determined by the number of
occurrences in each class
categories of selected characteristics or
 Construct FDT if there are at least 30 data
variables
observation or raw scores
 Samples per stratum are then randomly
selected, but considerations must be given to  Lower Class Limit
the sizes of the random samples to be  Smallest data value that can be included in
selected from the subgroups the class
 A process that can be used is proportional  Upper Class Limit
allocation. This procedure chooses sample  Largest data value that can be included in
sizes proportional to the sizes of the the class
different subgroups or strata  Class Boundaries
Strata # of Strata Percent Proportion  Used to separate the classes so that there are
no gaps in the frequency distribution
A #A #A/N Percent#A(n)
 Class Marks
B #B #B/N Percent#B(n)  Midpoint of the classes
N=#A+#B n=#

 Class Width/Interval/Size
 Difference between two consecutive lower-
class limits
 Cumulative Frequency
4. Cluster Sampling
  Total of a frequency and all frequencies in a
frequency distribution until a certain defined
class interval

( Range ) R=HS−LS
¿
R
(Interval)i=
k
Class Bounderies=( ¿−0.5 ) −(UL +0.5)
¿+UL
( Classmark ) x=
2
Tally (IIII)/ Frequency (123) = # of data included in a
class range
Cumulative Frequency = The class’s frequency added
from its bottom class’s frequency (Bottom to Top
Increasing)