MACHINE ELEMENTS IN

MECHANICAL DESIGN
Chapter 12:
Shaft Design

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 Design of Transmission Shafts

• Principal transmission shaft • Determine torque applied to shaft at

performance specifications are: specified power and speed,
- power P  T  2fT
- speed P P
T 
 2f
• Find shaft cross-section which will not
exceed the maximum allowable
• Designer must select shaft shearing stress,
material and cross-section to
Tc
meet performance specifications  max 
J
without exceeding allowable
J  3 T
shearing stress.  c  solid shafts 
c 2  max
J

 4 4
c2 2c2

c2  c1 
T
 max
 hollow shafts 

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 Design of a Transmission Shaft

• If power is transferred to and from the

shaft by gears or sprocket wheels, the
shaft is subjected to transverse loading
as well as shear loading.

• Normal stresses due to transverse loads

may be large and should be included in
determination of maximum shearing
stress.

• Shearing stresses due to transverse

loads are usually small and
contribution to maximum shear stress
may be neglected.

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Design of a Transmission Shaft

• At any section,
Mc
m  where M 2  M y2  M z2
I
Tc
m 
J

• Maximum shearing stress,

2 2 2

 max   m    m 2  
Mc   Tc 
  
 2   2I   J 
for a circular or annular cross - section, 2 I  J
c
 max  M2 T2
J

• Shaft section requirement,

 M 2  T 2 
J  max
  
 min
c  all
8-4
 SOLUTION:
• Determine the gear torques and
corresponding tangential forces.

• Find reactions at A and B.

• Identify critical shaft section from

torque and bending moment diagrams.
Solid shaft rotates at 480 rpm and
• Calculate minimum allowable shaft
transmits 30 kW from the motor to
diameter.
gears G and H; 20 kW is taken off at
gear G and 10 kW at gear H. Knowing
that all = 50 MPa, determine the
smallest permissible diameter for the
shaft.

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 SOLUTION:
• Determine the gear torques and corresponding
tangential forces.
P 30 kW
TE    597 N  m
2f 2 80 Hz 
T 597 N  m
FE  E   3.73 kN
rE 0.16 m
20 kW
TC   398 N  m FC  6.63 kN
2 80 Hz 
10 kW
TD   199 N  m FD  2.49 kN
2 80 Hz 
• Find reactions at A and B.
Ay  0.932 kN Az  6.22 kN
B y  2.80 kN Bz  2.90 kN

8-6
 • Identify critical shaft section from torque and
bending moment diagrams.
 M 2  T 2 
 max
 11602  3732  5972
 1357 N  m

8-7
 Shafts – Definition

• Generally shafts are members which rotate in order to transmit

power or motion. They are usually circular in cross section, and
that’s the type we will analyze.
• Shafts do not always rotate themselves, as in the case of an axle –
but axles support rotating members.

ME 351
What is Shaft and Axle?

Shaft is a rotating member.

Usually, its cross section is of circular.
Shaft transmits power or motion.

Axle is a non-rotating member.

Usually, its cross section is of circular.
Axle transmits no power or motion.
Axle is used to support rotating
wheels, pulleys and the like.

Axle
 Elements Attached to a Shaft

ME 351
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12
1. Shaft Design Procedures

1. Determine the rotational speed of the shaft.

2. Determine the power or the torque to be transmitted by the
shaft.
3. Specify the location of bearings to support the shaft.
4. Propose the general form of the geometry for the shaft.
5. Determine the magnitude of torque that the shaft sees at all
points.

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7. Determine the forces that are exerted on the shaft, both
radially and axially.
8. Resolve the radial forces into components in perpendicular
directions.
9. Solve for the reactions on all support bearings in each plane.
10. Produce the complete shearing force and bending moment
diagram to determine the distribution of bending moments on
the shaft.

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11. Select appropriate materials and specify the necessary
treatment for them.
12. Determine an appropriate design stress.
13. Analyze each critical point of the shaft to determine the
minimum acceptable diameter of the shaft.
14. Specify the final dimensions for each point on the shaft.

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2. Force and Stress Analysis

• Recall that the torque transmitted by spur gears is

P
T 

• Forces on spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears
• Namely tangential forces and radial forces.
• Reviewed in the previous chapters.

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• For chain sprockets, if the torque, T, and pitch diameter,
D, are known, then the force is:
T
Fc 
D/2

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• Stress concentrations need to be considered for components that
fasten machine elements as mentioned in the previous chapter.
Some values used for Kt are:
• Keyseats – 2.0 (profile), 1.6 (sled runner)
• Shoulder fillets – 2.5 (sharp fillet), 1.5 (well-rounded fillet)
• Retaining rings – 3.0

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 Reducing Stress Concentration at Shoulder Fillet

• Bearings often require relatively sharp fillet radius at shoulder

• If such a shoulder is the location of the critical stress, some manufacturing
techniques are available to reduce the stress concentration
(a) Large radius undercut into shoulder
(b) Large radius relief groove into back of shoulder
(c) Large radius relief groove into small diameter of shaft

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering

Design
Fig. 7-9
• For design shear stress
• Steady Torque

sy
• Reversed Vertical Shear d 
N 3

• For design normal stress

4V
• Fatigue loading
 max 
3A

sn'
d 
N
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Three Common Shafts

$$

$$$
ME 351
Factors Effecting on Shaft Design

Stress and strength

Static strength
Fatigue strength
Deflection and rigidity
Bending deflection
Torsional deflection
Slope at bearings and shaft-supported elements
Vibration due to natural frequency
 Shaft Design for Stress
• Stresses are only evaluated at critical locations
• Critical locations are usually
• On the outer surface
• Where the bending moment is large
• Where the torque is present
• Where stress concentrations exist
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• Stress concentrations need to be considered for components that
fasten machine elements
• Some values used for Kt are:
• Keyseats – 2.0 (profile), 1.6 (sled runner)
• Shoulder fillets – 2.5 (sharp fillet), 1.5 (well-rounded fillet)
• Retaining rings – 3.0

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• ADDITIONAL DESIGN EXAMPLES
Two additional design examples are given in this section. The first is for a shaft that contains
three different types of power transmission devices: a V-belt sheave, a chain sprocket,
and a spur gear. Some of the forces are acting at angles other than vertical and horizontal,
requiring the resolution of the bending forces on the shaft into components before the
shearing
force and bending moment diagrams are created. Design Example 12^ involves a shaft
carrying a wormgear and a chain sprocket. The axial force on the wormgear presents a slight
modification of the design procedure. Except for these differences, the design procedure is
the same as that for Design Example 12-1. Thus, much of the detailed manipulation of
formulas
is omitted.

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• 12-10 SPREADSHEET AID FOR SHAFT DESIGN
A spreadsheet is useful to organize the data required to compute the minimum
required
shaft diameter at various points along a shaft and to complete the calculation
using Equations (12-16) and (12-24). Note that Equation (12-24) can be used for
bending only, torsion only, or the combination of bending and torsion. Figure 12-
19 shows a typical example, using U.S. Customary units, for data from.
Design Example 12-1. Describe the application in the upper panel for future
reference.
Then complete the following steps:
- Enter the shaft material specification along with its ultimate and yield strength
properties found from tables in the Appendices.

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