4 Qualities that must be

possessed by a human person

◎ Self-awareness
◎ Externality
◎ Dignity
◎ Self-determination

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 Self-determination is the
capability of the person to make
choices and decisions based on
their own preferences, monitor,
and regulate their own actions
and be goal-oriented and self-
directed.

◎ Self-determination

2
 An important
indication of human
freedom is the
ability to make
choices and perform
actions.
Our freedom to act sets us
apart from other beings.

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Animals
◎ Respond to
command
◎ Trained and Human
conditioned to
perform ◎ Can choose the
course of action to
◎ Act instinctively take when given a
(actions are stimulus or faced
predetermined with a certain
responses to situation (Ex. Task
certain stimuli) of cleaning your
room)

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 Philosopher’s
perspective
about freedom
Aristotle (The Power of Volition)

Volition is the
faculty or power
to use or
discharge one’s
will.
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 Aristotle (The Power of Volition)
If there were no intellect,
there would be no will.
The will of humanity is an
instrument of free choice.
It is within the power of
everyone to be good or
bad, or worthy or
worthless.
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 Aristotle (The Power of Volition)

The happiness of every

human being is in his own
hands, to preserve and
develop, or to cast away.

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 Aristotle (The Power of Volition)

For Aristotle, a human

being is rational. Reason
is a divine characteristic.
If there were no intellect,
there would be no will.

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 St. Thomas Aquinas
(Freedom is spirituality and love)
Freedom, for St. Thomas, is
the manner intellectual
beings seek universal
goodness . It is a condition
of the will arising from our
nature being in the kind of
world that we inhabit.
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 St. Thomas Aquinas
(Freedom is spirituality and love)

St. Thomas considers the

human being as a moral
agent.

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 St. Thomas Aquinas
(Freedom is spirituality and love)
Our spirituality separates us from
animals; it delineates moral
dimension of our fulfillment in an
action. Through our spirituality,
we have a conscience. Whether
we choose to be “good” or “evil”
becomes our responsibility.

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 St. Thomas Aquinas
(Freedom is spirituality and love)
St. Thomas Aquinas Summa
Theologica establishes the
existence of God as a first cause.
And as God creations, human
beings have the unique power to
change themselves and things
around them for the better.

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 St. Thomas Aquinas
(Freedom is spirituality and love)
According to him, we have
conscience because of our
spirituality.

15
 Jean Paul Sartre
(Individual Freedom)

Existentialism is a philosophical
movement known for its inquiry
on human existence, which
means “to exist”.

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 Jean Paul Sartre
(Individual Freedom)

For Sartre, the human person

builds the road to the destiny
of his/her choosing; he/she is
the creator.

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 Jean Paul Sartre
(Individual Freedom)

Sartre’s Existentialism stems

from this principle: existence
precedes essences
Human being is solely
responsible for their actions
because we choose who we are.
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 Jean Paul Sartre
(Individual Freedom)

Sartre emphasizes the

importance of free individual
choice , regardless of the
power of other people to
influence and coerce
our desires, beliefs, and
decisions.
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 Jean Paul Sartre
(Individual Freedom)

Freedom means exercising our

capacity to make decisions,
change our life path and
direct the course of our lives
through our own steering.
Freedom is something that is
exercised through our CHOICES
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 Thomas Hobbes, Jean
Jacques Rousseau and
John Locke (Theory of Social Contract)

Hobbes, Rousseau and Locke

define the freedom of an
individual in the context of
having a government to rule
them (contract), which is the
basis of notion of moral
obligation and duty.
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 Thomas Hobbes, Jean
Jacques Rousseau and
John Locke (Theory of Social Contract)

Social Contract is an
agreement where
individuals sacrifice an
amount of their freedom
and submit to a higher
authority.
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 Thomas Hobbes, Jean
Jacques Rousseau and
John Locke (Theory of Social Contract)

It is a necessity that we must

assure for the government
and people to work as one.
From this understanding
also arises certainty that we
have freedom.
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