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Department of Education – Division of Palawan

i
Research – Grade 8
Contextualized Self-Learning Module
Quarter 3 – Module 3: Physical Laboratory Techniques
First Edition, 2021

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Introductory Message
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 Research 8 PHYSICAL LABORATORY
Third Quarter
TECHNIQUES AND METHODS
Week 4 & 5

MELC : Identify standard methods and techniques used in

performing experiments.

Objective/s : 1. Distinguish among the different physical laboratory

techniques and methods.
2. Cite and draw device/s or apparatus used in physical
laboratory methods and techniques.
3. Give example/s of studies and identify the laboratory
techniques and methods used.

What I Know
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read the questions carefully and select the best answer from the
given choices. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which method uses gravitational force exerted upon a person or thing?

a. Weighing c. Chromatography
b. Centrifugation d. Filtration

2. It measures mass to a high degree of precision and accuracy.

a. Top loading balance c. Spring balance
b. Analytical balance d. Weighing balance

3. Which method is used when a sample is further reduced and processed to

what is frequently called the test sample?
a. Drying c. Filtering
b. Grinding d. Weighing

4. Which method uses the process of evaporation to remove water from

another solvent?
a. Drying c. Filtering
b. Grinding d. Weighing
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5. Which among the methods of drying is used to preserve perishable materials
and make it convenient to transport.
a. Convective drying c. Freeze drying
b. Drum drying d. Microwave-vacuum drying

6. Which technique involves the application of centrifugal force to separate

particles from a solution?
a. Weighing c. Centrifugation
b. Filtration d. Chromatography

7. Which among the methods of centrifugation is the simplest form of

separation?
a. Differential pelleting c. Centrifugal elutriation
b. Rate- zonal centrifugation d. Isopycnic centrifugation

8. Distillation is a process of separating the component or substance from a

liquid mixture by __________________.
a. Evaporation and Condensation
b. Evaporation and Transpiration
c. Evaporation and Freezing
d. Evaporation only

9. Which among the different types of distillation is used to a mixture of tars and
oils?
a. Simple distillation c. Steam distillation
b. Fractional distillation d. Vacuum distillation

10. What method is used when solids are separated from fluids by adding a
medium through which only the fluid can pass?
a. Distillation c. pH Measurement
b. Filtration d. Centrifugation

11. It is a type of filtration that is often used for crystalline compounds.

a. Cold filtration c. Hot filtration
b. Gravity filtration d. Vacuum filtration

12. Chromatography is the process of separating a mixture dissolved in a fluid

called mobile phase. What phase is the structure holding material called?
a. Stationary phase c. Spontaneous phase
b. Non-moving phase d. Moving phase

13. Paper chromatography is a “liquid-liquid” chromatography while thin-layer

chromatography is a ______________________.
a. liquid- gas c. solid-liquid
b. gas-solid d. gas-liquid

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14. What does pH stand for?
a. Percentage hydroxide c. Patent of hydrogen
b. Potential of hydrogen d. All of the above

15. When do we say that a solution is acidic?

a. When pH scale goes from 7 below
b. When pH scale is 6 below
c. When pH scale goes from 7 above
d. When pH scale is 6 above

What is It
PHYSICAL LABORATORY TECHNIQUES AND METHODS

I. WEIGHING
 Is to ascertain the force that gravitation exerts upon a person or thing.

Weighing Techniques Description

1. Top loader 1. With nothing on the pan, set to

 Direct Weighing zero by pressing the "on"
button.
2. Place weighing bottle,
beaker, or vial on balance
and set to zero again.
3. Use a clean scoopula to
transfer sample into container
slowly, until you reach the
desired mass.

Figure 1. A top loading balance

 Indirect weighing (Weighing by 1. Place enough of the sample in

difference) a weighing bottle, put the lid
on, and place on the scale.
Record the mass.
2. Take some out and place it in
a different container
(whatever you will be using for
3

2. Analytical Balance
Figure 2. An analytical balance
Analytical Balance
- measures mass to a high degree of degree oven weighs 27.0271 g. At
precision and accuracy.
the experiment). Record the
new mass. The difference in
mass is the mass of the sample
transferred.
3. Continue this procedure until
you have as much sample as
you need.
4. It is best to transfer small
amounts at a time, so you do
not take more than you need.
You should not put excess
sample back into the
weighing bottle.
Use the same procedure as with
a toploader, remembering these
additional points:
 Close all the doors before
taking measurements.
 Remember the number of
significant figures. It is
higher than on a regular
toploader.
 Make sure the sample is
completely cooled when
weighing. If a sample is still
warm, it will weigh less
because of buoyancy due
to upward circulation of
hot air.
For example, a 50 mL beaker 3
minutes after removal from a 110
room temperature, it weighs
27.0410 g.

II. GRINDING

The laboratory sample usually needs to be further reduced and

processed to what is frequently called the test sample. This is a much smaller,
but still representative, subsample with an often-finer particle size, from which
test portions are selected for specific analyte determinations.
With a particulate material, if the analyte is associated with one or more
constituents, it is possible to grind the laboratory sample to reduce the average
particle size until the analyte can be regarded as a point like component of
the entire laboratory sample. This particle diameter is called the liberation size
and varies with the analyte and the type of material.

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 Grinding (more generally called comminution) can be accomplished by
various means, ranging from simple manual approaches to fully automated
techniques. Ground material is often sieved, but for chemical analysis purposes
the retained fraction is always returned to the grinder until it all passes the
desired mesh size.
Excess grinding of some materials can lead to contamination from or
analyte loss to the grinding tool. Also, overzealous grinding can result in the
absorption of atmospheric gases (including moisture) by the sample and in the
loss of fines. In addition, very finely ground material is sometimes impossible to
mix adequately.

III. DRYING
 is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water by or
another solvent, by evaporation from solid, semi-solid or liquid.

There are 5 methods of drying…

A. Convective Drying
(Convective or direct drying) is a common way of thermal drying. Gasses
from combustion or air heaters circulate through or over the product and
evaporate the solvent.

Examples:
Steaming cup of hot tea (the steam showing the heat being transferred
into the air.)
Ice melting (heat moves to the ice from the air. This causing the melting
from a solid to liquid.)

B. Drum drying
Is the drum-drying process, pureed ingredients are dried over two
rotating, high-capacity drums that produce sheets of drum-dried product. This
product is milled to finish flake or powder form (Yu Li et al., 2007).

Advantage of drum-dried ingredients: Applications

• Fresh flavor - bakery items
• Convenient powder & flakes size - pet food products
• Quick rehydration -nutritional supplements
• Economical, whole-food ingredient. - cereals & snack items

C. Freeze Drying
Is a water removal process typically used to preserve perishable
materials. To external shelf or make like or make the material more convenient
for transport. Freeze drying works by freezing material, then reducing the
pressure and adding heat to allow the frozen water in the materials to
sublimate (Cui et al., 2004).

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Advantages of freeze drying
 whole food nutrition
 closest to the fresh form
 customization
 Prolong shelf life

D. Microwave-vacuum Drying
It is generated by directly transforming the electro magnetic energy into
kinetic molecular energy, thus the heat is generated deep within the material
to be dried.

Advantages of MVD: Applications

 Vacuum driers are efficient heat sensitive - Food processing
 Temperature is lower than standard driers - Plastic
 Dries large moisture as compared to normal dryers - Timber
- Paper
E. Spray Drying
Spray drying is a technique used in the food and pharmaceutical industries
where the solvent evaporates quickly from the droplet and allows the
encapsulation of bioactive materials within a protective matrix. (Schiffmann,
1987).
Applications:
Food: milk powder, coffee,tea,eggs,cereals,spices, etc.
Pharmaceutical: Antibiotics,medical ingredients, additives.
Industries: paint pegments, ceramic materials, Catalyst support,etc.

IV. CENTRIFUGATION

Centrifugation is a technique which involves the application of

centrifugal force to separate particles from a solution according to their size,
shape, density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed.

Centrifuge- a machine with a rapidly rotating container that applies

centrifugal force to its contents, typically to separate fluids of different
densities (e.g., cream from milk) or liquids from solids.

PARTS OF A CENTRIFUGE
There are three basic parts of a centrifuge:
 A rotor
 A drive shaft
 A motor

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TYPES OF CENTRIFUGATION

1) Centrifugal Elutriation
is a process for separating particles based on their size, shape and density,
using a stream of gas or liquid flowing in a direction usually opposite to the
direction of sedimentation.
*Counter flow centrifugation elutriation is a related technique to
separate cells.

2) Density gradient centrifugation

Is a powerful technique for separating complexes based on their molecular
masses, and the range of separation can be determined by selecting
the density range.

3) Differential Centrifugation
Is a common procedure in microbiology and cytology used to separate
certain organelles from whole cells for further analysis of specific parts of cells.

METHODS OF CENTRIFUGATION
There are three (3) main methods of
centrifugation:
o Differential Pelleting
The simplest form of separation by
centrifugation is differential
centrifugation, sometimes called
differential pelleting. Particles of
different densities or sizes in a
suspension will sediment at different
rates, with the larger and denser
particles sedimenting faster.

o Rate-Zonal Centrifugation
In rate-zonal centrifugation, the
problem of cross-contamination of
particles of different sedimentation
rates may be avoided by layering
the sample as a narrow zone on top
of a density gradient.

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 o Isopycnic Centrifugation
In isopycnic separation, particles
are separated only on the basis of
their density. Particle size only
affects the rate at which particles
move until their density is the same
as the surrounding gradient
medium.

V. DISTILLATION
Distillation is a chemical process where a mixture made of two or more
liquids (called "components") with different boiling points can be separated
from each other.

Types of Distillation
1) Simple distillation
A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their
volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture.
The components in a sample mixture are vaporized by the application
of heat and then immediately cooled by the action of cold water in a
condenser. This method can only be used to separate mixtures where the
components differ widely in boiling point (by approx. 25 deg.).

2) Fractional distillation
Fractional distillation is a process by which components in a chemical
mixture are separated into different parts (called fractions) according to
their different boiling points.
Fractional distillation is used to purify chemicals and also to separate
mixtures to obtain their components.

3) Steam distillation
Steam distillation is generally used for a mixture of tars and oils which
is not dissolved in water or partially soluble in water.
It is same as simple or differential distillation but, instead of a direct
supply of heat, they used hot water or steam without stopping the process.

4) Vacuum distillation
Some compounds have very high boiling points (approximately 200
degree celcius). Sometimes it’s easier to lower the pressure than to reach
its high boiling point. This technique is referred to as vacuum distillation and
it is commonly found in the laboratory in the form of the rotary evaporator.

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Distillation materials

• 2 Erlenmeyer flasks
• 1 1-hole stopper that fits a
flask
• 1 2-hole stopper that fits a
flask
• some plastic tubing
• short lengths of glass tubing
• cold water bath
• hotplate
• thermometer (optional)

Distillation Process
The process of distillation begins with heating a liquid to boiling point. The
liquid evaporates, forming a vapor. The vapor is then cooled, usually by
passing it through pipes or tubes at a lower temperature. The cooled vapor
then condenses, forming a distillate. The distillate is a purified form of the
original liquid. When the liquid evaporates, many impurities are left behind, so
they are not present in the distillate.

This is the sequence of events in distillation:

Heating → Evaporating → Cooling → Condensing

Uses of Distillation

Distillation has many applications:

• It's used in chemistry to separate and purify liquids.
• Distillation is used to make alcoholic beverages, vinegar, and purified
water.
• Distillation is used on an industrial scale to purify chemicals.
• The fossil fuel industry uses distillation to separate components of crude
oil to make chemical feedstock and fuel.

VI. FILTRATION
Is any of various mechanical, physical or biological operations that
separate solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by adding a medium through
which only the fluid can pass. The fluid that passes through is called the filtrate.
In physical filters oversize solids in the fluid are retained and in biological filters
particulates are trapped and ingested and metabolites are retained and
removed. However, the separation is not complete; solids will be

9
contaminated with some fluid and filtrate will contain fine particles (depending
on the pore size, filter thickness and biological.

Functions of Filtration
Filtration has many different uses, such as the cleaning of water, like river
water, from impurities. It can also be used for sterilization without the use of
heat, as long as the filter’s pores are small enough to catch the
microorganisms. Keep in mind that this process will not kill the microorganisms
since it does not make use of heat.

TYPES OF FILTRATION

1. Vacuum Filtration
In vacuum filtration, a
vacuum pump is used to
rapidly draw the fluid through
a filter. Hirsch
funnels and Buchner funnels,
which are the same kind of
funnel in two different sizes,
are used along with filter
paper. The funnels have a
plate with holes in it, as we can
see below, and they are
usually used when the
substance to be filtered is
small in volume.

2. Centrifugal Filtration
This kind of filtration is done by
rotating the substance to be
filtered at very high speed. Due to
the horizontal rotation, the more
dense matter is separated from
the less dense matter.
The removal of a liquid from a
slurry by introducing the slurry into
a rapidly rotating basket, where
the solids are retained on a
porous screen and the liquid is
forced out of the cake by
the centrifugal action.

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3. Gravity Filtration
is the method of choice to
remove solid impurities from an
organic liquid. The impurity can
be a drying agent or an
undesired side product or leftover
reactant. Gravity filtration can be
used to collect solid product,
although generally
vacuum filtration is used for this
purpose because it is faster.

4. Cold Filtration
Cold filtration makes use of very
low temperatures, often by using
an ice bath. Some substances,
such as fatty acid particles,
become suspended in the
mixture as they cool down, which
then allows us to filter them out
more easily.

5. Hot Filtration
This is often used for crystalline
compounds that contain
impurities. The way this filtration is
done is by melting down the
crystalline compound, removing
the impurities as the substance is
still in liquid form, and finally
recrystallizing the now pure
substance. Often, it is
recommended that the
apparatus used in this filtration be
heated up so that the filtered
substance doesn’t crystallize in
the funnel and block the flow.

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 6. Multilayer Filtration
This can refer to multiple layers of
different material, including sand,
gravel, or charcoal, where the
different layers contain different
particle sizes of that material. In
this type of filtration, a mixture of
liquid and insoluble solid particles
is poured over the layers, and the
solid particles are caught
throughout, resulting in a filtered
liquid.

THE USES OF WATER FILTRATION

Water filtration can provide better tasting and better smelling drinking
water by removing chlorine, chemicals, pesticides, heavy metals and bacterial
contaminants. ... Drinking pure water is especially important for children. Water
filters provide the healthiest water for children's developing immune systems.
Filtered water protects the body from disease and leads to overall better
health. Filtered water removes cryptosporidium and giardia from drinking
water helping to reduce the risk of gastrointestinal disease by more than 33%.
Filtered water is important for children's developing immune systems.

VII. CHROMATOGRAPHY
Is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture. The mixture is
dissolved in a fluid called the mobile phase, which carries it through a structure
holding another material called the stationary phase. The various constituents
of the mixture travel at different speeds, causing them to separate. The
separation is based on differential partitioning between the mobile and
stationary phases. Subtle differences in a compound's partition
coefficient result in differential retention on the stationary phase and thus
affect the separation.
Chromatography may be preparative or analytical. The purpose of
preparative chromatography is to separate the components of a mixture for
later use, and is thus a form of purification. Analytical chromatography is done
normally with smaller amounts of material and is for establishing the presence
or measuring the relative proportions of analytes in a mixture. The two are not
mutually exclusive.

Types of chromatography:

1) Column chromatography
Since proteins have difference characteristic features as size, shape,
net charge, stationary phase used, and binding capacity, each one of
these characteristic components can be purified using chromatographic
methods. Among these methods, most frequently column chromatography

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 is applied. This technique is used for the purification of biomolecules. On a
column (stationary phase) firstly the sample to be separated, then wash
buffer (mobile phase) are applied. Their flow through inside column material
placed on a fiberglass support is ensured. The samples are accumulated at
the bottom of the device in a time, and volume-dependent manner.

2) Gel- permeation (molecular sieve) chromatography

The basic principle of this method is to use dextran containing
materials to separate macromolecules based on their differences in
molecular sizes. This procedure is basically used to determine molecular
weights of proteins, and to decrease salt concentrations of protein
solutions. In a gel- permeation column stationary phase consists of inert
molecules with small pores. The solution containing molecules of different
dimensions are passed continuously with a constant flow rate through the
column. Molecules larger than pores cannot permeate into gel particles,
and they are retained between particles within a restricted area. Larger
molecules pass through spaces between porous particles, and move
rapidly through inside the column. Molecules smaller than the pores are
diffused into pores, and as molecules get smaller, they leave the column
with proportionally longer retention times. Sephadeks G type is the most
frequently used column material. Besides, dextran, agorose,
polyacrylamide are also used as column materials.

3) Ion- exchange chromatography

Ion- exchange chromatography is based on electrostatic
interactions between charged protein groups, and solid support material
(matrix). Matrix has an ion load opposite to that of the protein to be
separated, and the affinity of the protein to the column is achieved with
ionic ties. Proteins are separated from the column either by changing pH,
concentration of ion salts or ionic strength of the buffer solution. Positively
charged ion- exchange matrices are called anion-exchange matrices, and
adsorb negatively charged proteins. While matrices bound with negatively
charged groups are known as cation-exchange matrices, and adsorb
positively charged proteins.

4) Affinity chromatography
This chromatography technique is used for the purification of
enzymes, hormones, antibodies, nucleic acids, and specific proteins. A
ligand which can make a complex with specific protein (dextran,
polyacrylamide, cellulose etc.) binds the filling material of the column. The
specific protein which makes a complex with the ligand is attached to the
solid support (matrix), and retained in the column, while free proteins leave
the column. Then the bound protein leaves the column by means of
changing its ionic strength through alteration of pH or addition of a salt
solution.

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5) Paper chromatography
In paper chromatography support material consists of a layer of
cellulose highly saturated with water. In this method a thick filter paper
comprised the support, and water drops settled in its pores made up the
stationary “liquid phase.” Mobile phase consists of an appropriate fluid
placed in a developing tank. Paper chromatography is a “liquid-liquid”
chromatography.

6) Thin-layer chromatography
Thin-layer chromatography is a “solid-liquid adsorption”
chromatography. In this method stationary phase is a solid adsorbent
substance coated on glass plates. As adsorbent material all solid
substances used in column chromatography (alumina, silica gel, cellulose)
can be utilized. In this method, the mobile phase travels upward through
the stationary phase. The solvent travels up the thin plate soaked with the
solvent by means of capillary action. During this procedure, it also drives the
mixture priory dropped on the lower parts of the plate with a pipette
upwards with different flow rates. Thus the separation of analytes is
achieved. This upward travelling rate depends on the polarity of the
material, solid phase, and of the solvent.
In cases where molecules of the sample are colourless, florescence,
radioactivity or a specific chemical substance can be used to produce a
visible coloured reactive product so as to identify their positions on the
chromatogram. Formation of a visible colour can be observed under room
light or UV light. The position of each molecule in the mixture can be
measured by calculating the ratio between the distances travelled by the
molecule and the solvent. This measurement value is called relative
mobility, and expressed with a symbol Rf. Rf. value is used for qualitative
description of the molecules.

7) Gas chromatography
In this method stationary phase is a column which is placed in the
device, and contains a liquid stationary phase which is adsorbed onto the
surface of an inert solid. Gas chromatography is a “gas-liquid”
chromatography. Its carrier phase consists of gases as He or N2. Mobile
phase which is an inert gas is passed through a column under high pressure.
The sample to be analysed is vaporized, and enters into a gaseous mobile
phase. The components contained in the sample are dispersed between
mobile phase, and stationary phase on the solid support. Gas
chromatography is a simple, multifaceted, highly sensitive, and rapidly
applied technique for the extremely excellent separation of very minute
molecules. It is used in the separation of very little amounts of analytes.

8) Dye- ligand chromatography

Development of this technique was based on the demonstration of
the ability of many enzymes to bind purine nucleotides for Cibacron Blue
F3GA dye. The planar ring structure with negatively charged groups is

14
 analogous to the structure of NAD. This analogy has been evidenced by
demonstration of the binding of Cibacron Blue F3GA dye to adenine, ribose
binding sites of NAD. The dye behaves as an analogue of ADP-ribose. The
binding capacity of this type adsorbents is 10–20-fold stronger rhat that of
the affinity of other adsorbents. Under appropriate pH conditions, elution
with high-ionic strength solutions, and using ion-exchange property of
adsorbent, the adsorbed proteins are separated from the column.

9) Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC)

In this method the adsorbents prepared as column material for the
ligand binding in affinity chromatography are used. HIC technique is based
on hydrophobic interactions between side chains bound to
chromatography matrix.

10)Pseudo affinity chromatography

Some compounds as anthraquinone dyes, and azo-dyes can be
used as ligands because of their affinity especially for dehydrogenases,
kinases, transferases, and reductases .The mostly known type of this kind of
chromatography is immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC).

11)High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Using this chromatography technique it is possible to perform
structural, and functional analysis, and purification of many molecules
within a short time, This technique yields perfect results in the separation,
and identification of amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids,
proteins, steroids, and other biologically active molecules, In HPLC, mobile
phase passes through columns under 10–400 atmospheric pressure, and
with a high (0.1–5 cm//sec) flow rate. In this technique, use of small particles,
and application of high pressure on the rate of solvent flow increases
separation power, of HPLC and the analysis is completed within a short time.
Essential components of a HPLC device are solvent depot, high-
pressure pump, commercially prepared column, detector, and recorder.
Duration of separation is controlled with the aid of a computerized system,
and material is accrued.

15
VIII. PH MEASUREMENT

pH Value Measurement
The pH of a solution is a
measure of the molar
concentration of Hydrogen Ions in
the solution and as such is a
measure of acidity or basicity of a
solution. The pH value states that
the relative quantity of Hydrogen
Ions (H+) contained in a solution.
The greater the concentration of
H+ the more acidic the solution
and the lower the pH.

Different methods for measuring pH value

Indicator Method
pH Indicators
 Liquid acid – base indicators are
weak organic acid or bases that
presents as different colors in
their acid and base forms.
 An indicator has a specific pH
range over which it changes from
its acid form to its base form. An
indicator is not useful outside its
pH range because the indicator
does not change color over
these pH values.
pH Test Papers
Litmus paper is probably the most
familiar pH paper. It is used to broadly
test whether a solution is acidic or basic
and comes in 3 types – red, blue, and
neutral. Red litmus turns blue in basic
solutions, blue litmus turns red in acidic
solutions, and neutral litmus
(usually purple) turns red in acidic
solutions and turns blue in basic
solutions.

16
Metal – Electrode Method
a. Hydrogen – Electrode Method
A hydrogen electrode is
made by adding platinum black
to platinum wire or a
platinum plate. It is
immersed in the test solution and
an electric charge is applied
to the solution and the solution is
saturated with hydrogen gas. The
electrode potential is measured
between platinum black
electrode and silver chloride
electrode. This potential is
inversely proportional to pH of the
solution.
b. Quinhydrone – Electrode
Method
When quinhydrone is
added to a solution, it separates
into hydroquinone and
quinone, because
quinone’s solubility varies
depending on the pH value of
the solution, pH can be
determined from the voltage
between a platinum and
reference electrode.
Glass – Electrode Method
 In this method, the known pH of a
reference solution is determined
by using two electrodes, a glass
electrode and a reference
electrode. Measuring the voltage
(difference in potential)
generated between the two
electrodes. The difference in pH
between solutions inside and
outside the thin glass membrane
creates electromotive force in
proportion to this difference in pH.

17
Semiconductor Sensor Method
 The semiconductor pH sensor,
whose development started
about 1970, replaces a glass
electrode with a semiconductor
chip. This sensor, known as an Ion
Sensitive Field Effect Transistor
(ISFET), is not only resistant to
damage but also easily
miniaturized. Miniaturization
allows the use of smaller amounts
of sample for measurement, and
makes it possible to perform
measurements in very small
spaces and on solid state
surfaces.

What I Can Do

Activity 1. Rearrange me!

Directions: Determine the hidden words by unjumbling the letters. Write your
answers in the right column or in a separate sheet of paper.

Laboratory Technique Answer:

1) Y R D N G I
2) Y H P A R G O T A M O R H C
3) M E A P H S U R E T N E M
4) T R A T I O N L I F
5) T I L L A S I D T O N I
6) T I O N C E N T I R F A U G
7) D N R I I N G G
8) I N G H G E I W

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Activity 2. Which is which?
Directions: Identify the technique or method used by reading the description
in the first column then illustrate or draw (1) laboratory tool, device or gadget
used in each technique identified.

Description Technique or Method Example of device, tool

or apparatus used
1) It is a mass transfer
processing of the
removal of water by or
another solvent
through evaporation
from solid, semi-solid or
liquid.
2) Is a process of
separating two or
more liquids with
different boiling points.
3) A process of
separating
components of a
mixture for later use,
and is thus a form of
purification.
4) Process of identifying
the molar
concentration of
hydrogen ions in a
solution.
5) Is to ascertain the
force that gravitation
exerts.
6) To further reduce the
size of a sample in a
much smaller, often,
finer particle size.
7) It involves the
application of
centripetal force to
separate particles
from a solution.
8) A process of
separating solids from
liquids by adding a
medium which only
the fluid can pass.

19
 What’s More

Activity 3. Give and take!

Directions: (GIVE) Provide at least (2) examples of published studies and (TAKE)
identify the physical laboratory techniques or methods used.

Title of the Study List of techniques or methods used

1)

2)

What I Have Learned

Activity 4. I learned that…

There are eight identified physical laboratory techniques or methods

used in conducting scientific investigations.

Weighing is a technique used to measure weight and uses 1)_______________.

When laboratory samples need to be further reduced in size, 2)______________
is used.

3)________________ on the other hand, is used when water is removed by the

process of evaporation.
Centrifugation is a technique which involves the application of
4)______________ to separate particles from solution according to their size,
5)_____________, 6)______________, and viscosity.

20
Distillation is used to separate two or more liquids with different
7)________________.

Filtration separates solids from 8) _______________ by adding a medium through

which only the fluid can pass. The fluid that passes through is called 9)
__________________.
Chromatography is also known as 10) __________________. It is a technique
wherein the mixture is dissolved in a fluid called 11) _____________, which carries
it through a structure holding another material called 12) _________________.
13)_________________ is a technique used to measure the molar concentration
of 14)_______________ in the solution and as such is a measure of acidity and
15)_______________ of a solution.

Assessment

MULTIPLE CHOICE:

Directions: Read the questions carefully and select the best answer from the
given choices. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

1. What weighing technique is used in direct weighing?

a. Analytical balance c. Direct balance
b. Top loader d. Indirect balance

2. Which of the following is TRUE in weighing?

a. Place the sample on the scale then turn the device on.
b. Close all the doors after taking measurements.
c. Make sure that the sample is completely cooled.
d. Transfer a big amount then remove excess while weighing.

3. The laboratory sample needs to be further reduced and processed to

what is frequently called the ___________________.
a. Sample c. Test sample
b. Smallest Unit d. Fractional unit

21
4. What process is involved in drying?
a. Condensation c. Sublimation
b. Evaporation d. Precipitation

5. Which method of drying is generated by directly transforming the

electro magnetic energy into kinetic molecular energy, thus the heat is
generated deep within the material to be dried?
a. Convective drying c. Freeze drying
b. Drum drying d. Microwave-vacuum drying

6. Is a machine with a rapid rotating container that applies centrifugal

force to its contents to separate fluids of different densities.
a. Rotor c. drive shaft
b. Motor d. Centrifuge

7. Which type of centrifugation is a common procedure in microbiology

and cytology that is used to separate certain organelles?
a. Centrifugal elutriation c. Density gradient centrifugation
b. Differential Centrifugation d. Counterflow elutriation

8. Which is the right sequence of events in distillation?

a. Heating > Evaporating > Cooling > Condensing
b. Heating > Cooling > Evaporating > Condensing
c. Condensing > Evaporating > Cooling > Heating
d. Heating > Condensing > Cooling > Evaporating

9. Which type of distillation involves separating mixtures based on

differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture?
a. Simple distillation c. Steam distillation
b. Fractional distillation d. Vacuum distillation
c.
10. In filtration, the fluid that passes through is called the ____________.
a. Solute c. Solvent
b. Filtrate d. Filter

11. Which type of filtration uses different materials including, sand, gravel,
charcoal in different particle sizes?
a. Gravity filtration c. Hot filtration
b. Multilayer filtration d. Cold filtration

12. When chromatography is used for purification, it is

called_______________.
a. Preparative chromatography
b. Analytical chromatography
c. Column chromatography
d. Affinity chromatography

22
 23
Assessment
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. A 10. B
11. B 12. A 13. A 14. A 15. C
What I have learned ACTIVITY 2 What I can do
1. Weighing scale 1. DRYING ACTIVITY 1
2. Grinding
2. DISTILLATION
3. Drying 1. DRYING
4. Centrifugation 3. CHROMATOGRAPHY
2. CHROMATOGRAPHY
5. Size/shape 4. PH MEASUREMENT
3. PH MEASUREMENT
6. Density 5. WEIGHING
7. Boiling points 4. FILTRATION
6. GRINDING
8. Fluids 5. DISTILLATION
9. Filtrate 7. CENTRIFUGATION
6. CENTRIFUGATION
10. Purification 8. FILTRATION
7. GRINDING
11. Mobile phase
12. Stationary phase What’s more 8. WEIGHING
13. Ph measurement
14. Hydrogen ions (Answers vary)
15. Basicity
What I Know
1. A 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. C 7. A 8. A 9. C 10. B 11. C
12. A 13. C 14. B 15. C
Answer Key
d. Pure water a. Wine b. Coffee c. Blood
15. Which of the following is a basic substance?
a. Acidic b. Basic c. Neutral d. Alkaline
14. Blue litmus paper turns red when the solution is____________.
b. Metal- electrode method d. Semiconductor sensor method
a. Indicator method c. Glass-electrode method
13. Which method for measuring pH value uses liquid acid- base indicators?
References

Aryal, S., 2021. Centrifugation- Principle, Types and Applications |

Instrumentation | Microbe Notes. [online] Microbe Notes. Available at:
<https://microbenotes.com/centrifugation-principle-types-and-
applications/> [Accessed 8 March 2021].
Biocyclopedia.com. 2021. Drying | Basic laboratory procedures II |
Fundamental laboratory techniques. [online] Available at:
<https://biocyclopedia.com/index/chem_lab_methods/drying.php#:~:te
xt=For%20most%20general%20laboratory%20applications,using%20a%20c
ompressed%2Dair%20jet.> [Accessed 10 March 2021].
Byjus.com. 2021. GDPR. [online] Available at:
<https://byjus.com/chemistry/distillation/> [Accessed 10 March 2021].
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2021. Sample preparation - Preparing the test
sample. [online] Available at:
<https://www.britannica.com/science/sample-preparation/Preparing-
the-test-sample> [Accessed 3 March 2021].
Labdepotinc.com. 2021. pH Measurement. [online] Available at:
<https://www.labdepotinc.com/articles/pH-information-2.html>
[Accessed 9 March 2021].
Sciencedirect.com. 2021. Chromatography - an overview | ScienceDirect
Topics. [online] Available at:
<https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/chromatography>
[Accessed 10 March 2021].
ThoughtCo. 2021. What Filtration Is and How It's Done. [online] Available at:
<https://www.thoughtco.com/filtration-definition-4144961> [Accessed 11
March 2021].
Universe, 2021. Drying (principles). [online] Slideshare.net. Available at:
<https://www.slideshare.net/SaifulIslam750/drying-principles> [Accessed
15 March 2021].
Wiredchemist.com. 2021. Laboratory Tutorials. [online] Available at:
<http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/instructional/laboratory-
tutorials> [Accessed 3 March 2021].

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO Palawan

Curriculum Implementation Division Office

2nd Floor DepED Palawan Building
Telephone no. (048) 433-3292

Learning Resources Management Section

LRMS Building, PEO Compound
Telephone No. (048) 434-0099

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