ELECTRICITY

A fundamental form of energy observable in

positive and negative forms that occurs
naturally (as in lightning) or is produced (as
in a generator) and that expressed in terms of
the movement and interaction of electrons.

Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of

our most widely used forms of energy. We get
electricity, which is a secondary energy source, from the conversion of other sources
of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources, which
are called primary sources. 

TWO FORMS OF ELECTRICITY:

STATIC ELECTRICITY – Static electricity is the result of an accumulation of
electric charges that occurs when two non-metallic objects rub against each other.
Static electricity can be seen when a balloon is rubbed against one's hair, for
example. Another common example is the shock one receives after walking across
a carpet and then touching a door knob. Lightning is also the result of static electric
discharge.
DYNAMIC ELECCTRICITY- Dynamic electricity is the flow of electric charges
through a conductor; in other words, an electric current.

Dynamic electricity refers to a steady flow of electrons between places and things.
It needs to flow through a conductor. A conductor is a substance that lets electrons
pass freely through it. For example, copper is a conductor. An energy source, such as a
battery or generator, starts the electrons moving.

MAGNETISM
Magnetism is the force exerted by magnets when
they attract or repel each other. Magnetism is
caused by the motion of electric charges.
Every substance is made up of tiny units
called atoms.

Each atom has electrons, particles that
carry electric charges. Spinning like tops,
the electrons circle the nucleus, or core, of
an atom. Their movement generates an electric
current and causes each electron to act like
a microscopic magnet.

In most substances, equal numbers of electrons spin in opposite directions,

which cancels out their magnetism. That is why materials such as cloth or
paper are said to be weakly magnetic. In substances such as iron, cobalt,
and nickel, most of the electrons spin in the same direction. This makes
the atoms in these substances strongly magnetic—but they are not
yet magnets. To become magnetized, another strongly magnetic substance
must enter the magnetic field of an existing magnet. The magnetic field is the
area around a magnet that has magnetic force.

All magnets have north and south poles. Opposite poles are attracted to each

other, while the same poles repel each other. When you rub a piece
of iron along a magnet, the north-seeking poles of the atoms in the iron line
up in the same direction. The force generated by the aligned atoms creates
a magnetic field. The piece of iron has become a magnet.

Some substances can be magnetized by an electric current.

When electricity runs through a coil of wire, it produces a magnetic field. The
field around the coil will disappear, however, as soon as the electric current is
turned off.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELECTRICITY

AND MAGNETISM
Electricity and magnetism are separate yet interconnected phenomena
associated with the electromagnetic force. Together, they form the basis
for electromagnetism. Except for behavior due to the force of gravity, nearly
every occurrence in daily life stems from the electromagnetic force. It is
responsible for the interactions between atoms and the flow between
matter and energy. The other fundamental forces are the weak and strong
nuclear force, which govern radioactive decay and the formation of atomic
nuclei. Since electricity and magnetism are incredibly important, it's a good
idea to begin with a basic understanding of what they are and how they
work.

ELECTROMAGNETISM
Magnetism and electricity are the two fundamental aspects of
electromagnetism – it is the branch of physics that deals with the study of
electromagnetic force and deals with electricity and magnetism and the
interaction between them. It is the phenomenon that describes the interaction
between electric fields and magnetic fields. There are two kinds of forces in
electromagnetism – the ones associated with stationary electric charges and
those associated with charges in motion. The phenomenon of electromagnetism
is better described by saying that there are two kinds of electric charges and that
like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. The charge
carried by the proton is called positive charge, and the charge carried by the
electron us called negative charge.

INDUCTORS

An Inductor is a passive electrical component consisting of a coil of

wire which is designed to take advantage of
the relationship between magnetism and
electricity as a result of an electric current
passing through the coil. It is an electrical component used to introduce
inductance into a circuit which opposes the change of current flow, both
magnitude and direction, and that even a straight piece of conductive
wire can have some amount of inductance in it.

An Inductor, also called a choke, is another passive type electrical component

consisting of a coil of wire designed to take advantage of this relationship by
inducing a magnetic field in itself or within its core as a result of the current
flowing through the wire coil. Forming a wire coil into an inductor results in a
much stronger magnetic field than one that would be produced by a simple coil of
wire.
Inductors are formed with wire tightly wrapped around a solid central core which
can be either a straight cylindrical rod or a continuous loop or ring to concentrate
their magnetic flux.
The schematic symbol for an inductor is that of a coil of wire so therefore, a coil of
wire can also be called an Inductor. Inductors usually are categorized according to
the type of inner core they are wound around, for example, hollow core (free air),
solid iron core or soft ferrite core with the different core types being distinguished
by adding continuous or dotted parallel lines next to the wire coil as shown below.

INDUCTANCE
Inductance is the ability of an inductor to store energy and it does this
in the magnetic field that is created by the flow of electrical current.
Energy is required to set up the magnetic field and this energy needs to
be released when the field falls.
Inductance is a key parameter in electrical and electronic circuit designs. Like
resistance and capacitance, it is a basic electrical measurement that affects all
circuits to some degree.
Inductance is used in many areas of electrical and electronic systems and circuits.
The electronic components can be in a variety of forms and may be called by a
variety of names: coils, inductors, chokes, transformers. Each of these may also
have a variety of different variants: with and without cores and the core materials
may be of different types.
Understanding inductance and the different forms and formats for inductors and
transformers helps provide an understanding of what is happening within the
electrical and electronic circuits.
The term inductance was coined by Oliver Heaviside in 1886. It is customary to
use the symbol L for inductors shown on circuit diagrams and inductance in
equations after the physicist Heinrich Lenz.
Since then the term inductor has remained in use as the primary term for describing
this form of electrical parameter. Also many electronic components that have
inductance as their primary parameter bear the name that was coined by Appleton.

TRANSFORMER
The transformer in the simplest way can
be described as a thing that steps up or steps
down voltage. In a step-up transformer, the
output voltage is increased and in a step-
down transformer, the output voltage is
decreased. The step-up transformer will
decrease the output current and the step-
down transformer will increase the output current for keeping the input
and the output power of the system equal.

Electrical transformers are machines that transfer electricity from one

circuit to another with changing voltage level but no frequency change.
Today, they are designed to use AC supply, which means that
fluctuation in supply voltage is impacted by the fluctuation in the
current. So, an increase in current will bring about an increase in the
voltage and vice versa.

Transformers help improve safety and efficiency of power systems by

raising and lowering voltage levels as and when needed. They are used
in a wide range of residential and industrial applications, primarily and
perhaps most importantly in the distribution and regulation of power
across long distances.

The transformer is basically a voltage control device that is used widely

in the distribution and transmission of alternating current power. The
idea of a transformer was first discussed by Michael Faraday in the year
1831 and was carried forward by many other prominent scientific
scholars. However, the general purpose of using transformers was to
maintain a balance between the electricity that was generated at very
high voltages and consumption which was done at very low voltages.

The construction of transformer is of iron core laminated with steel bands. Core
laminations are constructed from insulated metal thin metal strips. These
laminations are separated and wound around the limb using a sheet of coat or
parchment. The winding consists of two types, main and secondary winding. These
windings are isolated from each other and are made by an electric coil. The
principal feature of the core is to facilitate the winding of the magnetic flow and to
provide a low
reticence
direction with a
useful flow.
Core Type Transformer:
In core type transformer, the HV (High
Voltage) and LV (Low Voltage) winding are
wound on both the limbs. The winding are
wound in such a manner to minimize the
leakage flux. For this purpose, first LV
winding is wound over which HV winding is
wound. This also have advantage of lesser
insulation requirement for having insulation
between the LV winding and the core. Figure
below shows a simple diagram of core type
transformer.

Shell Type Transformer:

In Shell type transformer, the winding are
interleaved or sandwiched on the central limb as
shown in figure below. The LV winding is placed
near the yoke and its size is made half of that of other
winding. Since the winding is wound on the central
limb, total flux Ø flows through the central limb
whereas in yoke only half of the total flux i.e. (Ø/2)
flows