E K NAYANAR MEMORIAL MODEL POLYTECHNIC

COLLAGE KALLIASSERY

DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

SEMINAR REPORT

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this seminar report is the bonafide record of the seminar presented
by ATHUL.K on NANOTECHNOLOGY in partial fulfilment of the requirement for
the award of diploma in BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING of the technical education,
Kerala State.

PRINCIPAL CO-ORDINATOR GUIDE

Mr.SAJITH. P Mrs.NISHA. P.V Mrs.MONISHA. C. V

E K NAYANAR MEMORIAL HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT LECTUER IN BIOMEDICAL

MODEL POLYTECHNIC E K NAYANAR MEMORIAL EK NAYANAR MEMORIAL
KALLIASSERY MODEL POLYTECHNIC MODEL POLYTECHNIC
KALLIASSERY KALLIASSERY

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 E K NAYANAR MEMORIAL

MODEL POLYTECHNIC COLLAGE

KALLIASSERY

MANAGED BY

INSTITUTE OF HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

SEMINAR REPORT

ON

NANOTECHNOLOGY

SUBMITTED BY

ATHUL K

DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

2021-2023

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I here by take an opportunity to express sincere gratitude to our principal

Mr.SAJITH.P , for giving me permission to conduct the seminar.

I also convey thanks to Mrs .NISHA. P.V,the seminar coordinator and special thanks
to Mrs.MONISHA. C.V,for her guidance and encouragement thought the seminar
presentation.

In this context, I remember and express thanks to all my beloved friends who helped
me directly or indirectly in my seminar.

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 ABSTRACT
Nanotechnology has enormous potential to change society and it involves
manipulation of objects on the automic level

The products will be build on every atom that are stronger, smarter, cheaper, cleaner,
and more precise.

Nanotechnology is the art and science of manipulating matter at the nanoscale (down
to 1/100,000 the width of a human hair)

Nanotech is used to create new and unique materials and products

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CONTENTS

CHAPTERS PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 6

2. HOW NANO TECHNOLOGY WILL CHANGE THE WORLD 7

2. WHAT NEW OBJECTS WILL APPEAR BECAUSE OF NANOTECH 9

3. WHICH INDUSTRIES SHOULD DISAPPEAR BY NANOTECH 11

4. POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS 12

5. ADVANTAGES 14

6. DISADVANTAGES 15

7. CONCLUSION 16

8. REFFERENCE 17

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 1.INTRODUCTION

In a world of information, digital technologies have made copying

fast, cheap ,and perfect , quite , independent of cost or complexity of the
content. what if the same were to happen in the world of matter? The
production cost of a ton of tetra byte RAM chips would be about the same
as the production cost of steel. Design costs matter, production costs would
not matter.

At the last turn of the century, the average person would have had a hard
time trying to understand how cars and airplanes worked, and computers
and nuclear bombs exist only in theory. By the next turn of the century, we
may have submicroscopic, self-replicating robots; machine people; the end
of disease; even immortality. Hard to imagine? Not for the new breed
of scientist who says that the 21st century could see all these science
fiction dreams come true the is because of molecular nanotechnology,
a hybrid of chemistry and engineering that would let us manufacture
anything with atomic precision. In fact, scientists claim that even
within the next 50 years, this new technology will change the world in
ways we can barely begin to imagine today.

Just as computers break down data into its most basic form 1’s and 0’s—
nanotechnology deals with matter in its most elemental form: atoms and
molecules.

With a computer, once data is broken down and organized into

combinations of 1s and 0s, it can be easily reproduced and distributed.
With matter, the basic building blocks are atoms and the combinations of
atoms that make up molecules. Nanotechnology lets you manipulate
those atoms and molecules, making it possible to manufacture, replicate,
and distribute any substance known to humans as easily and cheaply
as you can replicate data on a computer.

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 2.HOW NANO TECHNOLOGY WILL CHANGE THE WORLD

(a). First Bricks Then The Building :

Before nanotechnology can become anything other than a very impressive

computer simulation, nanotechnologists are inventing an assembler, a
few-atoms-large nanomachine that can custom-build matter.

Engineers at Cornell and Stanford, as well as at Zyvex (the self- described

"first molecular nanotechnology development company") are working
to create such assemblers right now.

The first products will most likely be superstrong nanoscale

building materials, such as the Bucky tubes . Bucky tubes are chicken-
wire-shapedtubes made from geodesic dome-shaped carbon molecules .
These tubes are essentially nanometer-sized graphite fibers, and their
strength is 100 to 150 times that of steel at less than one-fourth the
weight. With Bucky tubes we can build super roller coasters that drop you
from 14,000 feet or we could take tram rides through the Himalayas.

The key to manufacturing with assemblers on a large scale is self-

replication. One nano-sized robot making wood one nano-sized piece at
a time would be painfully slow. But if these assemblers could replicate
themselves, we could have trillions of assemblers all manufacturing in
unison. Then there would be no limit to the kinds of things we could
create. "Not only our manufacturing process will be transformed, but
our concept of labor. Consumer goods will become plentiful,
inexpensive, smart, and durable".

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(b).The Ways That Molecular Nanotechnology could Change our lives:

(b.1)Manufacturing and Industry:

Nanotechnology will render the traditional manufacturing process

Obsolete. For example, we'd no longer have a steel mill Outfitted with
enormous, expensive machinery, running on fossi fuels and employing
hundreds of human workers; instead we'd have a nanofactory with trillions
of nanobots synthesizing steel, molecule by molecule.

Bill Spence believes that all industry would disappear except software
engineering and design. We'd simply design, engineer, and do a
molecular model of any product we wanted, and then software could
tell a nanobot how to make it.

(b.2).Use of Natural Resources:

Rather than clear-cutting forests to make paper, we'd have

assemblers synthesizing paper. Rather than using oil for energy, we'd have
molecule-sized solar cells mixed into road pavement a few hundred
Famine would be obliterated, as food could be synthesized easily and
cheaply with a microwave-sized nanobox that pulls the raw materials
(mostly carbon) from the air or the soil. And by using nanobots as cleaning
machines that break down pollutants, we would be able to counteract the
damage we've done to the earthsince the industrial revolution.

(b.3).Medicine:

Nanotechnology could also mean the end of disease as we know it. If

you caught a cold or contracted AIDS, you'd just drink a teaspoon of
liquid that contained an army of molecule-sized nanobots
programmed to enter your body's cells and fight viruses. If a genetic
disease ran in yourfamily, you'd ingest nanobots that would burrow
into your DNA and repair the defective . Even traditional plastic surgery
would be eliminated, as medical nanobots could change your eye color,
alter the shape of your nose, or even give you a complete sex change

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 3.WHAT NEW OBJECTS WILL APPEAR BECAUSE OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY? :

Perhaps the big story -- with mature nanotechnology, any object can
morph into any other imaginable object... truly a concept requiring
personal exposure to fully understand the significance and
possibilities, but to get a grip on the idea, consider this:

The age of digital matter -- multi-purpose, programmable machines,

change the software, and something completely different happens.

A simple can opener or a complex asphalt paver are both, single

purpose machines. Ask them to clean your floor or build a radio tower and
they "stare" back blankly. A computer is different, it is a multi purpose
machine --one machine that can do unlimited tasks by changing
software... but only in the world of bits and information.

Fractal Robots are programmable machines that can do unlimited

tasks in the physical world, the world of matter. Load the right software
and the same "machines" can take out the garbage, paint your car, or
construct an office building and later, wash that building's windows. In
large groups, these devices exhibit what may be termed as macro (hold in
your hand) sized "nanobots ", possessing AND performing many of the
desirable features of mature nanomachines (as described in
Drexler's, Engines of Creation, Unbounding the Future, Nanosystems,
etc.).This is the beginning of "Digital Matter".

These Robots look like "Rubic's Cubes" that can "slide" over each
other on command, changing and moving in any overall shape desired
for a particular task. These cubes communicate with each other and
share power through simple internal induction coils, have batteries, a
small computer and various kinds of internal magnetic and electric
inductive motors (dependingon size) used to move over other cubes
(details here). When sufficiently miniaturized (below

0.1mm) and fabricated using photolithography methods, cubes can also

be programmed to assemble other cubes of smaller or larger size. This
“self-assembly" is an important feature that will drop cost
dramatically.

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 The point is – if you have enough of the cubes of small enough
dimension, they can slide over each other, or "morph" into any object with
just about any function, one can imagine and program for such behavior.
Cubes of sufficiently miniaturized size could be programmed to
behave like the "T-2" Terminator Robot in the Arnold Schwartznegger
movie, or a lawn chair... Just about any animate or inanimate object.

Fractal Shape Shifting Robots have been in prototype for the last two years
and this form of "digital matter" to hit the commercial seen very soon. In
the near future, if you gaze out your window and see something vaguely
resembling an amoeba constructing an office building, you'll know what
"IT" is

This is not to say individual purpose objects will not be desirable...

Back to cotton -- although Cubes could mimic the exact appearance of
a fuzzy down comforter (a blanket), if made out of cubes, it would be
heavy and not have the same thermal properties. Although through a
heroic engineering effort, such a "blanket" could be made to insulate
and pipe gasses like acomforter and even "levitate" slightly to mimic
the weight and mass, why bother when the real thing can be manufactured
atom by atom, on site, at about a meter a second (depending on thermal
considerations).

Also, "single purpose" components of larger machines will be built to

take advantage of fantastic structural properties of

diamondoid-Buckytube composites for such things as thin, super strong

aircraft parts. Today, using the theoretical properties of such materials,
we can design an efficient, quiet, super safe personal vertical takeoff
airocar. This vehicle of science fiction is probably science future.

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 4.WHICH INDUSTRIES SHOULD DISAPPEAR BECAUSE OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY?:

Everything -- but software, everything will run on software, and

general engineering, as it relates to this new power over matter... and the
entertainment industry. Unfortunately, there will still be insurance
salesmen and lawyers, although not in my solar orbiting city state. If
as Drexler suggest, we can pave streets with self assembling solar
cells, I would tend to avoid energy stocks. Mature nanites could mine any
material from the earth, landfills or asteroids at very low cost and in great
abundance.

The mineral business is about to change. Traditional manufacturing

will not be able to compete with assembler technology and what
happens to all those jobs and the financial markets is a big, big issue that
needs to be addressed now.

we will have a lot of obsolete mental baggage and

Programming to throw out of our heads... Traditional pursuits of

money will need to be reevaluated when a personal assembler can
manufacture a fleet of Porch, that run circles around todays models.

As Drexler so intuitively points out, the best thing to do, is to get the
whole world's society educated and understanding what will and can
happen with this technology. This will help people make the transition
and keep mental, and financial meltdowns to a minimum.

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 5.POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS:

What will happen to the global order when assemblers and

automated engineering eliminate the need for most international trade?
How will society change when individuals can live indefinitely? What
will we do when replicating assemblers can make almost anything without
human labor? What will we do when AI systems can think faster than
humans?

(A).The Right Tools in the Wrong Hands:

As with computers, nanotechnology and programmable assemblers could

become ordinary household objects. It's not too likely that the average
person will get hold of and launch a nuclear weapon, but imagine a
deranged white separatist launching an army of nanobots programmed to
kill anyone with brown eyes or curly hair. And even if nanotechnology
remains in the hands of governments, think what a Stalin or a Saddam
Hussein could do. Vast armies of tiny, specialized killing machines that
could be built and dispatched in a day; nano-sized surveillance devices or
probes that could be implanted in the brains of people without their
knowledge. The potential misuses of nanotechnology are vast.

(B).Attack of the Killer Nanobots?:

And what about the old sci-fi fear that robots will evolve greater
intelligence than humans, become sentient, and take over the world?
Certainly nanomachines might replicate and spread faster than we could
control them. Drexler posits that a little thinking ahead could address this
problem. For example, self-replicating assemblers could be programmed
to compare their instruction sets an destroy any copies with the slightest
deviation. That way, mutant nanobots could be contained before they did
any damage.

One point most fail to realize when first considering the effects of
nanotechnology on population (the demise and reversal ofaging), is the
same nanotechnology will open up outer space with all its unimaginable

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quantities of material, energy and elbowroom, with truly inexpensive
access, great safety (massively redundant systems) made possible by the
new economics of self replicating machinery. "The Solar System could
accommodate the population of the Earth a billion times over, (living) in
style." Also to be considered is the fact once nanotechnology arrives, this
is not the end of discovery and technology. It is a futile endeavor... to
consider how population is affected by this technology viewed with a
perspective of arrival, then a flat curve, through to infinity.

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 6.Advantages of nanotechnology

1.architecture

Small Plans addresses questions about nanotechnology and the built

environment at three levels. First,what role does nanotechnology play today in
architecture? Many nano engineered materials are already
available to architects and builders, and are beginning to transform our
buildings, what we can do in them,and what they can do for us. Looking further
ahead, new nanotechnologies now in research and
development will likely have a huge impact on building within the next twenty
to fifty years. Carbonnanotubes, for example, could bring unprecedented
strength and flexibility to our buildings, leading to
new forms, new functions, and new relationship between people, building and
environment. On the farhorizon, the full impact of nanotechnology on our lives
and our environment into the next century andbeyond is almost unimaginable.
Perhaps this is the promise and the peril of nanotechnology , that
itsconsequences are so extreme and yet so near, as billions of dollars pour into
new research and development every year and new advances pour out. The real
danger in nanotechnology is not rampantself-replicating viruses or nanobots
overrunning the planet; the real danger is that, as most of us
experienced wit cloning, we will awake one day to find that a technological
revolution has already occurred, without our knowledge or our consent, and
without us even taking time to determine what we
think about it, how we feel about it, or to share those thoughts and feelings in
the discourse critical to a reasoned advance in technology.

2.Medical field

Nanotechnology in medicine is very important from a therapeutic

standpoint, and it can also be vital from a diagnostic perspective. By using
nanoparticles, a drug can be accurately delivered to the targeted region in
the body. This can help treat cancer patients with a customized treatment
plan. Not only can nanoparticles significantly improve drug delivery, but
scientists are also working on using nanotechnology to analyze DNA in a
couple of minutes, and mechanically reverse plaque buildup in arteries.
They are also working nanoparticles that deliver insulin to initiate cell
growth for diabetic patients, prepare tissues for cryonic storage, build new
muscles with carbon nanotubes, repair spinal damage, and much more

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 7.Disadvantages of nanotechnology

When tackling the advantages and disadvantages of nanotechnology, you will

also need to point out what can be seen as the negative side of this technology:
• Included in the list of disadvantages of this science and its
development is the possible loss of jobs in the traditional farming and
manufacturing industry.
• You will also find that the development of nanotechnology can also
bring about the crash of certain markets due to the lowering of the
value of oil and diamonds due to the possibility of developing
alternative sources of energy that are more efficient and won’t require
the use of fossil fuels. This can also mean that since people can now
develop products at the molecular level, diamonds will also lose its
value since it can now be mass produced.
• Atomic weapons can now be more accessible and made to be more
powerful and more destructive. These can also become more
accessible with nanotechnology.
• Since these particles are very small, problems can actually arise from
the inhalation of these minute particles, much like the problems a
person gets from inhaling minute asbestos particles.
• Presently, nanotechnology is very expensive and developing it can
cost you a lot of money. It is also pretty difficult to manufacture, which
is probably why products made with nanotechnology are more
expensive.

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 8.Conclusion

Nanotechnology is an emerging field in which new and innovative tools

are being developed to tackle issues of water, air, and soil pollution.
Nanomaterials are being functionalized with organic and inorganic
materials to make them more useful for biosensing, environmental
remediation, disease diagnosis, and much more. This book has explored
many aspects of nanotechnology, including synthesis, functionalization,
and types of nanomaterials, including nanotubes, nanomagnets, quantum
dots, and so on

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 9.Reference

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012822245400009
X#:~:text=Nanotechnology%20is%20an%20emerging%20field,disease%
20diagnosis%2C%20and%20much%20more.

http://www.123seminarsonly.com/Seminar-Reports/006/Nano-
Technology.html

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