Lecture#3

EE 3005: Electromagnetic Theory
Lecture#3
Review of Vector Analysis
Circular, Cylindrical and Spherical coordinate system
EE3005 by Dr. Arshad Hassan

8/28/2022 1
arshad.hassan@nu.edu.pk
Multiplication of Vectors
• Scalar Trip Product
• Vector Trip Product

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Scalar Product
• The dot product of two vectors A and B, written as A • B. is defined
geometrically as the product of the magnitudes of A and B and the
cosine of the angle between them.

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Cont…

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Cross Product
• The cross product of two vectors A and B. written as A X B. is a vector
quantity whose magnitude is the area of the parallelopiped formed
by A and B (see Figure below) and is in the direction of advance of a
right-handed screw as A is turned into B.

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Cont…

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Components of a Vector and Projections
The vector component AB of A along B is simply

the scalar component as given in above eq.
multiplied by a unit vector along B; that is,

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Example

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Cont…

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Example
• Find Scalar and Vector component of A along B.

• The scalar component of A along B
• The vector component of A along B

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Coordinate Systems
• A way to describe (cover) the whole space, specifically, give the space a
mathematically description
• An orthogonal system is one in which the coordinates are mutually
perpendicular
• Examples of orthogonal coordinate systems include the Cartesian (or rectangular),
the circular cylindrical, the spherical, the elliptic cylindrical, the parabolic cylindrical
and the conical.
• A considerable amount of work and time may be saved by choosing a coordinate
system that best fits a given problem. A hard problem in one coordinate system may
turn out to be easy in another system. You will observe this point throughout EMT
course
• Nonorthogonal systems are hard to work with and they are of little or no
practical use
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Cont…
• 2D coordinate systems – planar coordinates

• 3D coordinate systems – space coordinates

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2D coordinate systems – planar coordinates
• Plane Cartesian Coordinates
• Simplest coordinate system
• Constant coordinate lines,
• x = const, or y = const are Straight lines!
• Plane Polar Coordinate
• It consists of concentric circles and radial lines, with each point at the
intersection of a circle and a radial line
• The extents of the coordinate variables
• Constant coordinate lines

• θ = const are straight radial lines
• r = a (const), are circles of radius ‘a’
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3-D Coordinate Systems
• The Cartesian Coordinates (x, y, z) System
• In Cartesian coordinate system the location of a point is expressed in terms of
x–, y– and z–coordinates. A point in Cartesian coordinate system is expressed
as (x, y, z). A vector in Cartesian coordinate system or rectangular coordinate
system is expressed as
• The ranges of the coordinate variables x, y, and z are
Figure: Representation of a vector in Cartesian coordinates

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Cont…
• The Cylindrical Coordinate System
• A point P in cylindrical coordinates is represented as (𝜌,𝜙 , z) and is
as shown in Figure. Here we define each space variable as:
• 𝜌 is the radius of the cylinder
• 𝝓 azimuthal angle, is measured from the x-axis in the xy-
plane; and
• z is the same as in the Cartesian system.
• The ranges of the variables are Figure: Point P and orientation of unit
vectors in the cylindrical coordinate system.

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Cont…
• The relationships between the variables (x, y, z) of the Cartesian coordinate

system and those of the cylindrical system (𝜌,𝜙 z) are easily obtained from
Figure below
Figure: Point P and orientation of unit

vectors in the cylindrical coordinate system.
Figure: Relationship between
(x, y, z) and (𝜌,𝜙 z).
• To convert a point given in Cartesian coordinates following
formulas can be used,
• To convert a point given in Cylindrical coordinates following

formulas can be used,
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Cont…
• Cross product o Unit vectors in cylindrical coordinates

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The Spherical Coordinate System
• A point P can be represented as (r,𝜃, 𝜙 ) and is illustrated in Figure below. From
Figure below, we notice that
• r is defined as the distance from the origin to point P or the radius of a sphere centered at
the origin and passing through P;
• 𝜽 (called the colatitude) is the angle between the z-axis and the position vector of P; and
• 𝜙 is measured from the x-axis (the same azimuthal angle in cylindrical coordinates).
According to these definitions, the ranges of the variables are

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Cont…
• Cross product o Unit vectors in spherical coordinates

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Cont…
• Conversion from cartesian or rectangular
coordinates to spherical coordinate system
• Conversion from spherical coordinates to

cartesian or rectangular coordinate system

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Example
• Given point P(—2, 6, 3), Evaluate P in the Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical
systems.

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Constant-Coordinate Surfaces
• Surfaces in Cartesian, cylindrical, or spherical coordinate systems are
easily generated by keeping one of the coordinate variables constant
and allowing the other two to vary. Constant x, y and z surfaces are:
Figure: Constant x, y and z surfaces

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Cont…
• Constant 𝜌,𝜙 and z surfaces are:
• 𝜌=constant, A right circular cylinder
• 𝜙=constant, A semi-infinite radial Plane
• z=constant, plane parallel to XY plane
Figure: Constant 𝝆,𝝓 and z surfaces

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Cont…
• Constant 𝑟, 𝜃 and 𝜙 surfaces are:
Figure: Constant 𝒓, 𝜽 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝝓 surfaces
8/28/2022 EE3005 by Dr. Arshad Hassan

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EE 3005: Electromagnetic Theory

EE3005 by Dr. Arshad Hassan

• Scalar Trip Product

• Vector Trip Product

EE3005 by Dr. Arshad Hassan

EE3005 by Dr. Arshad Hassan

EE3005 by Dr. Arshad Hassan

EE3005 by Dr. Arshad Hassan

EE3005 by Dr. Arshad Hassan

The vector component AB of A along B is simply

EE3005 by Dr. Arshad Hassan

EE3005 by Dr. Arshad Hassan

EE3005 by Dr. Arshad Hassan

• Find Scalar and Vector component of A along B.

• The vector component of A along B

EE3005 by Dr. Arshad Hassan

• 2D coordinate systems – planar coordinates

EE3005 by Dr. Arshad Hassan

• Constant coordinate lines

Figure: Representation of a vector in Cartesian coordinates

EE3005 by Dr. Arshad Hassan

• The relationships between the variables (x, y, z) of the Cartesian coordinate

Figure: Point P and orientation of unit

• To convert a point given in Cylindrical coordinates following

EE3005 by Dr. Arshad Hassan

EE3005 by Dr. Arshad Hassan

EE3005 by Dr. Arshad Hassan

• Conversion from spherical coordinates to

EE3005 by Dr. Arshad Hassan

EE3005 by Dr. Arshad Hassan

Figure: Constant x, y and z surfaces

EE3005 by Dr. Arshad Hassan

Figure: Constant 𝝆,𝝓 and z surfaces

Figure: Constant 𝒓, 𝜽 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝝓 surfaces

8/28/2022 EE3005 by Dr. Arshad Hassan

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