ME-2002

Applied Thermodynamics
Lecture 12
Lecturer Faryal Gula
faryal.gula@nu.edu.pk

1
Phase Change
Closed system- 1 kg of water is slowly heated while
liquid water at 20 OC its pressure is kept constant
system at point 1 and uniform throughout at
1.014 bar

2
Liquid States
› system is heated at constant pressure,
› temperature increases considerably while the specific
volume increases slightly
› saturated liquid state corresponding to the specified
pressure

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› Subcooled liquid
– the temperature at these states is less than the saturation
temperature at the given pressure.
› Compressed liquid
– the pressure at each state is higher than the saturation pressure
corresponding to the temperature at the state.

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Two-Phase Liquid–Vapor Mixture
› system is at the saturated liquid state f
› additional heat transfer at fixed pressure results
in the formation of vapor without any change in
temperature
› but with a considerable increase in specific
volume
› the system would now consist of a two-phase
liquid–vapor mixture
› When a mixture of liquid and vapor exists in
equilibrium, the liquid phase is a saturated liquid
and the vapor phase is a saturated vapor

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Saturated vapour state
› If the system is heated further until the last bit of liquid has
vaporized, it is brought to point g , the saturated vapor
state. The intervening two-phase liquid–vapor mixture
states can be distinguished from one another by the
quality, an intensive property.

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Quality
› For a two-phase liquid–vapor mixture, the ratio of the mass
of vapor present to the total mass of the mixture is its
quality, x.

› The value of the quality ranges from zero to unity

› At saturated liquid states, x = 0,
› At saturated vapor states, x = 1.0.
› The quality is frequently given as a percentage.

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Vapour states
› When the system is at the saturated
vapor state g,
› Further heating at fixed pressure results
in increases in both temperature and
specific volume.
› The state labeled s is representative of
the states that would be attained by
further heating while keeping the
pressure constant.

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Superheated vapor state
› A state such as s is often referred to as a superheated
vapor state because the system would be at a temperature
greater than the saturation temperature corresponding to
the given pressure.

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Pressure greater than Pc
› 30 MPa > Pc
› if it were heated slowly at 10
MPa, vapor would form at a
higher temperature than in the
previous example
› because the saturation pressure
is higher.
› less of an increase in specific
volume from saturated liquid to
saturated vapor, as evidenced by
the narrowing of the vapor dome.
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At Critical Pressure
› Pc = 22.09 MPa
› there would be no change in phase from liquid to vapor
› At all states there would be only one phase. As shown by
line a–b–c of the phase diagram sketched in

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Pressure less than Pc
› 10 MPa < Pc
› vaporization and the inverse process of condensation can
occur only when the pressure is less than the critical
pressure.

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› Liquid
– when the temperature is less than the critical temperature
› vapor
– when the temperature is greater than the critical temperature

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Melting
› Melting
– Phase change from solid to liquid
› Sublimation
– Phase change from solid to vapour

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Questions?

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