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    I190845 Samana Nayyab
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    This document contains notes from a lecture on applied thermodynamics. It discusses equilibrium, which requires balance of opposing mechanical, thermal, phase, chemical, and other influences. To test for thermodynamic equilibrium, isolate the system and observe if its properties change over time. If no change, it was in equilibrium. Units and SI units are also covered, including conversions between feet/pounds and meters/kilograms. The document defines specific volume and density, and distinguishes specific volume on a molar basis versus amount of substance. It concludes by asking if students have any questions.

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    Lecture2

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    This document contains notes from a lecture on applied thermodynamics. It discusses equilibrium, which requires balance of opposing mechanical, thermal, phase, chemical, and other influences. To test for thermodynamic equilibrium, isolate the system and observe if its properties change over time. If no change, it was in equilibrium. Units and SI units are also covered, including conversions between feet/pounds and meters/kilograms. The document defines specific volume and density, and distinguishes specific volume on a molar basis versus amount of substance. It concludes by asking if students have any questions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    8 views7 pages

    Lecture 2

    Uploaded by

    I190845 Samana Nayyab
    This document contains notes from a lecture on applied thermodynamics. It discusses equilibrium, which requires balance of opposing mechanical, thermal, phase, chemical, and other influences. To test for thermodynamic equilibrium, isolate the system and observe if its properties change over time. If no change, it was in equilibrium. Units and SI units are also covered, including conversions between feet/pounds and meters/kilograms. The document defines specific volume and density, and distinguishes specific volume on a molar basis versus amount of substance. It concludes by asking if students have any questions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 7

    ME-2002

    Applied Thermodynamics
    Lecture 2
    Lecturer Faryal Gula
    faryal.gula@nu.edu.pk

    8/26/2022 1
    Previous Lecture
    › Applications
    › Systems- closed and open
    › Surrounding
    › Boundary
    › Control Volume
    › Control Mass

    8/26/2022 2
    Equilibrium
    › Mechanical equilibrium: balance of opposing
    forces/moments
    › Balance of other influences: thermal, phase, chemical
    › Balance of all influences → Thermodynamic equilibrium
    › Testing for (thermodynamic) equilibrium
    – Isolate the system from its surroundings and watch for changes in
    its observable properties
    – If there are no changes, the system was in an equilibrium state
    – If there are changes, internal influences are not yet balanced
    concentrated properties spread out

    8/26/2022 3
    Units
    › A unit is any specified amount of a quantity by comparison
    with which any other quantity of the same kind is
    measured.
    › Primary Dimensions
    – Mass, Length, Time
    › Secondary Dimensions
    – Velocity, Area

    8/26/2022 4
    SI Units

    2.54𝑐𝑚 1𝑚
    1 ft = (12 in) [ ] = 0.3048m
    1𝑖𝑛 100𝑐𝑚

    1 lb = 0.45359237 kg, 1 kg = 2.20462262 lb


    𝑔 = 9.80665 m/s2 = 32.1740 ft/s2
    8/26/2022 5
    Specific Volume
    › Density is the mass per unit volume
    𝑚
    𝜌 = lim
    𝑉→𝑉′ 𝑉
    › Specific Volume is the volume per unit mass
    1
    𝑣=
    𝜌
    › Specific Volume on a molar basis
    𝑣
    𝑣ҧ =
    𝑀
    › Amount of Substance
    𝑚
    𝑛=
    𝑀
    8/26/2022 6
    Questions?

    8/26/2022 7

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