Engineering Dynamics 1

MAE 206
Dr. Md. Hazrat Ali, Assistant Prof.,
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering
School of Engineering and Digital Sciences
Nazarbayev University
Spring 2022
 Contact Details

Md. Hazrat Ali

Office: Zoom/3427
Ext. no: 6145
Email: md.ali@nu.edu.kz
Consultation Hours: Mon: 2.00pm-3.00pm
Class Disciplinary Issues

• Students are on time, the door is closed at the 　 beginning of

the classes
• Students are not allowed to leave the class during class hours
• Cell phones / IPads are switched off
• Sleeping students are sent out
• Attendance registration is mandatory
Grade Distribution
 Kinematics of a Particle

Chapter Objectives
• Concepts of position, displacement, velocity, and acceleration
• Study particle motion along a straight line
• Investigate particle motion along a curved path
• Analysis of dependent motion of two particles
• Principles of relative motion of two particles using translating axes

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 Kinematics of a Particle

12.1 Introduction

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 WHAT IS MECHANICS?

• Study of what happens to a “thing” (the technical name is “body”) when

FORCES are applied to it. Either the body or the forces could be large or small.
• Mechanics is the foundation of most engineering
sciences and is an obligatory prerequisite to study.
Mechanics is an applied science dealing with physical
phenomena which describes and predicts the
conditions of rest or motion of bodies under the action
of forces.
FB
D

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 Classification of Mechanics

Mechanics of Solid Mechanics of Fluids

Viscous
Rigid bodies Deformable bodies Ideal
Incompressible
fluids
Statics Dynamics Elasticity Plasticity

Hydraulics
Kinematics Kinetics
• Statics – Equilibrium of bodies
 At rest and Or/ Move with constant velocity
• Dynamics – Accelerated motion of bodies
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 Mechanics: Dynamics
• Dynamics – Accelerated motion of bodies

The subject of Dynamics are presented into two parts:

(1)Kinematics: which deals with only the geometric aspects of the
motion, horizontally and vertically; and
(2)Kinetics: which deals with the analysis of forces causing the
motion). To develop these principles, the dynamics of a particle
will be discussed first.

Dynamics is considered to be more involved than statics since

both the forces applied to a body and its motion must be taken
into account. Knowledge of calculus is applied to solve the
problem rather than algebra and trigonometry. Solving problem is
one of the most important technique to learn dynamics.
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 Since solving problem is one of the most important technique to
learn dynamics, we should know the procedure as how to start
the problem. Some sequential steps need to be taken as-
1) Read the problem carefully and try to correlate with the actual physical
situation with the theory that may discuss in the class.
2) Draw any necessary diagram and tabulate the problem data.
3) Establish a coordinate system [Rectilinear, n-t-b, curvilinear or
cylindrical] and apply the relevant principles, generally in
mathematical form.
4) Solve the necessary equations algebraically: then use a consistent set
of units and complete the solution numerically.
5) Study the answer with technical judgment and common sense to
determine whether or not it is reasonable.
6) Once the solution has been completed, review the problem. Try to
think of other ways of obtaining the same solution

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12.2 Rectilinear Kinematics: Continuous Motion

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12.2 Rectilinear Kinematics: specifying the particle’s position,
velocity, and acceleration at any instant

• Position
i) Single coordinate axis, s
ii) Origin, O
iii) Position vector r – specific location of particle P at any instant
iv) Algebraic Scalar s in meters
Note : [1] Magnitude of s = Distance from O to P
[2] Direction is defined by algebraic sign on s; +ve = right of O,
-ve = left of origin

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 Rectilinear Kinematics: specifying the particle’s position,
12.2
velocity, and acceleration at any instant

Displacement
• Change in its position, vector quantity
• If particle moves from P to P’,
r  r   r
s  s  s
When s is +ve / -ve, particle’s position is right / left of its initial position

Velocity r
• v
Average velocity, avg

t
• Instantaneous velocity is defined
ins  lim r / t   v
vas dr
t 0 ins 
dt
• April 22, 2022
Friday, 13
 Rectilinear Kinematics: specifying the particle’s position,
12.2
velocity, and acceleration at any instant

Velocity
• Average speed is total distance traveled by a particle,
sT, divided by the elapsed time t .
sT
vsp avg 
t
• The particle travels along the path of length sT in time
t sT
vsp avg 
=> t
s
vavg 
t

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 Rectilinear Kinematics: specifying the particle’s position,
velocity, and acceleration at any instant

Acceleration
v
• Average acceleration is aavg 
t

• Δv represents difference in the velocity during the time interval

during the time interval Δt, ie v  v 'v
• Instantaneous acceleration is a  lim v / t 
t 0

• Thus we have d 2 s and a  dv (12.2)

a 2
dt dt

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 Rectilinear Kinematics: specifying the particle’s position,
12.2
velocity, and acceleration at any instant

Acceleration
The derivative equations for velocity and acceleration can
be manipulated to get

a ds = v dv (12.3)

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 Rectilinear Kinematics: specifying the particle’s position,
12.2
velocity, and acceleration at any instant

Acceleration
• When particle is slowing down, its speed is
decreasing => decelerating => v  v'v will be
negative.
• It will act to the left, in the opposite sense to v
• If velocity is constant, acceleration is zero.

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 SUMMARY OF KINEMATIC RELATIONS:
RECTILINEAR MOTION

• Differentiate position to get velocity and acceleration.

v = ds/dt ; a = dv/dt or a = v dv/ds

• Integrate acceleration for velocity and position.

Velocity: Position:
v t v s s t

 dv   a dt or  v dv   a ds  ds   v dt
vo o vo so so o

• Note that so and vo represent the initial position and

velocity of the particle at t = 0.
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 Concept of constant Acceleration

The three kinematic equations can be integrated for the special case when
acceleration is constant (a = ac) to obtain very useful equations. A common
example of constant acceleration is gravity; i.e., a body freely falling toward
earth. In this case, ac = g = 9.81 m/s2 downward. These equations are:

v t

 dv   a dt
vo o c
yields
s t

 ds   v dt
so o
yields
v s

 v dv   a ds
vo so c
yields

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 Rectilinear Kinematics: Continuous Motion
Procedure for Analysis

1) Coordinate System
• Establish a position coordinate s along the path
• The particle’s position, velocity, and acceleration, can be represented
as s, v and a respectively and their direction
• The positive sense can be indicated by an arrow
2) Kinematic Equation
• When relationship is known between any 2 of the 4 variables a, v, s
and t, third variable can be obtained by using one of the Kinematic
equations.
• When integration is performed, the constant of integration need to be
known
• 3-kinematics equations in 12.4, 12.5, 12.6 can only be applied to
situation where the acceleration of the particle is constant
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 Example 12.1:

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Example 12.2:A small projectile is forced downward into a fluid medium with an
initial velocity of 60m/s. Due to the resistance of the fluid the projectile experiences
a deceleration equal to a = (-0.4v3)m/s2, where v is in m/s. Determine the
projectile’s velocity and position 4s after it is fired.

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 Example 12.3

A rocket travels upward at 75m/s. When it is 40m from the ground,

the engine fails. Determine the max height sB reached by the rocket
and its speed just before it hits the ground.

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 Example 12.4

A metallic particle travels downward through a fluid that extends from plate A
and plate B under the influence of magnetic field. If particle is released from rest
at midpoint C, s = 100 mm, and acceleration, a = (4s) m/s2, where s in meters,
determine velocity when it reaches plate B and time need to travel from C to B.

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 Example 12.5

A particle moves along a horizontal path with velocity given as v =

(3t2 – 6t) m/s. If it is initially located at the origin O, determine the
distance traveled in 3.5s and the particle’s average velocity and speed
during the time interval.

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 Today’s Quote

Tell me and I'll forget; show me, I may remember; involve

me and I'll understand.
-Confucius / Franklin.

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