of formality.

Disturbed Pool ● Texture

● Activator

Undisturbed Pool ● Reflector

● Window

POOL EFFECTS - CHARACTERISTICS

EFFECT CONTROLLING VARIABLES VISIBILITY SOUND SPLASH WIND ENERGY
LEVELS STABILITY EFFICIENCY

REFLECTOR DARK CONTAINER OR GOOD NONE NONE EXCELLENT EXCELLENT

SHALLOW VIEWING ANGLE

WINOW LIGHT CONTAINER, STEEP FAIR NONE NONE EXCELLENT EXCELLENT

VIEWING ANGLE

TEXTURE DARK CONTAINER OR GOOD NOMINAL NONE UNLESS EXCELLENT EXCELLENT,

SHALLOW VIEWING ANGLE. DISTURBANCE UNLESS
SURFACE DISTURBANCE (i.e IS EXTREME DISTURBANCE IS
waves) EXTREME

ACTIVATOR LIGHT CONTAINER AND FAIR NOMINAL NONE UNLESS EXCELLENT EXCELLENT
STEEP VIEWING ANGLE. DISTURBANCE
MODERATE SURFACE IS EXTREME
DISTURBANCE

Gravity (Flow) Flowing water is, by contrast, constantly in

contact with the container.

A vertically oriented flow creates a waterfall.

Gravity (Falling) Free-Fall - Free-falling water moves vertically

Moving (Uncontained) without contacting any surfaces and is most
often expressed as a full sheet.

Gravity (Cascade) Cascading water is a combination of flowing

and falling water. A cascading waterwall
differs from a smooth or aerated waterwall in
the sense that water moves over a texture
comprised of projecting forms of sufficient
dimension to divert the flow laterally or to
cause it to spring free of the vertical surface,
thereby resulting in a pattern of free-falling
water, flowing water, and dry areas.

CASCADE EFFECTS - CHARACTERISTICS

EFFECT CONTROLLING VARIABLES VISIBILITY SOUND SPLASH WIND ENERGY
LEVELS STABILITY EFFICIENCY

CASCADING VERTICAL ORIENTATION. GOOD MODERATE SUBSTANTIAL GOOD GOOD

WATERFALL EXTREME TEXTURE

STEPPED RANDOMLY STEPPING EXCELLENT MODERATE MODERATE GOOD GOOD

FORMS FORMS OR IRREGULAR
 STEPS SLOPING MORE
THAN 1:1.
MODERATE TO HIGH UNIT
FLOW RATE

WATER- REGULAR STEPS SLOPING GOOD MODERATE MODERATE GOOD GOOD

STAIRS MORE THAT 1:1.
MODERATE UNIT FLOW
RATE.

STEPPED RANDOM OR REGULARLY EXCELLENT MODERATE MODERATE EXCELLENT GOOD

POOLS STEPPED POOLS.
MODERATE TO HIGH UNIT
FLOW RATE

Applied Pressure Spouting water - spouting water relies on

externally applied force to direct water
through an orifice or nozzle and working with
gravity, forms a jet of some configuration. A
clear-column effect is a straight, clear, vertical
jet complemented by veiling peripheral
fallback. An aerated mass is a strong,
turbulent, whitewater jet produced by
combining air and/or pool water with the
primary stream.

JET EFFECTS - CHARACTERISTICS

EFFECT CONTROLLING VARIABLES VISIBILITY SOUND SPLASH WIND STABILITY ENERGY
LEVELS EFFICIENCY

CLEAR CIRCULAR DISCHARGE GOOD MODERATE SUBSTANTIAL FAIR TO POOR FAIR

COLUMN OPENING. WITH
MINIMAL TURBULENCE IN INCREASING
STREAM HEIGHT

AERATED AIR INTRODUCED INTO STREAM. EXCELLENT MODERATE MODERATE FAIR TO GOOD GOOD
MASS MASS BROADENS WITH WITH
INCREASING TURBULENCE IN INCREASING
STREAM. HEIGHT

SPRAY DISCHARGE PASSAGE BREAKS GOOD LOW NOMINAL GENERALLY EXCELLENT

STREAM INTO DROPLETS. POOR.
VARIES WITH
DROPLET SIZE

SHEET LINEAR DISCHARGE OPENING. GOOD LOW NOMINAL POOR TO FAIR GOOD
MINIMUM TURBULENCE IN WITH
STREAM INCREASING
SHEET
THICKNESS

Hardscape
- refers to hard landscape materials in the built environment structures that are
incorporated into a landscape
- "hardscape" refers to all of the non-living elements in landscaping, such as a brick patio,
a stone wall, or a wooden arbor.
Softscape
- is all of the living and organic elements in a garden or on a lawn, such as trees, flowers,
and grass

FUNCTIONS OF HARDSCAPES
Retaining walls • Create planting areas
• Soil stabilization
• Create different levels of ground surfaces

Patios • Concrete
• Brick
• Wooden
• Tile
• flagstone

Fences • Wooden
• Concrete
• Wrought iron

Gates • Wooden
• Wrought iron

Walkways

Environment-Friendly Interlocking Pavers

LECTURE: SITE GRADING AND SLOPE ANALYSIS

Land Grading involves the reshaping the ground surface to planned grades as determined as
engineering survey, evaluation, and layout.

Uses:
1. Aesthetics
Geomorphic
- blends ecologically and visually with the character of the existing natural
landscape
Architectonic
- creates uniform slope and forms usually are crisply defined geometric shades
Naturalistic
- most common type of grading, particularly in suburban and rural settings
It is a stylized approach in which abstract (or organic landforms are used) to present or imitate
landscape

2. Functional
2.1 Enclosure
- Containment
- Protection
- Privacy

2.2 Screening
- It terminates the lines and eliminates undesirable views

2.3 Building, facilities platform

- Helps to control surface runoff, soil erosion, sedimentation during and after construction.

2.4 Climate modification

2.5 Noise control

Enhancing topography - Proposed landforms, topography or grade changes and design

elements maybe constructed or placed to emphasize, negate or have a little impact on visual
structure of the landscape.

Basic considerations:
- Enhance
- Compliment
- Contrast
- Conflict particular landscape context

Grading Process

1. Cut - is the removal of a portion

2. Fill - the process of blending additional of a site’s natural topography

To make grading economical:
The Cut = The Fill

3. cut and fill

Disadvantages of Grading
- Grading that results in radical loss of vegetation and or topsoil
- Grading that interrupts the natural drainage
- Grading that results in aesthetic degradation
- Grading on difficult slopes (excess of 25%), in floodplains, estuaries, or bogs, or in other
environmentally unique conditions
- Grading in areas susceptible to natural disasters, such as mud slides or along
earthquake fault lines

Soil stabilization

1. Mulch - Is a protective cover placed over the

soil, to retain moisture, reduce
erosion, suppress weed growth and
seed germination, and provide
nutrients as they decay

2. Planting

3. Riprap - Selected trees, shrubs, and vines

(indigenous preferred)
- Plant roots and detritus knit and hold
the surface soil layers

3. mortar bags - Treated bags filled with dry sand-

cement mortar

4. sand bags - is rock or other material used to

armour shorelines, streambeds,
bridge abutments, pilings and other
shoreline
- structures against scour, water or ice
erosion.

5. rubble - Dumped or placed fragments of

broken stone. is broken stone, of
irregular size, shape and texture

6. piling - Interlocking sections of steel or

pre-cast concrete a column of wood or