• Solve boundary value problems.

• Identify the different cases for eigenvalue problems.

• Determine the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions.

REVIEW ON DE

Let ay’’ + by’ + cy = 0 be a 2nd order homogenous differential equation.

Then the characteristic equation will be
𝑎𝑚2 + 𝑏𝑚 + 𝑐 = 0
Where the values of m are the roots of the equation.

The general solution of the differential equation will depend on the

roots:

CASE 1: Real and distinct roots

𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑚2 𝑡
CASE 2: Repeated roots
𝑦 = (𝑐1 +𝑐2 𝑡) 𝑒 𝑚𝑡

CASE 3: Imaginary roots; m = a ± bi

𝑦 = (𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡) 𝑒 𝑎𝑡

CASE 4: Repeated imaginary roots

𝑦 = (𝑐1 +𝑐2 𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 + (𝑐3 +𝑐4 𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡) 𝑒 𝑎𝑡

PROBLEM 1
𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 = 0 𝑦 0 =1 𝑦 𝜋 =0

𝑚2 + 2 = 0
𝑚2 = −2
𝑚 = ± 2𝑖

𝑎=0 𝑏= 2

𝑦 = (𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡) 𝑒 (0)𝑡

𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡
When x = 0 and y = 1

1 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2(0) + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2(0)

𝑐1 = 1

When x = 𝜋 and y = 0

0 = (1)𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋
−cos( 2𝜋)
𝑐2 = = −cot( 2𝜋)
sin( 2𝜋)

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 − cot( 2𝜋)𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡

Eigenvalues are values of the parameter λ that satisfy the differential
equation.

Eigenfunction is the non-trivial solution y that satisfies the problem

If trivial, y = 0
If non-trivial, y ≠ 0

The three cases considered to determine the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions

are:

CASE 1: λ = 0 NOTE:
CASE 2: λ < 0, λ = −𝑘 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0
CASE 3: λ > 0, λ = 𝑘 2
𝑛𝜋
𝑥=
𝑃
PROBLEM 2
𝑦 ′′ + λ𝑦 = 0
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 0 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 1 = 0

CASE 1: λ = 0
𝑦 ′′ + (0)𝑦 = 0
𝑦 ′′ = 0

𝑚2 = 0
𝑚 = 0,0

𝑦 = (𝑐1 +𝑐2 𝑡) 𝑒 0
𝑦 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑡
when x = 0 and y = 0
0 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 0
𝑐1 = 0

when t = 1 and y = 0
0 = (0) + 𝑐2 1
𝑐2 = 0

y = 0 : trivial solution when λ = 0, λ is not an eigenvalue and y is not an

eigenfunction
CASE 2: λ < 0, λ = −𝑘 2

𝑦 ′′ + λ𝑦 = 0
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 0 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 1 = 0

𝑦 ′′ − 𝑘 2 𝑦 = 0
𝑚2 − 𝑘 2 = 0
𝑚2 = 𝑘 2
𝑚 = ±𝑘

𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
when t = 0 and y = 0

0 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑘(0) + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑘(0)
𝑐1 + 𝑐2 = 0
𝑐1 = −𝑐2

when t = 1 and y = 0

0 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑘(1) + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑘(1)
0 = −𝑐2 𝑒 𝑘 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑘
0 = 𝑐2 (−𝑒 𝑘 + 𝑒 −𝑘 )

Either 𝑐2 𝑜𝑟 (−𝑒 𝑘 + 𝑒 −𝑘 ) is zero

 −𝑒 𝑘 + 𝑒 −𝑘 = 0
𝑒 −𝑘 = 𝑒 𝑘
𝑙𝑛𝑒 −𝑘 = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 𝑘
−𝑘 ≠ 𝑘

𝑐2 = 0

Hence, 𝑐2 = 0 and 𝑐1 = 0

y = 0 : trivial solution when λ = −𝑘 2 , λ is not an eigenvalue and y is

not an eigenfunction
CASE 3: λ > 0, λ = 𝑘 2

𝑦 ′′ + λ𝑦 = 0
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 0 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 1 = 0

𝑦 ′′ + 𝑘 2 𝑦 = 0
𝑚2 + 𝑘 2 = 0
𝑚2 = −𝑘 2
𝑚 = ±𝑘𝑖

𝑦 = (𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡) 𝑒 0

𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡
when t = 0 and y = 0

0 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0) + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0)
𝑐1 = 0

when t = 1 and y = 0

0 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑘) + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘)
0 = 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘)

Either 𝑐2 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘) is zero

 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘 = 0
since when x = 0, y = 0, and when x = 1, y = 0, the period is 1

𝑛𝜋
𝑘 = sin−1 0 =
𝑃

𝑘 = 𝑛𝜋

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐2 ≠ 0

Then 𝑦 = 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘): trivial solution when λ = 𝑘 2 ,λ = 𝑛2 𝜋 2 is an

eigenvalue and y is an eigenfunction
ASK ANY QUESTION RELATED TO
OUR TOPIC FOR TODAY.
• Solve partial differential equations.

• Identify the different important PDEs.

• Solve initial value problems involving one-

dimensional heat equation.
An equation involving one or more partial derivatives

NOTATION:
𝜕𝑢
𝑢𝑥 =
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢
𝜕 𝜕2𝑢
𝜕𝑥
𝑢𝑥𝑥 = = 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢
𝜕 𝜕2𝑢
𝜕𝑥
𝑢𝑥𝑦 = =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢
𝜕 𝜕2𝑢
𝜕𝑦
𝑢𝑦𝑥 = =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
Homogenous PDE

𝐴𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝐵𝑢𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑢𝑦𝑦 + 𝐷𝑢𝑥 + 𝐸𝑢𝑦 = 0

Non-homogenous PDE

𝐴𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝐵𝑢𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑢𝑦𝑦 + 𝐷𝑢𝑥 + 𝐸𝑢𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦

IMPORTANT PDEs

One-dimensional wave equation:

𝜕2𝑢 2
𝜕 2
𝑢
2
=𝑐 ∶ 𝑢𝑡𝑡 = 𝑐 2 𝑢𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2

One-dimensional heat equation:

2
𝜕𝑢 2
𝜕 𝑢
=𝑐 ∶ 𝑢𝑡 = 𝑐 2 𝑢𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2
Two-dimensional Laplace equation:

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
2
+ 2=0 ∶ 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Two-dimensional Poisson equation:

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
2
+ 2 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ∶ 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Three-dimensional Laplace equation:

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢

2
+ 2+ 2 =0 ∶ 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 + 𝑢𝑡𝑡 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡
PROBLEM 1
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡

𝜕2𝑢 2
𝜕 2
𝑢
2
=𝑐
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2

𝜕𝑢 𝜕
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝑢
= −2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
𝜕𝑡

𝜕2𝑢
2
= −4𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
𝜕𝑡
 𝜕𝑢 𝜕
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑦
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝜕𝑥

𝜕2𝑢
2
= −4𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
𝜕𝑥

𝜕2𝑢 2
𝜕 2𝑢
= 𝑐
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 2

−4𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 = 𝑐 2 −4𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡

If 𝑐 2 = 1, then u(x,t) satisfies the wave equation

PROBLEM 2
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 2𝑡 + 𝑥 2

Heat equation
𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
= 𝑐2 2
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢 𝜕
= (2𝑡 + 𝑥 2 )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝑢
=2
𝜕𝑡
 𝜕𝑢 𝜕
= (2𝑡 + 𝑥 2 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢
= 2𝑥
𝜕𝑥

𝜕2𝑢
2
=2
𝜕𝑥

2 = 𝑐2 2
𝑐=1

Hence, u(x,t) = 2𝑡 + 𝑥 2 satisfies the heat equation with 𝑐 2 = 1

One-dimensional heat equation

𝑢𝑡 = 𝑐 2 𝑢𝑥𝑥

Consider a heat flow in a wire or thin rod with length P

x=0 x=P
when
P
u = temperature
c = thermal diffusivity
t = time
𝑥𝑜 : position @ one end of the bar
𝑥𝑃 : position @ the other end of the bar
Initial Boundary Value Problem for One-Dimensional Heat Equation

HOMOGENOUS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:

𝑢𝑡 = 𝑐 2 𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑢 < 𝑥 < 𝑃

൞𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 0 𝑢 𝑃, 𝑡 = 0, 𝑡 > 0
𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 𝑓 𝑥 , 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑃

Then the solution is:

∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑐 2 𝜆𝑡
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = ෍ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒
𝑃
𝑛=1
Where:
𝑛𝜋 2
𝜆=
𝑃

2 𝑃 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 0 𝑃

NON-HOMOGENOUS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:

𝑢𝑡 = 𝑐 2 𝑢𝑥𝑥 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑃, 𝑡 > 0

൞𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 𝑇𝑜 𝑢 𝑃, 𝑡 = 𝑇1 , 𝑡 > 0
𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 𝑓 𝑥 , 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑃
Then the solution is
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑥, 𝑡 + 𝑆𝑥

𝑉 𝑥, 𝑡 is the transient temperature

𝑆𝑥 is the steady-state temperature

𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑜
𝑆𝑥 = 𝑇𝑜 + 𝑓 𝑥
𝑃

∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑐 2 𝜆𝑡
𝑉 𝑥, 𝑡 = ෍ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒
𝑃
𝑛=1
 𝑛𝜋 2
𝜆=
𝑃

2 𝑃 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = න (𝑆𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 0 𝑃

INSULATED BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:

𝑢𝑡 = 𝑐 2 𝑢𝑥𝑥 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑃, 𝑡 > 0

൞𝑢𝑥 0, 𝑡 = 0 𝑢𝑥 𝑃, 𝑡 = 0, 𝑡 > 0
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑥 , 0<𝑥<𝑃
 𝜕𝑢
NOTE: 𝑢𝑥 = (temperature gradient)
𝜕𝑥

Then, the solution is:

∞
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑐 2 𝜆𝑡
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑜 + ෍ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑒
2 𝑃
𝑛=1

𝑛𝜋 2
𝜆=
𝑃

2 𝑃
𝑎𝑜 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 0

2 𝑃 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 0 𝑃
NOTE:
sin 𝑛𝜋 = 0
cos 𝑛𝜋 = (−1)𝑛
−(−1)𝑛 = (−1)𝑛+1

If you will encounter

[(−1)𝑛 −1] if n is odd the value is -2 where n=1,2,3,… if n is even the
values is 0. To make it always odd, replace n with 2n-1

[(−1)2𝑛−1 −1] = −2
PROBLEM 3
HOMOGENOUS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:

𝑢𝑡 = 𝑢𝑥𝑥 𝑡>0
ቐ𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 0 𝑢 10, 𝑡 = 0, 𝑡 > 0
𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 50, 0 < 𝑥 < 10

𝑐2 = 1
𝑃 = 10
𝑓 𝑥 = 50
 ∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑐 2𝜆𝑡
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = ෍ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒
𝑃
𝑛=1

𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛2 𝜋 2
𝜆= =
𝑃 100

2 𝑃 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 0 𝑃

2 10 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = න 50𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
10 0 10
10
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = 10 න 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
0 10

10 𝑛𝜋𝑥 10
𝑏𝑛 = 10 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ]
𝑛𝜋 10 0
 100 𝑛𝜋 10
𝑏𝑛 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − cos 0
𝑛𝜋 10

100
𝑏𝑛 = − [(−1)𝑛 − 1]
𝑛𝜋

Replace n with 2n-1 due to [(−1)𝑛 − 1]

100
𝑏2𝑛−1 = − [(−1)2𝑛−1 − 1]
(2𝑛 − 1)𝜋

100
𝑏2𝑛−1 = − (−2)
2𝑛 − 1 𝜋
 200
𝑏2𝑛−1 =
2𝑛 − 1 𝜋
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑡
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = ෍ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 100
10
𝑛=1

Replace n with 2n-1

∞
(2𝑛 − 1)𝜋𝑥 −(2𝑛−1)2 𝜋2𝑡
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = ෍ 𝑏2𝑛−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 100
10
2𝑛−1=1
 ∞
200 (2𝑛 − 1)𝜋𝑥 −(2𝑛−1)2 𝜋2 𝑡
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = ෍ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 100
2𝑛 − 1 𝜋 10
𝑛=1

PROBLEM 4
NON-HOMOGENOUS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:

𝑢𝑡 = 𝑢𝑥𝑥 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋, 𝑡 > 0

ቐ𝑢 0, 𝑡 = 10 𝑢 𝜋, 𝑡 = 60, 𝑡 > 0
𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 5 0<𝑥<𝜋

𝑐2 = 1
𝑃=𝜋
𝑇𝑜 = 10
𝑇𝐼 = 60
𝑓 𝑥 =5
 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑥, 𝑡 + 𝑆𝑥

𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑜
𝑆𝑥 = 𝑇𝑜 + 𝑓 𝑥
𝑃

60 − 10
𝑆𝑥 = 10 + 5
𝜋

250 10𝜋 + 250

𝑆𝑥 = 10 + =
𝜋 𝜋
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑐 2 𝜆𝑡
𝑉 𝑥, 𝑡 = ෍ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒
𝜋
𝑛=1
 2 𝑃 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = න (𝑆𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 0 𝑃

2 𝜋 10𝜋 + 250 𝑛𝜋𝑥

𝑏𝑛 = න − 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝜋 𝜋

𝜋
2 10𝜋 + 250 − 5𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = න sin(𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 0

2 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = − 2 5𝜋 + 250 cos 𝑛𝑥 ]
𝑛𝜋 0

10𝜋 − 500
𝑏𝑛 = − 2
[cos 𝑛𝜋 − cos(0)]
𝑛𝜋
 10𝜋 − 500 𝑛 − 1]
𝑏𝑛 = − [(−1)
𝑛𝜋 2

Replace n with 2n-1 due to [(−1)𝑛 − 1]

10𝜋 − 500 2𝑛−1

𝑏2𝑛−1 =− 2
[(−1) − 1]
(2𝑛 − 1)𝜋

10𝜋 − 500 20𝜋 + 1000

𝑏2𝑛−1 =− 2
−2 =
2𝑛 − 1 𝜋 2𝑛 − 1 𝜋 2
 ∞
−𝑐 2 𝜆𝑡
𝑉 𝑥, 𝑡 = ෍ 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑥)𝑒
𝑛=1

𝑛𝜋 2
𝜆= = 𝑛2
𝑃
∞
−𝑛2 𝑡
𝑉 𝑥, 𝑡 = ෍ 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑥)𝑒
𝑛=1

Replace n with 2n-1

∞
−(2𝑛−1) 2𝑡
𝑉 𝑥, 𝑡 = ෍ 𝑏2𝑛−1 sin((2𝑛 − 1)𝑥)𝑒
2𝑛−1=1
 ∞
20𝜋 + 1000 −(2𝑛−1)2 𝑡
𝑉 𝑥, 𝑡 = ෍ 2
sin((2𝑛 − 1)𝑥)𝑒
2𝑛 − 1 𝜋
𝑛=1

∞
10𝜋 + 250 20𝜋 + 1000 −(2𝑛−1) 2𝑡
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = +෍ 2
sin((2𝑛 − 1)𝑥)𝑒
𝜋 2𝑛 − 1 𝜋
𝑛=1

PROBLEM 5
INSULATED BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:

𝑢𝑡 = 𝑢𝑥𝑥 0 < 𝑥 < 1, 𝑡 > 0

ቐ𝑢𝑥 0, 𝑡 = 0 𝑢𝑥 1, 𝑡 = 0, 𝑡 > 0
𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 𝑥, 0<𝑥<1
 𝑐2 = 1
𝑃=1
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥
∞
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑐 2 𝜆𝑡
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑜 + ෍ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑒
2 𝑃
𝑛=1

𝑛𝜋 2
𝜆= = 𝑛2 𝜋 2
1

2 𝑃 1
𝑎𝑜 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 න 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑃 0 0
 𝑥2 1
𝑎𝑜 = 2 ] = 12 − 0 = 1
2 0

2 𝑃 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = 2 න 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 0 𝑃 0 1

1
𝑎𝑛 = 2 න 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
0

Let:
𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = cos(𝑛𝜋𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣= sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥)
n𝜋
 x 1
𝑎𝑛 = 2[ sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 − න sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
n𝜋 n𝜋

x 1 1
𝑎𝑛 = 2[ sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 + 2 2 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 ]
n𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 0
1 1 1
𝑎𝑛 = 2{[ sin 𝑛𝜋 + 2 2 cos 𝑛𝜋 ] − [0 + 2 2 cos(0)]}
n𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋
1 𝑛
1
𝑎𝑛 = 2[ 2 2 (−1) − 2 2 ]
𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋
2
𝑎𝑛 = 2 2 [(−1)𝑛 − 1]
𝑛 𝜋
Replace n with 2n-1 due to [(−1)𝑛 − 1]

2 2𝑛−1 − 1]
𝑎2𝑛−1 = [(−1)
(2𝑛 − 1)2 𝜋 2

2
𝑎2𝑛−1 = 2 2
[−2]
(2𝑛 − 1) 𝜋

−4
𝑎2𝑛−1 =
(2𝑛 − 1)2 𝜋 2
∞
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑡
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = (1) + ෍ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑒
2 1
𝑛=1
 Replace n with 2n-1
∞
1 (2𝑛 − 1)𝜋𝑥 −(2𝑛−1)2 𝜋2𝑡
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = + ෍ 𝑎2𝑛−1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑒
2 1
2𝑛−1=1

∞
1 −4 −(2𝑛−1)2 𝜋2 𝑡
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = + ෍ 2 2
cos[ 2𝑛 − 1 𝜋𝑥]𝑒
2 (2𝑛 − 1) 𝜋
2𝑛−1=1
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