“RESIDENTIAL PLANNING

AND CONSTRUCTION 101”

“LEARN HOW TO PLAN AND CONSTRUCT A
RESIDENTIAL PROJECT FROM SCRATCH”

PRESENTED BY:
ENGR. JONATHAN D. CORTEZ
RCE/STRUCTURAL DESIGNER/ PROJECT
CONSULTANT
 ➢ Introduction to Residential
Building Classifications (NBCP)
➢ Introduction to Planning and
Construction
➢ Construction Activity Workflow
COURSE OUTLINE

➢ Building Terminologies
➢ Construction Permits
➢ Introduction to Construction
Materials, Equipment and Tools
➢ Construction Methodologies
➢ Construction Common
Problems and Rectification
➢ Basic Introduction to Estimate,
Gantt Charts and Scheduling
 ➢ BE ON TIME

TRAINING GUIDELINES
➢ MUTE YOURSELF
➢ PRESENTATION
➢ HEADPHONES
➢ CHAT RESPONSIBLY
➢ SIGNALS
➢ CONDUCT
➢ ENJOY LEARNING
➢ SETS OF BREAK IN
BETWEEN
 ➢ TO LEARN IN A
PROFESSIONAL WAY.
➢ TO BE ABLE TO APPLY
EXPECTATIONS
THE LEARNINGS IN
ACTUAL INDUSTRY.
➢ TO BE ABLE TO KNOW
THE PROJECT SCOPE OF
A PROJECT MANAGER
➢ TO GAIN A NEW SET OF
SKILLS
RESIDENTIAL DWELLINGS

LET’S
GET
STARTED
 RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING
CLASSIFICATIONS
TABLE VII.2. BUILDING HEIGHT LIMIT BY TYPE CHARACTER OF USE TYPE OF NUMBER OF METERS ABOVE
OR OCCUPANCY BUILDING/STRUCTURE ALLOWABLE HIGEHST GRADE
STOREYS/FLOORS
ABOVE
ESTABLISHED
GRADE
1. RESIDENTIAL • Residential 1(R-1) 3 10.00

• Residential 2(R-2)
A)BASIC 3 10.00
B)MAXIMUM 5 15.00
• Residential 3(R-3)
A)BASIC 3 10.00
B)MAXIMUM 12 36.00
• Residential 4(R-4)
Townhouses (Individual 3 10.00
lots/Units)
• Residential 5(R-5)
Condominiums 12-18 36.00-54.00
RESIDENTIAL 1 (R-1)
• SINGLE FAMILY
OCCUPANTS

• LOW-DENSITY RESIDENTIAL
ZONE

• SINGLE DETACHED
DWELLINGS HAS OPEN
SPACE ON ALL SIDES, AND
HAS NO DWELLINGS EITHER
ABOVE IT OR BELOW IT
TABLE VII.2. BUILDING HEIGHT LIMIT BY TYPE CHARACTER OF USE TYPE OF NUMBER OF METERS ABOVE
OR OCCUPANCY BUILDING/STRUCTURE ALLOWABLE HIGEHST GRADE
STOREYS/FLOORS
ABOVE
ESTABLISHED
GRADE
1. RESIDENTIAL • Residential 1(R-1) 3 10.00

• Residential 2(R-2)
A)BASIC 3 10.00
B)MAXIMUM 5 15.00
• Residential 3(R-3)
A)BASIC 3 10.00
B)MAXIMUM 12 36.00
• Residential 4(R-4)
Townhouses (Individual 3 10.00
lots/Units)
• Residential 5(R-5)
Condominiums 12-18 36.00-54.00
RESIDENTIAL 2 (R-2)
• MEDIUM DENSITY RESIDENTIAL

• LOW-RISE SINGLE-ATTACHED,
DUPLEX OR MULTI LEVEL
BUILDING

• MULTIPLE FAMILY DWELLINGS

• SINGLE ATTACHED MEANS THAT

A HOUSE SHARES A COMMON
WALL TYPICALLY ON BOTH
SIDES OF THE PROPERTY. A
DUPLEX FOR EXAMPLE
RESIDENTIAL 2 (R-2)

• BASIC R-2 • MAXIMUM R-2

SINGLE ATTACHED OR LOW-RISE MULTI

DUPLEX BUILDING/ LEVEL BUILDING
STRUCTURE OF FROM STRUCTURE OF
(1) ONE STOREY UP TO FROM THREE (3)
THREE (3) STOREYS IN UP TO FIVE (5)
HEIGHT AND WITH STOREYS IN HEIGHT
EACH UNIT FOR AND FOR USE AS
SEPERARTE USE AS MULTIPLE FAMILY
SINGLE-FAMILY DWELLINGS
DWELLINGS
TABLE VII.2. BUILDING HEIGHT LIMIT BY TYPE CHARACTER OF USE TYPE OF NUMBER OF METERS ABOVE
OR OCCUPANCY BUILDING/STRUCTURE ALLOWABLE HIGEHST GRADE
STOREYS/FLOORS
ABOVE
ESTABLISHED
GRADE
1. RESIDENTIAL • Residential 1(R-1) 3 10.00

• Residential 2(R-2)
A)BASIC 3 10.00
B)MAXIMUM 5 15.00
• Residential 3(R-3)
A)BASIC 3 10.00
B)MAXIMUM 12 36.00
• Residential 4(R-4)
Townhouses (Individual 3 10.00
lots/Units)
• Residential 5(R-5)
Condominiums 12-18 36.00-54.00
RESIDENTIAL 3 (R-3)

• HIGH DENSITY
RESIDENTIAL

• LOW-RISE OR MEDIUM-
RISE
BUILDING/STRUCTURE
FOR EXCLUSIVE USE AS
MULTIPLE FAMILY
DWELLINGS WITH MIXED
HOUSING TYPES
TABLE VII.2. BUILDING HEIGHT LIMIT BY TYPE CHARACTER OF USE TYPE OF NUMBER OF METERS ABOVE
OR OCCUPANCY BUILDING/STRUCTURE ALLOWABLE HIGEHST GRADE
STOREYS/FLOORS
ABOVE
ESTABLISHED
GRADE
1. RESIDENTIAL • Residential 1(R-1) 3 10.00

• Residential 2(R-2)
A)BASIC 3 10.00
B)MAXIMUM 5 15.00
• Residential 3(R-3)
A)BASIC 3 10.00
B)MAXIMUM 12 36.00
• Residential 4(R-4)
Townhouses (Individual 3 10.00
lots/Units)
• Residential 5(R-5)
Condominiums 12-18 36.00-54.00
RESIDENTIAL 4 (R-4)

• MEDIUM TO HIGH
DENSITY RESIDENTIAL USE

• LOW-RISE TOWNHOUSE
BUILDING/STRUCTURE
FOR EXCLUSIVE USE AS
MULTIPLE FAMILY
DWELLINGS
TABLE VII.2. BUILDING HEIGHT LIMIT BY TYPE CHARACTER OF USE TYPE OF NUMBER OF METERS ABOVE
OR OCCUPANCY BUILDING/STRUCTURE ALLOWABLE HIGEHST GRADE
STOREYS/FLOORS
ABOVE
ESTABLISHED
GRADE
1. RESIDENTIAL • Residential 1(R-1) 3 10.00

• Residential 2(R-2)
A)BASIC 3 10.00
B)MAXIMUM 5 15.00
• Residential 3(R-3)
A)BASIC 3 10.00
B)MAXIMUM 12 36.00
• Residential 4(R-4)
Townhouses (Individual 3 10.00
lots/Units)
• Residential 5(R-5)
Condominiums 12-18 36.00-54.00
RESIDENTIAL 5 (R-5)

• VERY HIGH DENSITY

RESIDENTIAL USE

• MEDIUM-RISE TO HIGH
RISE CONDOMINUM
BUILDING/STRUCTURE
FOR EXCLUSIVE USE AS
MULTIPLE FAMILY
DWELLINGS
INTRODUCTION TO
PLANNING AND
CONSTRUCTION
PLANNING

• Construction planning
comes first, and
includes defining all of
the relevant processes,
procedures, and policies
you need to put in place
to meet the needs of a
specific project.
CONSTRUCTION
• The word construction has its roots
in the Latin word construere, which
itself has roots in com-, meaning
"together," and struere meaning "to
pile up.“

• Refer to the structure of something

and the way it has been built or
made
ELEMENTS ON CONSTRUCTION
• MEN – These area different members of the organization starting
from the very top of the last workman in the enterprise.

• MATERIALS- Represents the materials necessary in the distribution of

functions or in the attainment of it’s objectives.

• MACHINE- The tools necessary in producing it’s desired output

• METHODS- The procedures and ways used in the course of the

actions.

• MONEY- The financial resources pf the organization.

STAGES ON CONSTRUCTION
• PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE
BUILDING PERMITS, DESIGN STAGE, PLANNING STAGE, CONSTRUCTION
PERMITS

• CONSTRUCTION PHASE
EARTHWORKS, STRUCTURAL PHASE, ARCHITECTURAL/FINISHING PHASE,
PLUMBING AND SANITARY, ELECTRICAL AND AUXILLARY WORKS

• POST-CONSTRUCTION
OCCUPANCY PERMIT, PUNCHLISTING AND CLOSEOUTS
 CONSTRUCTION
ACTIVITY WORKFLOW
AND
METHODOLOGIES
DESIGN STAGE
STEP 1

• PRINTED IN
7 SETS OF PLANS
-LOCATION PLAN

-ARCHITECTURAL

-STRUCTURAL WITH STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

-ELECTRICAL WITH
ELECTRICAL ANALYSIS

-SANITARY PLANS

-OTHERS
BUILDING PERMITS
STEP 2

• PRINTED IN
7 SETS OF PLANS
-LOCATION PLAN

-ARCHITECTURAL

-STRUCTURAL WITH STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

-ELECTRICAL WITH
ELECTRICAL ANALYSIS

-SANITARY PLANS

-OTHERS
CHECKING OF POINTS
STEP 3

• CHECKING OF LOT
POINTS THROUGH A
GEODETIC ENGINEER

• A VERY IMPORTANT STEP

YET MANY PERSON IN
CHARGE SKIP THIS
PROCESS
MOBILIZATION
STEP 4
• MOBILZATION INCLUDES
THE FF:
• MOBILIZATION OF
MANPOWER
• MOBILIZATION OF
EQUIPMENTS
• CONSTRUCTION OF
WAREHOUSE AREA
• SECURING THE AREA WITH
BARRICADES OR SAFETY
FEATURES
• INSTALLATION OF
TARPAULINS AND
INFORMATION
TEMPORARY ELECTRICAL
& WATER CONNECTION
STEP 5
• DURING THE COURSE OR
BEFORE OF THE
CONSTRUCTION YOU
CAN APPLY FOR THIS
PERMIT THROUGH THE
MUNICIPAL SUPPLIER OR
A PRIVATE SUPPLIER OF
WATER AND ELECTRICITY

• REQUIREMENTS MAY
VARIES
STAKING & LAYOUT
STEP 6
• STAKING AND LAYOUT
USES THE IMPORTANCE
OF SET BACKS AND
LAYOUTS

• A GOOD LAYOUT WILL

PREVENTS FUTURE
PROBLEMS IN THE LOT
AREA
FABRICATION WORKS
STEP 7 “STEEL”
• STEEL FABRICATION
WORKS: ENSURE
QUALIFIED WORKERS FOR
THE JOB AND TOOLS
NEEDED FOR THE JOB

• EX: BENDER , METAL CUT

OFF AND OTHER CUTTING
MATERIALS
FABRICATION WORKS
STEP 7 “FORMWORKS”
• FORMWORKS
FABRICATION WORKS:
ENSURE QUALIFIED
WORKERS FOR THE JOB
AND TOOLS NEEDED FOR
THE JOB

• EX: CIRCULAR SAW AND

OTHER CUTTING
MATERIALS
STRUCTURAL WORKS
STEP 8 “CONCRETING”

• ENSURE QUALITY WORKS

AND MATERIALS
STRUCTURAL WORKS
STEP 8 “FORMWORKS STRIPPING”

• ENSURE QUALITY WORKS

AND MATERIALS

• CHECK FRAMES, FORMS,

STAGING AND
SCAFFOLDINGS ALWAYS.

• CHECK ALIGNMENTS
STRUCTURAL WORKS
STEP 8 “SOIL POISONING”

• ENSURE QUALITY WORKS

AND MATERIALS

SOIL POISONING
BEFORE ANY
CONCRETING BELOW
THE GROUND
STRUCTURAL WORKS
STEP 8 “CONCRETE BATCH MIX”

• ENSURE AREAS
ROUGHING INS BEFORE
CONRETING

• CONSTANT CHECKING OF
PLANS

• PREPARE MATERIALS AND

ADEQUATE SHORINGS
FOR ALL THE AREAS
ROOFING AND MASONRY WORKS
STEP 9

• HIRE QUALIFIED WORKERS

• IF SUB-CONS ARE
AVAILABLE FOR WORKS
FOR ROOFING WORKS
DO SO. (MAY VARIES)

• ENSURE QUALITY
MATERIALS
MASONRY WORKS
PLASTERING WORKS

• CEMENT

VIBRO SAND
FINISHING WORKS
STEP 10 “CEILING WORKS”

❑ Follow proper ceiling

methodology
❑ Ensure materials
quality
❑ Ensure electrical ,
plumbing and other
roughing ins first
before closing the
ceiling areas
❑ ALWAYS CHECK THE
ELEVATIONS OF
CEILINGS
FINISHING WORKS
STEP 11 “TILING WORKS”
❑ Use tile spacers
❑ Use levels and proper
squareness
❑ Never leave tile grout
on tiles
❑ Compact properly the
areas
❑ In t&b and balcony
areas prepare first the
flooring with water
proofing
❑ Use the proper sand
material and tile
adhesive for the tiles
❑ Check the patterns
always
FINISHING WORKS
STEP 12 “PAINTING WORKS”

❑ Use wall emulsion first

❑ Use proper plastering
preparation
❑ use skimcoats and
other materials in
proper manner
❑ Use sanding machine
if possible
❑ Use the proper
painting material for
proper applications
❑ Hire adequate
paintors
FINISHING WORKS
STEP 13 “CABINETRIES WORKS”

❑ Hire good carpenter

❑ Use the proper
cabinetries materials
❑ Finish the cabinetries
with proper
construction methods
❑ Ensure quality
FINISHING WORKS
STEP 14 “DOORS AND WINDOWS”
STEP 15 PLUMBING WORKS

❑ Always check for pipe-

rouging ins before
concreting
❑ Check plumbing plans
always
❑ Hire qualified plumber
or master plumber to
do the works
❑ Always test any
leaking
STEP 16 ELECTRICAL WORKS

❑ Hire qualified
electrician
❑ Use quality materials
never use substandard
materials that can
cause fire
❑ Check Electrical Plans
always
❑ Test Initially for megger
test and groundings
STEP 17 TURNOVER WORKS

❑ Before the turn-over.

Clean the areas and
check every detail of
the house.
❑ Ensure house keys and
door knobs and any
security features of the
house are all working.
❑ Issue a turn-over or
warranty certificate to
the client.
❑ Document everything
STEP 18 DEMOBILIZATION
 BUILDING
TERMINOLOGIES
 PINOY CONSTRUCTION TERMS
❑ Alulod means gutter. When preparing for the rainy season, tell your handyman: “Tingnan
mo naman yung yero kung may butas. At linisin mo yung alulod—puno na siya ng dahon.”
❑ Anay finish -This is a rough concrete wall finish (so-called because it looks termites ate
through it). It’s achieved by flattening a rough concrete finish with a trowel (a flat-bladed
hand tool), and was popular in the 1980s-90s.
❑ Balbon-Not hairiness, but rater, a wall defect that is the result of uneven plastering done by
an inexperienced mason.
❑ Dangkal-Length from tip of your thumb to the tip of your pinky finger (length depends on
whose hand you’re using).
❑ Dipa- Another unit of measurement—the length of both arms stretched out (including
torso).
❑ Dos Aguas and Quatro Aguas Roof -A dos aguas has two sides or slopes (a gable roof),
and quatro aguas has four sides (a hip roof). Use either of the terms when you want to
specify the type of roof, e.g. “Gawin nating quatro aguas ang bubong.”
❑ Dos por dos, etc.- When specifying the sizes of wood for rough carpentry, refer to these
terms: dos por dos is a 2”x2” strip of wood used in ceiling or cabinet framing; uno por dos is
1” x 2” wood, and de uno is a slim 1” x 1” piece. Suppliers sell these wood strips at 8ft (2.4m)
in length.
 PINOY CONSTRUCTION TERMS
❑ Ducco or duko-When designers want a durable finish for wood, they specify ducco–a type
of paint finish. Painters achieve this finish by applying putty, and sanding and painting in
layers. This is more expensive than your typical paint finish.
❑ Hamba- Carpenters use wood for constructing the hamba, or jamb—a frame surrounding
the door or window.
❑ Hulog- When masons put up a concrete wall, they check the hulog—the vertical
straightness of a wall with respect to a plumb bob (a metal ball on a long string). Hulog has
made its way to everyday lingo: “Wala sa hulog” means a person can’t think straight.
❑ Kapak-Plaster not bonding well with the wall produces a defect. Knocking on it creates a
hollow sound—probably why this defect is called kapak (the word itself mimics the hollow
sound).
❑ Masilya-When a wall is going to be painted, masilya (putty) is applied first.
❑ Media Agua-A canopy over a window. In ancestral Filipino houses, the traditional media
agua is a scallop-bordered cloth; in a bahay kubo, it’s a nipa push-out or awning. In
modern houses, it could be as simple as a ledge shading the window.
❑ Nagbubuntis- There’s reason to be concerned when a worker says, “May nagbubuntis dito,”
and it doesn’t mean someone’s gotten pregnant! It means a concrete column is bulging due
to weak formworks.

❑ Rebokada- When masons finish a concrete wall, they first apply a rough coat of plaster—
the rebokada, or scratch coat. This serves as a binder between the wall and the final layer of
plaster, or the palitada. “Habulin na lang sa palitada yan” is commonly proposed when wall
defects (like an uneven finish or a misaligned wall) need to be masked (by thickening the
plaster).

❑ S4S and S2S -These terms refer to the smoothness of the sides of the wood; they’re
abbreviations for “smooth four sides,” and “smooth two sides.” S4S pieces are used for exposed
members such as some rafters (roof supports). When sending your carpenter to buy wood, say,
“Dalawa pang dos por dos, na S4S.”

❑ Tabla -A wood plank, usually 5” or more in width.

❑ Tambol-When unsightly pipes appear in areas like the underside of a bathroom it needs a
tambol—not a musical instrument, but a covering made out of plywood or gypsum to hide the
pipe or eyesore. Say, “Lumabas ang tubo sa pader. Tambulan mo na lang.”

❑ Tanguile -This is a popular type of wood with a reddish color, fine-textured but with large grains.
It is the most common wood specified nowadays for rough carpentry such as door and
window jambs.
CONSTRUCTION
PERMITS
 BUILDING PERMITS
Step 1:
Go to the Office of the Building Official in the municipality of city where the building to be
constructed is under its jurisdiction. With a proper diplomacy, approach a person-in-charge
that you are going to apply for a building permit. You should be given a checklist of requirements that
you need to submit and the forms to fill-up. Your hired engineers/ARCHITECT are the one’s
who are going to fill those forms.

Step 2:
When your requirements/documents and forms are ready, you can go back to the Office of the
Building Official to submit them. You shall be instructed where to pass your requirements to
be assessed. After the submission, you shall be given an Acknowledgement Slip. Written on it is
the estimated date (usually after 10 working days) wherein your documents should have already
checked and assessed.
Step 3:
On the given date, go to the office again. This time if your
documents are accepted and approved, you shall be given
an Order of Payment. Proceed to the Treasure’s Office to pay
for the necessary fee/s.

Step 4:
Get your official receipt and present it to the releasing
section of the Office of the Building Official. Most of the
time, they’ll give you few more waiting days (usually 5
working days) before your Building Permit ready to be
claimed.
HOA/CONSTRUCTION PERMIT

When you purchase a home in an

Association, you agree to maintain
the home in a fashion that will not
detract from the look, feel, and
character of the neighborhood. This
also means if you perform any work
on the outside of the home, it will
maintain the overall look and feel of
the neighborhood. Let’s look at
some examples where you would
typically need HOA approval.
•Planting bushes, grass, trees, flowers, etc. outside
•Adding or altering any hardscape (concrete work on
driveways and walks, brick, or stonework, etc.)
•Painting the outside of the hose
•Replacing the roof
•New or replacement windows (including skylights)
•Replacing or adding front, side, or backyard doors
(including garage doors)
•Room addition
•Fencing and siding
•Pools and spas
•Decks, balcony’s, and patio cover alterations and
additions
OCCUPANCY PERMITS
OCCUPANCY PERMIT: BASIC REQUIREMENTS
1.Duly accomplished Certificate of Completion, signed by owner/ applicant, signed
and sealed by respective architect/ engineers, Forms are available at the
Office of the Building Official.
2.Photocopy of all Approved Permit Application Forms ( Back & front)
3.Copy of Approved Construction Plans/Blueprints
4.As-built Construction Plans (A3-size), duly signed by owner/ applicant, duly
signed/ sealed by respective professionals
5.Photocopy of updated PTR/PRC and Accredited Professional Organization ID
6.Photocopy of valid ID of owner (preferably government-issued ID)
7.Notarized Authorization Letter to transact in behalf of the owner
8.Fire Safety Inspection Certificate (FSIC) from Alabang Fire Department
9.Photocopy of Construction Business Permit (Contractor’s Tax) or Certification
for Completion (for non-Contractor) from BPLO
10.Logbook with Daily Construction Works/Activities
11.Pictures of site/Project showing substantial completion ,Front view, Rear view,
Left Side, Right Side, Interior
12.One long folder (white)
 INTRODUCTION TO
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS, EQUIPMENT
AND TOOLS
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
• Structural Works
• Architectural and Finishing Works
• Sanitary and Plumbing Works
• Electrical Works

60
STRUCTURAL WORKS
STRUCTURAL WORKS
CEMENT

CLASS COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
AA 4000 PSI
A 3500 PSI
B 3000 PSI
C 2500 PSI

62
STRUCTURAL WORKS
SAND AND GRAVEL

WHITE SAND

VIBRO SAND
63
STRUCTURAL WORKS
HOLLOW BLOCKS SAND AND GRAVEL

64
STRUCTURAL WORKS
REINFORCEMENT STEEL BARS

65
STRUCTURAL WORKS
STEEL SECTIONS

66
 LUMBER
STRUCTURAL WORKS
FORMWORKS

67
STRUCTURAL WORKS
SCAFFOLDINGS EQUIPMENTS

68
STRUCTURAL WORKS
MATERIALS
ROOFING MATERIALS

69
STRUCTURAL WORKS
ROOFING FOIL
INSULATION

ROOF TRUSSES

WELDING RODS

70
ARCHITECTURAL WORKS
ARHCITECTURAL WORKS
MATERIALS
CEILING MATERIALS

72
ARHCITECTURAL WORKS MATERIALS
CEILING MATERIALS

73
architectural WORKS
MATERIALS
CEILING MATERIALS

74
architectURAL WORKS
MATERIALS
CEILING MATERIALS

75
architectURAL WORKS
PVC PANELS

ACOUSTIC BOARDS

76
architectURAL WORKS
MATERIALS
DOOR MATERIALS

77
architecTURAL WORKS
MATERIALS
DOOR KNOBS

78
architectURAL WORKS
MATERIALS
KINDS OF DOORS

79
architecTURAL WORKS
KINDS OF DOORS BY MATERIALS

80
architecTURAL WORKS
KINDS OF DOORS BY MATERIALS

81
architecTURAL WORKS
KINDS OF DOORS BY MATERIALS

82
architecTURAL WORKS
KINDS OF DOORS BY MATERIALS

83
architecTURAL WORKS
KINDS OF DOORS BY MATERIALS

84
ARCHITECTURAL WORKS MATERIALS
KINDS OF DOORS BY MATERIALS

85
ARCHITECTURAL WORKS MATERIALS
KINDS OF DOORS BY MATERIALS

86
ARCHITECTTURAL WORKS MATERIALS
WINDOWS AND GLASSES

87
ARCHITECTURAL WORKS MATERIALS
GLASS RAILINGS SHOWER GLASS ENCLOSURE

88
ARCHITECTURAL WORKS MATERIALS
WINDOWS AND GLASSES

89
ARCHITECTTURAL WORKS MATERIALS
TILE WORKS

TILE ADHESIVES TILE GROUTS

90
ARCHITECTURAL WORKS MATERIALS
TILE WORKS

TILE SPACERS TILES SEALERS

91
ARCHITECTURAL WORKS MATERIALS

TILE WORKS

TILE SPACERS

92
ARCHITECTURAL WORKS MATERIALS
PAINTING WORKS

SKIMCOATS

93
ARCHITECTURAL WORKS MATERIALS
PAINTING WORKS

94
ARCHITECTURAL WORKS MATERIALS
PAINTING WORKS

95
ARCHITECTURAL WORKS MATERIALS
DUCCO FINISHES MATERIALS

96
ARCHITECTURAL WORKS MATERIALS
PAINT ROLLERS

PAINT BRUSHES

97
ARCHITECTURAL WORKS MATERIALS
CABINETRIES

RUGBY SOLVENT

LAMINATE MDF BOARD

98
ARCHITECTURAL WORKS MATERIALS
HYDRAULIC CONCEALED
HINGES

99
ARCHITECTURAL WORKS MATERIALS
CABINET GLIDERS CABINET HANDLES

100
ARCHITECTURAL WORKS MATERIALS
MARBLES

101
ARCHITECTURAL WORKS MATERIALS
GRANITES

102
ARCHITECTURAL WORKS MATERIALS
SYNTHETIC QUARTZ

103
SANITARY/PLUMBING
WORKS
PLUMBING WORKS MATERIALS
WATER METER

105
PLUMBING WORKS MATERIALS
PPR FITTINGS

WATER LINE
106
PLUMBING WORKS MATERIALS
WATER LINE G.I PIPES

107
PLUMBING WORKS MATERIALS
PVC WATERLINE PIPES

108
PLUMBING WORKS MATERIALS
PVC SEWERLINES

109
PLUMBING FIXTURES
PLUMBING WORKS MATERIALS
WATER CLOSETS BIDET
HANDSPRAY

TEE VALVE

FLEXIBLE HOSE
111
PLUMBING WORKS MATERIALS
SHOWER WATER HEATER

112
PLUMBING WORKS MATERIALS
LAVATORIES FAUCETS

113
PLUMBING WORKS MATERIALS
KITCHEN SINK FAUCETS

114 GREASE TRAP

ELECTRICAL WORKS
ELECTRICAL WORKS MATERIALS
ELECTRICAL BASE METER

116
ELECTRICAL WORKS MATERIALS

117
ELECTRICAL WORKS MATERIALS

118
ELECTRICAL WORKS MATERIALS

119
ELECTRICAL WORKS MATERIALS

120
ELECTRICAL WORKS MATERIALS

121
ELECTRICAL WORKS MATERIALS
AIRCON

122
ELECTRICAL WORKS MATERIALS
CCTV

123
ELECTRICAL WORKS MATERIALS
REFRIGERATORS

124
ELECTRICAL WORKS MATERIALS
OVEN/ RANGE

EXHAUST HOOD

125
CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT AND
TOOLS
 CONSTRUCTION
COMMON PROBLEMS
AND RECTIFICATION
• COLD JOINTS
• MEANING
Cold joints occur when the first layer of concrete sets
up before the next layer is placed. This prevents the
two layers from intermixing and opens the concrete up
to honeycombing and water seepage.

• RECTIFICATION STEPS
❑ Clean, chip excess concrete and remove laitance
❑ Install formworks and scaffolds then apply
approved concrete epoxy.
❑ Pour concrete with the required design strength.
❑ Cure.
❑ Inspect
• LEAKAGE PROBLEMS
Leakage in construction joints tend to occur due to two main
reasons:
•Firstly, when the base slab is put, an unfilled joint is created at the
bottom of the lift creating a space for water leaks.
•Secondly, as the cement shrinks, the joint widens even further,
allowing the water to leak through the gap.

• RECTIFICATION STEPS

❑ Inspect the area for the source of leakage if necessary to

remove tile or chip areas do so to locate the leakage areas.
❑ Hire qualified workers or professional to do the work
❑ If leakage detected do the required methodologies for
waterproofing works or change of pipe lines.
❑ Test for leakage again.
❑ Inspect.
• EXPOSED REBAR
Concrete that was not placed or vibrated properly may have
rock pockets and exposed rebar. Often this problem occurs
when the concrete was poured too dry because not enough
water was added to the concrete when it was being mixed. This
condition may result in rebar rusting and damaging the
concrete.

• RECTIFICATION STEPS
❑ Chip off area to rectify using chipping gun/hammer
❑ Clean and damp the surface
❑ Apply Non-shrink Grout and smoothen the surface.
❑ Cure. (note always check for plumbness)
❑ Inspection
• FAULTY WIRINGS
Faulty wiring shows some noticeable signs. For example,
dimming or flickering lights are signs of bad wiring. Plus, if
you experience frequent blown breakers or fuses, there’s a
good chance that faulty wiring may be to blame. Other
common symptoms of faulty wiring include charred or
darkened outlets and switches.

• RECTIFICATION STEPS
❑ Have a Licensed Electrician to inspect your wiring
❑ Any recommendations for the wirings should be
followed according from electrical codes.
❑ Never use substandard materials for the remedies
instead use quality materials instead.
❑ Check again and Inspect (do megger test)
• PEELING PAINT
The signs of peeling paint are hard to miss: cracks,
holes in the surface, or even large strips of paint that
simply come off on their own. There are many different
reasons why interior paint in commercial buildings can
start peeling.

RECTIFICATION STEPS.

❑ Scrape off all peeling paint

❑ Sand the wall to make it even
❑ Use joint compound to patch any damage
❑ Sand the surface once again
❑ Apply a coat of primer
❑ Apply 2 coats of colored paint
BASIC INTRODUCTION
TO ESTIMATE, GANTT
CHARTS AND
SCHEDULING
• CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE
Construction estimating is the
process of assessing all the costs
of a construction project. These
costs include direct costs,
indirect costs, overhead costs
and a profit margin for the
general contractor. The purpose
of construction estimating is to
create a construction estimate,
a document that’s used by
general contractors when
bidding for construction
projects.
• GANTT CHART
A Gantt chart, commonly used in project
management, is one of the most popular
and useful ways of showing activities (tasks
or events) displayed against time. On the left
of the chart is a list of the activities and
along the top is a suitable time scale. Each
activity is represented by a bar; the position
and length of the bar reflects the start date,
duration and end date of the activity. This
allows you to see at a glance:

•What the various activities are

•When each activity begins and ends
•How long each activity is scheduled to last
•Where activities overlap with other
activities, and by how much
•The start and end date of the whole project
•S-CURVE
An “S-Curve” is often used when
forecasting the construction component
of a development feasibility. An S-Curve is
a chart showing construction cash flows
over a “standard” project’s life. The graph
plots the percentage of value of work
completed against the percentage of time
completed in small increments.

When using an S-Curve, only three

variables are needed to create a
construction expenditure forecast, these
are construction price, start date and
duration.
 THE
END
(THANK YOU ALL TO JESUS)

-EJC