LESSON 3

PAGKILALA SA SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO (FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY)

Outline:
➔ Brief introduction of the author of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
➔ Definition and the context of Sikolohiyang Pilipino (SP)
➔ Foundation of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
➔ Filipino values, Psychopathologies, and Filipino Psychomedicine

WHAT IS FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY?

● the psychology rooted in the experience, ideas, and cultural orientation of the
Filipinos.
● a scientific study of ethnicity, society and culture of people and the application to
psychological practice of indigenous knowledge rooted in the people’s ethnic heritage
and consciousness.
● born out of the experience, thought and orientation of the Filipinos based on the full
use of Filipino culture and language.
● “…the study of diwa (psyche).” - refers to the wealth of ideas referred to by the
philosophical concept of “essence” and an entire psychological concept from awareness
to motives to behavior.
● The approach is one of the “indigenization from within”, also termed as cultural
revalidation, whereby the theoretical framework and methodology emerge from the
experiences of people from the indigenous culture.
● It is based on assessing historical and socio-cultural realities, understanding the local
language, unraveling Filipino characteristics, and explaining them through the eyes of
native Filipinos.

HISTORY OF FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY

● The roots of SP can be traced back to the introduction of the American education
system in the Philippines.
● Agustin Alonzo was among the first Filipino psychologists to return from his education
in America (1925) to teach at the College of Education in the University of the
Philippines.
 ● In the 1960s, Filipino intellectuals and scholars were already aware of the limitations and
inapplicability of Western Psychology.
● During the 1970s, or during the reign of Marcos, SP started to emerge.

WHO IS THE FATHER OF FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY?

● Dr. Virgilio G. Enriquez, Doc E, is the Father of Filipino Psychology "Ama ng
Sikolohiyang Pilipino". He was born on November 24, 1942 at Santol, Balagtas
formally Bigaa, Bulacan. He is the founder of the Pambansang Samahan sa
Sikolohiyang Pilipino, (corporate name: National Association for Sikolohiyang
Pilipino, Inc.)
○ He returned to the Philippines from his studies in 1971 and established the
Philippine Psychology Research House.
○ In 1975, the very first annual national conference on Filipino Psychology was
held by the Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (PSSP) marking the
formalization of Filipino Psychology.
○ Researched into historical and cultural roots of Philippine Psychology with
Alfredo V. Lagmay
○ Authored several publications in indigenous psychology, Filipino personality,
psychology of language and politics, philosophy and values, cross-cultural
psychology and pilipinolohiya.
○ Received numerous awards, recognitions, and grants both in the Philippines and
internationally.
○ Education
■ Formerly initiated into Psychology in 1963 when he started teaching at the
(UP)
■ Masters: 1966 US
■ Ph.D.: Social Psychology Northwestern University, USA

FORMS OF FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY

1. Psychology in the Philippines (Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas)
a. It refers to a series of events related to the field of psychology in the
Philippines.
b. Ito ang pinakamalaki o kabuuang anyo ng sikolohiya sa kontekstong Pilipino.
 c. Lahat ng mga pag aaral, libro, at sikolohiyang makikita sa Pilipinas, banyaga
man o maka pilipino.
2. Psychology of the Filipinos (Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino)
a. It refers to any theories or knowledge of Filipino nature regardless of source,
western or local.
b. Ito ang palasak na anyo sapagkat pinakakaraniwan o pinakamadali makita.
c. Ito rin ay tumutukoy sa pananaliksik, pagaaral at mga konsepto sa sikolohiya na
may kinalaman sa mga Pilipino.
3. Filipino Psychology (Sikolohiyang Pilipino)
a. It refers to a psychology based on the Filipino’s true thoughts, feelings,
behavior, and must be derived from indigenous Filipino sources , language and
method.
b. Nilalayong anyo, sikolohiyang bunga ng karanasan, kaisipan at oryentasyong
Pilipino.

4 FILIATIONS OF FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY

Zeus Salazar (1985), a historian, later examined the history of Sikolohiyang Pilipino and
came up with a description of the four filiations of Philippine psychology:
1. Academic-scientific psychology (Sikolohiyang Akademiko Siyentipiko)
a. the Western tradition – This follows the American-oriented psychological
tradition that can be traced back to Wilhelm Wundt in 1876. It was introduced
through the formal American education system in universities.
2. Academic-philosophical psychology (Sikolohiyang Akademiko-Pilosopikal)
a. the clerical tradition (clergy) – This was started by priest-professors at the
UST during the 17th century Spanish era. This tradition originally came from the
writings of the preachers and monks in philosophy and "pre-scientific'' Spanish
elites and would later join with the American-oriented scientific psychology
3. Ethnic psychology (Sikolohiyang Katutubo)
a. This is the Philippine indigenous psychology in the sense that this includes
the frame of psychological reasoning, enculturation practices, beliefs, and
protoclinical practices that can be culled from language, literature, myths,
legends, etc. This also includes psychological systems worked out by
Filipinos with Filipino indigenous elements as basis (eg. Hermano Pule,
 Rizal, Isabelo de los Reyes, Kalaw, etc.) and Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino
(Psychology of the Filipino) as formulated by Virgilio Enriquez.
4. Psycho-medical system with religion (Sistemang Sikomedikal at Relihiyon)
a. Psychological tradition that is closely related to ethnic psychology. The
psycho-medical tradition that has religion as the basis and explanation. This
includes the faith healing practices of the babaylan and the katalonan.
According to Salazar, he believes that “no real healing could take place if there
were no common ideology or frame of reference… understood and accepted by
both healer and patient.”

BASIC TENETS OF FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY

➢ Core Value or Kapwa (share inner self)
○ Ibang Tao (outsider) & Hindi Ibang Tao (one of us)
➢ Pivotal Interpersonal Value Pakiramdam (shared inner perceptions)
➢ Linking Socio-personal Value/ Kagandahang-Loob (shared humanity)
➢ Accommodative Surface Values
○ Hiya (sense of propriety), Utang na loob (norm of reciprocity), ,Pakikisama
at Pakikipagkapwa (smooth interpersonal relationship SIR)
➢ Confrontative Surface Values
○ Bahala na, Lakas ng loob, Pakikibaka
➢ Societal Values
○ Karangalan (Puri & Dangal), Katarungan, Kalayaan

1. Core Value or Kapwa (shared Inner self) Pakikipagkapwa

Kapwa is the core construct of SP. Its two categories are Ibang Tao & Hindi Ibang Tao
a. Ibang Tao (“outsider”)
5 interaction levels under this category are:
1. Pakikitungo (civility) right behavior meant right demeanor towards
authorities
2. Pakikisalamuha (act of mixing) is primarily communitarian. It supports
the ability to adapt.
3. Pakikilahok (act of joining) participation of the entire community to help a
person.
 4. Pakikibagay (conformity) runs into conflict with individuality wherein
Filipinos willingly throw away in favor of conformity with demands of those
who are in charge.
5. Pakikisama (being united with the group/companionship/esteem)
comradeship
b. Hindi Ibang Tao (one of us)
3 interaction levels are:
1. Pakikipagpalagayang-loob (act of mutual trust)
2. Pakikisangkot (act of joining others)
3. Pakikipagkaisa: being one with others
“Ethnoscientific participant observation of food sharing during a town fiesta (feast) revealed a
progression of relationships that is evident in the quality of interactions expressed in the
meals, with pakikitungo as the shallowest and pakikiisa as the deepest (Santiago, 1976 ). The
visitor moves from being a guest toward becoming a host and then, finally, to being a servant at
table when the deepest level of relationship has been achieved. All these suggest that
behavioral interactions vary as a function of the relationships with the other.”

2. Pivotal Interpersonal Value or Pakiramdam (shared inner perceptions)

a. Filipinos use damdam, or the inner perception of others’ emotions, as a basic
tool to guide their dealings with other people

3. Linking Socio-personal Value Kagandahang-Loob (shared humanity)

a. being able to help other people in dire need due to a perception of being
together as a part of one Filipino humanity

4. Accommodative Surface Values

1. Hiya (sense of propriety) loosely translated as ‘shyness’
2. Utang na loob (norm of reciprocity) returning favors whether asked for or not,
needed or not
3. Pakikisama at Pakikipagkapwa (smooth interpersonal relationship SIR)
coined by Lynch (1961 and 1973) . guided by conformity with the majority

5. Confrontative Surface Values

 1. Bahala na (Bathala na) “leave it up to God and it is used as an expression, one
of our adaptive coping strategy when faced with challenging situations
2. Lakas ng loob courageous in the midst of problems and uncertainties
3. Pakikibaka concurrent clashes, ability to undertake revolution and uprisings
against common enemy

6. Societal Values
1. Karangalan (dignity) what other people see in a person & how they use that to
judge one’s worth
a. Puri external aspect of dignity
b. Dangal how we judge ourselves
2. Katarungan (justice) equity in giving rewards to a person
3. Kalayaan (freedom and mobility) may clash with the less important value of
pakikisama or pakikibagay (conformity)

Mga katutubong konsepto – madalas hindi na nagsasaliksik. Mga halimbawa ng konsepto na

hindi makikita sa sikolohiya ng Amerika:
a. Saling-pusa
b. Tengang-kawali
c. Balik bayan
d. Pusong mamon
e. Balat-sibuyas
 f. Kayod-kalabaw

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
● Filipino psychopathology, Sikopatolohiya ng Pilipino (Spanish psicopatologia)
● the study of abnormal psychology in the Filipino context
● Several mental disorders have been identified that culture-bound syndromes, and can
therefore be found only in the Philippines or in other societies with which Filipinos share
cultural connections
● Filipino psychopathology also refers to the manifestation of universal mental disorders
manifestation of depression and schizophrenia, for the most are less violent

Example: Amok, Malayan mood disorder, Austronesian Mood Disorder, a person suddenly
loses control of himself and goes into a killing frenzy, after which hallucinates and falls into a
trance, when wake up with no absolute memory of what happened
Bangungot, a person suddenly loses control of respiration and digestion, and falls
into a coma and ultimately to death, repeatedly linked to Thailand’s Brugada syndrome and to
the ingestion of rice, no such medical ties have been proven

FILIPINO PSYCHOMEDICINE
1. Hilot - the use of massage to aid a pregnant mother in the delivery of of her child
2. Kulam - hex or bewitchment
3. Lihi - an intense craving for something or someone during pregnancy
4. Pasma - explains how init (heat) and lamig (cold) together can result in illness, esp
rheumatism
5. Susto (soul-fight) from Latin American traditions (when we sleep, our soul flies or goes
somewhere)
6. Pagtatawas diagnosing illness wherein alum (tawas) is ritualistically used by the
albularyo or medicine man
7. Usog explains how a baby who has been greeted by a stranger acquires a mysterious
illness, derived from Spanish tradition, Mal de Ojo
8. Gabor gabaa the Visayan concept of negative Karma

POSITIVE VALUES
1. Hospitality - One of most popular qualities of Filipinos
 2. Respect
3. Strong family ties and religions
4. Generosity and Helpfulness
5. Strong Work Ethic - willing to work almost the whole day just to feed our families
6. Love and Caring

POSITIVE TRAITS
1. Palabra de Honor - a man of word
2. Utang na Loob

NEGATIVE TRAITS
1. Crab mentality - “If I can’t have it, neither can you!”
2. Ningas-kugon - “Leaving our work half-baked or unfinished”
3. Manana Habit - “Mamaya na” “Bukas na lang”
4. Filipino Time - minutes or hours behind the standard time
5. Balat-Sibuyas - extra-sensitivity to insults
6. General disregard for rules - penchant for law-breaking
7. Colonial mentality - a preference for all things foreign over our own
8. Balikbayan Box Mentality - exploitative or jealousy of the success of OFWs
9. Bahala na Attitude - “Bahala na si Batman”
10. Double Standard - When a situation is desirable for one group but deplorable for
another
11. Corruption
12. Excessive Partying - “celebrating like there’s no tomorrow” sarap ngayon bukas
tunganga
13. Amor Propio (Pride)

SUPERSTITIONS

Examples:
● Fitting your wedding dress prior to your wedding day will cost you your life
● When someone sees you and you appear to be headless, it means you’re about to die.
● When a woman sings while cooking, she will end up a spinster.
 ● Saying “tao, tao po” while knocking at someone’s door is more than just asking if there’s
someone in the house
● Oro, Plata, Mata
● Sweeping the floor at night will bring you bad luck.
● When three people pose for a picture, the one at the center will be the first to die.
● Crossing paths with a black cat is a bad omen.
● Bringing home food served at a wake or a funeral will bring bad luck.
● If you’re coming from a wake, take a detour if you must, just DON’T go home
immediately

READINGS (10-18-22)
MGA BATAYAN NG SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO SA KULTURA AT KASAYSAYAN
Dr, Virgilio G. Enriquez

● Pagkakaiba ng sikolohiyang pilipino, sikolohiya sa Pilipinas, at sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino

● Anim na batayan ng sikolohiyang pilipino

Halimbawa: “Taong bahay” (taumbahay) at “tao sa bahay”

Halos pareho man ang mga salitang ito, magkaiba ang kahulugan. Ang “tao sa bahay” ay hind
sinasadya o kinukusa. Maaring maging “tao sa bahay” ang taong nakatira doon, napadaan o
napadalaw lamang, at nakita mo lamang doon. Samantalang ang mayroon namang nakatira
doon pero ayaw maging “taumbahay.”
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO (SP)
● Aspetong nakalinya sa “taumbahay”
● Ang SP ay sikolohiyang bunga ng karanasan, kaisipan, at oryentasyong Pilipino.
● Bahagi at kabahagi ng sikolohiya sa daigdig

SIKOLOHIYA SA PILIPINAS (SSP)

● Aspetong nakalinya sa “Tao sa bahay” (dalaw lamang)
● Ang SSP ay sikolohiyang bunga ng pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga pangyayaring
may kinalaman sa sikolohiya sa ating bayan.
 ● Halimbawa, ang pagtatagpo ng isang sikolohistang Amerikano at isang paring Kastila sa
Pilipinas ay bahagi ng sikolohiya sa Pilipinas.

SIKOLOHIYA NG MGA PILIPINO

● Teorya ng sinumang nais mag-aral tungkol sa kalikasang sikolohikal ng mga PIlipino
● Ang sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino ay tungkol sa kamalayan (damdamin at kaalamang
nararanasan), sa ulirat (kaalaman at pag unawa), sa diwa (mga haka at hinuha), sa
bait (ugalim kilos o asal), sa loob (damdamin), at sa kaluluwa (daan sa pagtukoy sa
budhi).

Pamamaraan ng Pananaliksik
● Pagtitipon ng mga materyal na sikolohikal na may kinalaman sa kasaysayan ng
sikolohiya sa Pilipinas
● Pamamahagi ng palatanungan at pagsasagawa ng mga panayam

Kinasapitan
● Mayroong anim 6 na batayan ng sikolohiyang Pilipino

1. MGA BATAYAN SA KINAGISNANG SIKOLOHIYA

● Babaylan at catalonan
○ Ang mga babaylan ang mga unang sikolohistang Pilipino
● Ang mga bulong at dalangin ng mga etnikong grupo sa Pilipinas ay isang
napakayamang daluyan ng ating kinagisnang sikolohiya
● Literaturang Pilipino
○ Pasalita o pasulat; salawikain, kuwentong bayan, alamat, epiko
● Mga kaugaliang minana ng mga Pilipino
○ Mga ugali at paniniwala tungkol sa pag-aaruga sa bata
○ Sa pakikitungo sa isa’t isa

2. ANG BATAYAN SA TAO AT SA KANYANG DIWA

● Ang pagpapahalaga sa tao at sa kanyang diwa.
○ Nagtatagpo sa batayang ito ang sikolohiyang Pilipino at ang sikolohiya sa
Pilipinas
 ○ Nag-ugat sa mga ideya ni Descartes at mga sinulat ni Aristotle
● Sikolohiya bilang isang disiplinang akademiko sa mga unibersidad at kolehiyo sa
Pilipinas.
○ Sa kabila ng sinabi ni Carl Jung na “Kung gusto mong matuto ng sikolohiya,
iwasan mo ang mga unibersidad.”
○ Unibersidad ng San Carlos (binigyang pagpapahalaga ni Goertz)
○ “Tanso at pompiyang” Wundt -> Kulpe -> Johannes Lindwursky -> Goertz

3. ANG BATAYAN SA PANAHON NG PAGBABAGONG-ISIP

● Halimbawa, sa leksigrapiya ni Pedro Serrana Laktaw o kay Isabelo de lo Reyes
(poklorista)
● Pag-ibig sa kalikasan (del Pilar 1888) o mga saloobin tungkol sa kamatayan (del Pilar
1907)
○ Antonio Luna (La Tertulia Filipina o Ang Piging na Pilipino)
○ Guthrie (1972)
● Tungkol sa mga kaugaliang hindi napawi ng Kristiyanismo o modernisasyon
○ El Cristianismo en la Antigua Civilización Tagalog ni Paterno (1892)
○ Ninay (nobelang panlipunan)
○ Mga alamat ni Ponce at ang Liwanag at Dilim ni Jacinto
● Matitiyak na ang mga panitikang ito ay may sikolohikal na nilalaman kahit papano.
● Emilio Aguinaldo - “psicólogos del verbo Tagalog”
○ Patunay na hindi dala ng mga Amerikano at Kastila ang sikolohiya sa bansa
natin

4. BATAYAN SA PANAHON NG PAGPAPAHALAGA SA KILOS AT KAKAYAHAN NG

TAO
● Agustin Alonzo, ang kauna-unahang Pilipinong nagtapos ng Master sa Sining ng
Sikolohiya (UP)
○ Tesis - sikolohiya ng damdamin
○ May malaking impluwensiya ang sikolohiya ni Thorndike
○ Hartendorp - kasabayan ni Alonzo na nagkaroon ng interes sa sikolohiya rito sa
atin. Ninais niyang sukating ang talino ng mga Negrito ngunit hindi ito natuloy.
● Felipe - binigyang pansin ang moral na pangangailangang harapin ang mga suliraning
panlipunan (talumpati bilang presidente ng Psychological Association of the Philippines)
 ○ Naglaban sa kanyang isipan ang mahalaga sa lipunan (socially useful) at
saligang eksperimental (experimental dimension)
● Osias - kanyang teorya tungkol sa kaugnayan ng wika sa lipunan (pag-uugnay sa
kaalamang panglinggwistika sa kilos ng tao)
● Isidro Panlasigui (1952), Sinforoso Padilla at Estafania Aldaba-Lim (1961,1963), at
Alfredo Lagmay (1964) mga pagpapahalaga sa kilos at kakayahan ng tao

5. BATAYAN SA PANAHON NG PAGPAPAHALAGA SA SULIRANIN NG LIPUNAN

● Albada-Lim
● Ang pagpapahalaga sa mga suliranin ng lipunan ay habang-panahon uukilkil sa isipan
ng bawat sikolohistang nais magtago sa katahimikan ng kanyang pagsuri ng datos (data
processing) o pag-eeksperimentyo (laboratory control).
● Position paper ng UP Psych. Society 1974
○ “Hindi sapat ang kaalamang teoretikal.”
○ “...Palaging dapapt tungo sa paglilingkod sa kapwa.”
○ “Ang kaalamang natuklasan sa pananaliksik tungkol sa tao ay dapat gamitin at
ipamahagi upang makabuo ng mas mabuting daigdig para sa lahat.”
\
6. ANG BATAYAN SA WIKA, KULTURA, AT PANANAW NG PILIPINO
● Pinakapundamental na saligan ng mga batayang ito
● Lohika ng agham - dapat gumamit ng iba’t-ibang midyum, sistema, at pamamaraan sa
pananaliksik upang higit na matiyak ang kasaklawan ng ating natuklasan
○ Ang wika ay isang mahalagang daluyang maaaring baguhin bilang saligan ng
pananaliksik
● “Acquiescence effect” (epekto ng pagsang-ayon)

FOUR FILIATIONS IN PHILIPPINE PSYCHOLOGICAL THOUGHT

Zeus A. Salazar (Dept. of History, UP)

Introduction
● Filipino faith healers
○ German journalist showed how the Filipino psychics deceive their foreign clients
 ○ “Believers” those who flock to Filipino healers for treatment & “parapsychologists”
who study “psychic therapy , ESP, and other paranormal phenomena
scientifically
○ Are real products of our history with deep roots in Filipino culture
○ Clever apprentices in the Western art of individual or corporate enterprise
○ Agpaoa’s career in the faith healing business is no way different from those
professional businessmen
○ Zeus believes that psychic healing is embedded in ethnic psychology (integral
with people’s needs and conceptions)

FOUR LINES OF INQUIRY

● Academic-scientific psychology (ca. 1920)

○ Through UP and in the American school
○ Filiation from Wundt for the teaching of at University of San Carlos professor
○ Began to establish itself towards the end of the second decade of this century
with the establishment of America and its educational system in PH
■ Formally, in 1925 with the return of Dr. Agustin S. Alonzo to UP (with the
involvement of UST)
● Academic-philosophical psychology (17th century)
○ Presume to have started with the establishment of a system of higher education
around UST in Spanish times
■ From the courses in philosophy and medicine in these schools that
psychological materials can be sought and brought out and the writings of
the preachers and monks
● Ethnic psychology (katutubong sikolohiya/ indigenous psychology)
○ Observation of ethnic psychology as part of social psychology, Filipinos and
foreigners had contact after 1521
 ○ Katutubong Sikolohiya “Common or innate to the Filipino” and ”worked out
by Filipinos from indigenous and foreign elements individually or in
response to their common national and cultural experiences”
■ “Kinagisnang sikolohiya” (psychology one has been born into)
subconscious psychology imbedded in the native language, art, music,
culture, and religion
○ Kamalayan (realm of consciousness) & kaluluwa (soul)
○ Psychological thought examples
■ Lagda, insights of Hermano Pule, Jose Rizal, Isabelo de los Reyes, and
the Kartilya ng Katipunan, works of Kalaw and Mercado
○ Includes the study of Filipino psychology in the sense of the Filipino people’s
perceived ethnic traits (ang sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino, Enriquez 1976)
○ Early foreign views about Filipinos
■ Chao-Ju-Kua and other Chinese chroniclers, did not affect our ancestors
(if only because they were not even aware of them)
■ Pigafetta, was quite objective and impressed by Filipinos in Visayas,
Mindanao, Palawan
■ Morga, Colin and the early missionaries, same
■ 17th century, negative judgements became frequent
■ Gaspar de San Agustin (1720) “really git crystallized into a psychological
thesis on Indio character” and got carried over to 19th century (racialism
expanded)
■ School people divides Filipino between Christian and non-Christian
(Pagans & Moros)
● hiya , utang na loob were considered by the Post-World War 2
social-anthropologists
■ Hiya school appeared to be the latest avatar of foreign or external view of
the psychology of Filpipinos

● Indigenous medico-religious practice and theory

○ Considered to be at the core of native FIlipino psychology
○ The ancient-religious complex likewise traversed an accularative process through
the espiritista phase to our present faith-healing stage
 FAITH HEALING THEN AND NOW
● The last filiation is the most directly relevant to faith healing
● Zeus - “No real healing could really take place if there were no common ideology
or frame of reference - a language, a metalanguage understood and accepted by
both healer and patient”
● Babaylan o Katalonan could heal had something to do with the relations between man
and the spirit world (priestess was the expert in the ancient community)
○ Can also cure usual diseases but they were generally left to other specialists
● Herbolarios, native medical practitioners, their name was given by the Spaniards who
availed their services
● Ancient distinction between the spiritual and non-spiritual diseases persisted to this day
○ Faith healer would tell that there are diseases that can be healed by the medical
doctor or good herbolario
■ Diseases cannot healed by doctors are healed by faith healers
■ Doctors compliments the medical practice of faith healers
○ The difference between the pre-Hispanic and the present situation is the fact that
the modern-day katalonan aside from the apparent change of sex (now mainly
males) is prepared to stay in the shadow od the doctor
■ Nowadays, katalonan imitates the doctor
○ Healing procedure
■ Katalonan - idea of the double soul, we have to spiritual parts
● Soul (kaluluwa, kalag) the essence of intellectual and moral
powers and, at death becomes anito or spirit
● Anito or spirit is the human being’s life force (ginhawa in the
liver/atay)
○ Ginhaoa means stomach, and the pit of the same stomach’
to live, to breath, respiration, vital spirit; taken upon eating
with nutrients, give life to all living things
 ○ Mean character, disposition, condition, for the good or the
bad
○ The cow has a fetus, a child, in its stomach. Do not bury
yet for there is life still. My spirit was greatly startled.
○ Mentrida - ginhawa as appetite or taste “this food does not
go well with my ginhawa”
■ Ginhauaan “the source of respiration or the vital
spirits (He was hit on the principal part of the vital
spirits, like the heart, so he died).
○ How then was this concept of the double soul related to sickness and its
cure?
■ The kaluluwa or kalag could get out of the body (willingly or through
some mischief of some aswang or spirits) and cause, through its long
absence, various diseases. Unless the kaluluwa is reintegrated into
his body, a man would die. The katalonan must reintegrate the soul in
the man’s body with banay leaved to force the soul to return.
● The priestess “placed a lead of a certain kind of palm upon the
head of the sick man and prayed that it (soul) would come to sit
there, and grant him his health.”
■ Set of diseases which are caused by some object entering, or being
projected into, generally the abdominal region (seat of
ginhawa/ginhawaan - special preference of the aswang)
● Bikols, at the death of a datu they kill a slave to offer the latter’s
entrails to the aswang
● Visayans, the boyayao was an internal ailment which comes from
the demons
● Tagalogs, believed the mangkukulam or witches caused pains in
the stomach, swellings in any part of the body and boils or internal
tumors
● Tongans in Polynesia, utua meant a sickness sent by god, pain of
the entrails, inflammation, utua pu reffered to a demon, bad spirit
● Marquesas, mate note atua sickness result of a vengeance of the
entrails and cured only when a shaman or tawa looked for the
 malevolent deity in order to softly calm him with the palm of his
hand
● Philippines, the method was to extract the object causing the
disease or the aswang himself who entered the body of the sick
person
○ In case the aswang is inside, Bikols perform hidhid or
haplos
■ Hidhid, the badian put an emplaster of buyo leaves
on the head of the patient and danced
■ Haplos, a ritual message preceded by the
invocation of Bathala and the execration of the
aswang
○ How do all these ancient techniques compare with those used by our
modern faith healers?
■ Concerning the reintegration of the soul, it would appear that what is put
back into the body is energy through magnetic adjustment
● Bioplasm or magnetic fluid which somehow comes out of the
healing hand of the medium and enters the body of the patient like
some mystical electric current.
● Hoc Signo Vince Church, massage, spiritual injection and blood
transfusion
● Massage and exorcizing the aswang himself
○ Tie the toes and fingers of the patient in anona bark or
even beat him till the mangkukulam leaves the body
● Blood was not involved in the ancient technique
○ What about the medico-religious ideology which both patient and healer
shared in our ancient society?
■ Anitos have lost ground as prime movers in healing
■ Katalonans and modern healers are mediums with specific contacts in the
spiritual realm. Katalonas had tutelary anitos, faith healers have as
beneficent sponsors the various saints in the Christian pantheon
Conclusion
Our present faith healers are the modern descendants of the katalonans and the latest avatar of
the ancient Filipinos’ medico-religious system of beliefs and practices. The line of ethnic
psychology is probably the richest of all, the poorest being that of academic-philosophical
psychology. The academic-scientific is probably the most well-known and recently considered
as the only valid form of psychology worthy of the scientist’s attention. It must be integrated with
all the other forms of psychology into a Sikolohiyang Pilipino with a Filipino orientation.

10/24/22
MGA BATAYAN NG SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO SA KULTURA AT KASAYSAYAN

SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
Tumutukoy sa kamalayan, damdamin at kaalamang nararanasan, ugali, kilos at asal,
kaluluwa at budhi
SIKOLOHIYA SA PIILIPINAS
Bunga ng pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga pangyayaring may kinalaman sa sikolohiya sa
ating bayan
SIKOLOHIYA NG MGA PILIPINO
Ang bawat teorya ng sino mang nais mag aral tungkol sa kalikasan ng sikolohikal ng
mga Pilipinong naninirahan sa Pilipinas at maging sa ibang bansa

TAHANAN (home)
Isang lugar kung san ka nananahan; isang lugar kung saan komportable ka sa iyong
sarili; tumutulong na humubog sa iyong pagkatao
BAHAY (house)
Isang istraktura kung saan doon ka tumitira ngunit hindi masasabing makabuluhan o
pangmatagalan
BABAYLAN (tagalog)
Isang taong may kakayahang mamagitan sa mga mundo ng espiritu
CATALONAN (visaya)
Ay ang katumbas ng Tagalog ng Visayan babaylan
PULAHANES
 Nagsasanay ng mga sinaunang kaalaman at paniniwala gaya ng mga Derobio Eskrima
na gumagamit ng bolo at anting anting
ACQUIESCENCE EFFECT (epekto ng pagsang-ayon)
Isang teorya na nagsasaad na ang tao ay maaaring magbigay ng maling impormasyon
hinggil sa kanyang sarili o kaalaman kapag ito ay tinanong. Madalas positibo ang pagsang-ayon
kesa sa negatibo dahil sa ninanais ng tao na makabuluhan ang pagtingin sa kanya ang taong
nagtatanong
PAGKAKAIBA
Ang Sikolohiyang PIlipino ang maaaring ihambing sa salitang “Taumbahay” na may
kahulugan na ang kanyang kilos, pang-unawa, damdamin, kaisipan ay umaayon sa tamang
tagapangasiwa ng bahay. Isang taong nawiwili maging tagapag-alaga ng isang tahanan.
Ang Sikolohiya ng Pilipinas ay maikukumpara sa salitang “tao sa bahay” na ang ibig sabihin
ay tao na nasa loob lamang ng bahay. Masasabi na ang tao na nasa bahay ay walang anumang
obligasyon o kagustuhan sa pangangasiwa sa tahanan.
Masasabi na ang Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas ay mga teoryang napag-aralan o pinag-aralan ng mga
dalubhasang lokal o banyaga noon at hanggang ngayon. Samantalang ang Sikolohiyang
Pilipino ay buong pagkatao ng mga Pilipino sa isip, sa salita at sa gawa ng hinubog ng kanyang
karanasan sa kasaysayan at oryentasyon.

ANIM NA BATAYAN NG SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO AYON KAY DR. VIRGILIO G. ENRIQUEZ

1. MGA BATAYAN SA KINAGISNANG SIKOLOHIYA
a. Kinagisnang sikolohiyang Pilipino; babaylan, catalonan, mga dalangin at bulong
ng iba’t-ibang etnikong grupo, paglaganap at pagkilos ng mga Pulahanes
b. Sikolohiya sa literaturang Pilipino: ang mga salawikain, epiko, alamat, kwentong
bayan, sawikain, awit, korido
c. Kaugaliang minana ng mga Pilipino: ugali at paniniwala tungkol sa pag-aaruga
ng mga bata, dasal, okasyon
2. ANG BATAYAN SA TAO AT SA KANYANG DIWA
a. Ang pagpapahalaga sa tao at sa kanyang diwa
b. Dapat linawin na ang Sikolohiyang Pilipino ay bahagi at kabahagi ng sikolohiya
sa daigdig
c. Tomatalistikong pananaw na pinakalat ng Tomasitiko (UST): sikolohiyang
rasyonal na nagsimula kila Aristotle at Descartes
 d. Ayon sa manunulat na si Salazar (1974) dapat bigyan ng pagpapahalaga ang
pagtuturo ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino kagaya ng Teorya ng dalawang kaluluwa sa
pinaniniwalaan sa Pilipinas (binubuo ng diwa at katambal)
3. ANG BATAYAN SA PANAHON NG PAGBABAGONG-ISIP (Renaissance)
a. Pedro Serano Laktaw; Isableo Reyes, Antonio Luna
b. Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos” - hinggil sa katamaran ng mga Filipino ni
Rizal
c. “El Cristianismo y la Antigua Civilización Tagala” - Paghahambing sa ating mga
manunulat sa mga dayuhan ni Paterno
d. “Ninay” - isang nobelang panlipunan ni Ponce
e. “Liwanag at Dilim” ni Jacinto
f. Emilio Aguinaldo - psicologos del verbo Tagalog - ito ay isang patibay na hindi
dala ng mga Amerikano at Kastila ang Sikolohiya sa bansa natin na para bang
sinasabi na dinatnan ng mga dayuhan na mangmang ang mga Pilipino
4. BATAYAN SA PANAHON NG PAGPAPAHALAGA SA KILOS AT KAKAYAHAN NG TAO
a. Ang mga pag-aaral nila Agustin Alonzo (kaunaunahang nakapagtapos ng Master
sa Sining na Sikolohiya sa Unibersidad ng Pilipinas ay nag aaral ng sikolohiya sa
damdamin at may impluwensya ng dayuhang sikolohista na Thorndike
(Behaviorist)
b. Kalaunan si Hartendorp ay kauna unahang Amerikanong nagpakita ng interes sa
Sikolohiya ng mga Negrito
c. Filipe (1969) ang moral na pangangailangang harapin ang mga suliranin
d. Ang teorya ni Osias (1940) tungkol sa kaugnayan ng wika sa lipunan ay ang
halimbawa ng pag-uugnay ng kaalamang panglinggwistika sa kilos ng tao
e. Ang Sikolohiyang Pilipino ay tiyak na may mapanghahawakang mga tuwirang
batayan. Kabilang dito ang gawain nina Isidoro Panlasigui (1952), Sinfroso
Padilla (1961,1963) at Alfredo Lagmay (1964) na pawang nagpapahalaga sa
kilos at kakayahan ng tao. Ang mga kalakarang ito ay makikita sa kasalukuyang
panahon hindi lamang sa kamaynilaan kundi maging sa iba’t ibang dako ng
Pilipinas.
5. BATAYAN SA PANAHON NG PAGPAPAHALAGA SA SULIRANIN NG LIPUNAN
a. Albada-Lim - nagbigay ng pagpapahalaga sa suliranin ng lipunan. Madalas
hinihikayat ang mga sikolohistang Pilipino na makinig sa mga suliranin ng lipunan
 b. Hindi sapat na magkaroon ng mga teoretikal na kaalaman. Kailangan na subukin
ang mga obhetibo nito upang magkaroon ng kabuluhan sa lipunan. Ang
pananaliksik ay nararapat na magkaroon ng mahusay na aplikasyon sa lipunan.
Ang kaalaman at pananaliksik ay lagi dapat tungo sa paglilingkod sa kapwa.
6. ANG BATAYAN SA WIKA, KULTURA AT PANANAW NG PILIPINO
a. Pinakapundamental na saligan ng mga batayang ito
b. Isang napakahalagang batayan ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino ay ang wikang Pilipino
at ang mga wikang katutubo sa Pilipinas sapagkat ang wika ay isang
mahalagang daluyang maaaring baguhin bilang saligan ng pananaliksik
c. Ang acquiescence effect - epekto ng pagtutol kung pasasagutin ang mga Pilipino
sa pananaliksik
d. Ang sikolohiya ay isang unibersal na agham, samakatuwid ang mga prinsipyong
natuklusan sa agham na ito ay walang kinikilalang bayan
Konklusyon
Ang anim na batayan ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino ay lininang ng kanyang nakaraan, karanasan, at
oryentasyon. Bagamat may mga dayuhang paniniwala umangkop o niyakap ng mga Pilipino ito
ay patuloy na humahalo sa kung sino nga ba ang mga Pilipino bago pa dumating ang mga
mananakop. Ang mga batayan na ito ay makikita pa rin sa kasalukuyang panahon at patuloy na
hinuhubog ang ugali, asal at diwa ng mga Pilipino.

Lesson 5 Research methods