ABNORMALITY

1. These are destructive beliefs and attitudes

held by a society that are ascribed to groups
considered different in some manner, such as
people with mental illness.
A. Prejudice
B. Stereotyping
C. Stigma
D. Discrimination
 STIGMA
• Destructive beliefs and
attitudes ascribed to groups
considered different in some
manner
• Discrimination from labels
referring to undesirable
qualities applied to people
who are ‘different’
2. Jonah, a heroine addict, constantly
quarrels with his wife and children. This
leads to the dissolution of their family. What
characteristic of abnormality is shown?
A. Personal Distress
B. Disability
C. Dysfunction
D. Norm Violation
3. There are debates and discussions as to what
constitutes abnormality. What is the problem
with the characteristics being used to define it?
A. The characteristics are too vague and are too
related to each other that they are often difficult
to distinguish from each other.
B. The characteristics cannot stand alone in that
they cannot individually define mental illness.
C. Abnormality can only be identified as such if
all the characteristics are present which is often
not the case.
D. There are too many characteristics to define
abnormality. Personal distress, norm violation
and disability are sufficient.
 CRITERIA FOR ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR:
* No one criterion can fully define abnormality

1. PSYCHOLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION|
Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or
behavioral functioning

2. PERSONAL DISTRESS|
Behavior causes extreme distress

3. ATYPICAL /NORM-VIOLATION|
Behavior occurs infrequently or deviates from
the average
 4. DISABILITY |
Impairment in some important area of life
5. DANGEROUSNESS|
Behavior may bring harm to oneself or to others
6. STATISTICAL RARITY|
Deviation from a calculated average
Accepted Definition:
Behavioral, psychological, or biological
dysfunctions that are unexpected in their
cultural context and associated with present
distress and impairment in functioning, or
increased risk of suffering, death, pain or
impairment
 CLINICAL DESCRIPTION
PRESENTING PROBLEM| Specific problem/s that
prompted patient to seek help

CLINICAL DISCRIPTION| Unique combination of

behaviors thoughts and feelings that make up
a specific disorder

PREVALENCE| Number of people in the

population with a certain disorder

INCIDENCE| Number of new cases occurring

given a period of time
COURSE| Patterns in which disorders progress
• Chronic – Lasts for a long time/life time
• Episodic – Recovery and reoccurrence
• Time-limited – Improve without treatment
ONSET| How disorders begin
• Acute – Begin suddenly
• Insidious – Develop gradually over an
extended period of time

PROGNOSIS| Anticipated course of the

disorder (good/guarded)

ETIOLOGY| Study of the origins of disorders

HISTORY
 HISTORICAL CONCEPTIONS OF ABNORMAL
BEHAVIOR
1. SPIRITISTIC/SUPERNATURAL TRADITION
- Abnormal behavior is due to supernatural forces
and the battle between good and evil

2. BIOLOGICAL TRADITION
- Abnormal behavior is due to physical causes

3. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRADITION
- Abnormal behavior is due to intangible
psychological processes as well as social and
cultural factors
SUPERNATURAL TRADITION
 SUPERNATURAL TRADITION
Bizarre behavior of people afflicted with
psychological disorders was seen as the
work of the devil and witches
TREATMENTS
Exorcism, Trephination, Dunking, Torture
MASS HYSTERIA
Large scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior

NICHOLAS ORESME
Melancholy (depression) was the source of
bizarre behavior rather than demons
PARACELSUS
Proposed that the movements of the moon
and stars had profound effects on people’s
psychological functioning

LUNATIC – Belief that heavenly bodies

affect human behavior
BIOLOGICAL TRADITION
4. He rejected the notion that gods sent
mental disturbances as punishment and
instead believed that mental illnesses had
natural causes.
A. Hippocrates
B. Galen
C. Paracelsus
D. Phineas Gage
5. He coined the term ‘hysteria’
A. Hippocrates
B. Galen
C. Freud
D. Nicholas Oresme
 BIOLOGICAL TRADITION
HIPPOCRATES
Normal brain functioning was related to four
bodily fluids or humors

GALEN
Adopted ideas of Hippocrates and
developed a school of thought within the
biological tradition

HUMORAL PSYCHOLOGY
Blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm
 Choleric Melancholic Sanguine Phlegmatic
HUMOR yellow bile black bile blood phlegm
SEASON summer autumn spring winter
ELEMENT fire earth air water
Hostile,
Gloomy, Hopeful, Apathetic,
PERSONALITY hot-
sorrowful, cheerful, indifferent,
TRAITS tempered,
sad trusting cold, calm
cranky
6. This was a comprehensive manual that
was used as a guide in the witch hunts that
occurred in the 1400s.
A. Scopa Della Strega
B. Malleus Veneficus
C. Malleus Maleficarum
D. Arcobaleno Magia
 BIOLOGICAL TRADITION
JOHN GREY | causes of insanity were
physical
MANFRED SAKEL | Insulin shock therapy
JOSEPH VON MEDUNA | Induced brain
seizures to cure schizophrenia
CERLETTI AND BINI | Electroconvulsive
therapy
EMIL KRAEPELIN | diagnosis and
classification
PSYCHOLOGICAL TRADITION
7. At the La Bicetre asylum, he was
responsible for releasing the ill-treated
patients from their chains thereby ‘freeing’
them
A. Philippe Pinel
B. Edoard Seguin
C. John Locke
D. Jean-Baptiste Pussin
8. Dorothea Dix is credited with?
A. Being the proponent of moral therapy
B. Being the Mother of Social Work
C. Founding the mental hygiene movement
D. Opening retreat houses for patients with
mental illnesses across Europe
 PSYCHOLOGICAL TRADITION
PHILIPPE PINEL AND JEAN BAPTISTE-
PUSSIN |
Moral Therapy – Treating institutionalized
patients as normally as possible in a setting
that encourages and reinforces normal social
interaction
DOROTHEA DIX |
Mental Hygiene Movement – Movement to
improve standards of care as well as make it
accessible
9. Friday is diagnosed with a
neurodevelopmental disorder that gradually
developed and manifested when she turned
50. Her doctors told her that she might be
bedridden by the age of 70.What is shown?
A. Insidious onset; good prognosis
B. Chronic course; insidious onset
C. Acute onset; bad prognosis
D. Insidious onset; bad prognosis
10. John Grey was the most influential psychiatrist
of his time. What was his position on insanity?
A. It is caused by an interaction between biology,
psychological and social factors.
B. It was caused by ‘chemical imbalances’ in the
body.
C. The cause of insanity is always physical.
D. That it can be cured through the administration
of brief electric shocks to the head
E. NOTA
 PSYHOANALYTIC THEORY
FRANZ ANTON MESMER |
Hypnosis/ ‘Mesmerism’
Problems caused by blocked animal
magnetism in the body which he can
identify
JEAN-MARTIN CHARCOT |
Did much to legitimize hypnotism

JOSEF BREUER |
Discovered the ‘unconscious’ and catharsis
along with Freud
 PSYHOANALYTIC MODEL
THREE MAJOR FACETS:
(1)Structure of the mind and the
distinct functions of personality that
sometimes clash
(2)Defense mechanisms with which
the mind defends itself from these
clashes
(3)Stages of early psychosexual
development
11. Which of the following is NOT included in
the tactics that characterizes psychodynamic
psychotherapy?
A. Exploration of the patients’ wishes, dreams,
or fantasies
B. Identification of patterns in the patients’
actions, thoughts, feelings, experiences and
relationships.
C. A focus on patients’ interpersonal experiences
D. NOTA
 PSYHOANALYTIC PSCYHOTHERAPY

FREE ASSOCIATION| Say whatever comes to

mind
DREAM ANALYSIS | Interpret the content of
dreams
TRANSFERENCE | Patients relate to therapist
as they do with other important people in
their lives
12. Which is NOT TRUE about the humanistic
model of psychopathology?
A. It had little new information to contribute since
the pioneers of the model had little interest in doing
research.
B. It is most beneficial and applicable to people who
do not have psychological disorders.
C. There was an emphasis on unquantifiable
experiences and the idea that people are more alike
than different.
D. Relationships were regarded as the single most
positive influence in encouraging human growth.
 HUMANISTIC MODEL
• Every person is basically good and whole
and can reach their highest potential if
only they had the freedom to grow
• Emphasizes unquantifiable experiences
and uniqueness of people
PROBLEMS:
(1)Proponents had little interest in doing
research
(2)Humanistic psychotherapy was more
applicable to people with no/less severe
psychological disorders
13. Children are often scared of going to see
doctors due to their fear of injections and
other procedures that they perceive to be
painful. What is the correct pairing?
A. Doctors – neutral stimulus
B. Doctors – unconditioned stimulus
C. Injections – conditioned stimulus
D. Injections – neutral stimulus
14. Which of the following pairings would
have totally opposing views?
A. Edward Titchener; John Watson
B. Wilhelm Wundt; Edward Titchener
C. Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers
D. Mary Cover Jones; Joseph Wolpe
15. Identify the therapy and its proponent
that made use of exposure or imagination
along with relaxation techniques to treat
disorders such as different phobias.
A. Operant Conditioning; B.F Skinner
B. Systematic Desensitization; Joseph Wolpe
C. Exposure Therapy; Mary Cover Jones
D. Introspection; Edward Thorndike
16. I. Skinner is often associated with the term ‘reward’ which
he preferred to use.
II. According to Skinner, punishments are only effective in
the long run and should only be used when correcting
future behaviors
III. Skinner denied the influence of biology and the
existence of unquantifiable concepts like emotion and
cognition.
IV. He created behavior therapy
A. I,II and III are FALSE
B. III and IV are TRUE
C. II and IV are TRUE
D. All are FALSE
E. All are TRUE
 BEHAVIORAL MODEL
• Brought forth a more scientific approach
to psychological aspects of
psychopathology

JOHN WATSON | BEHAVIORISM

Psychology is a purely objective
experimental branch of natural science with
the goal of predicting and controlling
behavior

IVAN PAVLOV| Classical Conditioning

Learning that occurs from the pairing of
stimuli
MARY COVER JONES | Treatment of Phobia
One of the first to apply behavioral
techniques to treat phobia (Peter)

JOSEPH WOLPE| Systematic Desensitization

Extinguish fear through gradual exposure to
feared object or situation and through
relaxation techniques

B.F SKINNER | Operant Conditioning

A type of learning in which behavior
changes as a function of what follows the
behaviors
17. Tod is often anxious. He is bullied at school and has parents
who are aloof and cold. He is often left to deal with his problems
alone. He has a half-sibling who was diagnosed with
schizophrenia and a grandmother that had a mood disorder. If
the diathesis-stress model were to be applied in his case, what
could be said?
A. He has high vulnerability and stress. There is a high
likelihood that he will develop a disorder.
B. He has high life stress but only moderate diathesis. It would
take greater life stress to facilitate the development of a disorder.
C. Since he inherited certain qualities from those older than him,
Tod often seeks situations that make him anxious. This could
lead to the development of a disorder.
D. His anxious nature and the fact that he is related to people
who have psychological disorders lead to a high likelihood that
he will develop a disorder.
 DIATHESIS – STRESS MODEL

• Individuals inherit tendencies (diathesis)

to express certain traits and behaviors,
which can be activated under conditions
of stress

DIATHESIS STRESS DISORDER

DIATHESIS STRESS DISORDER

 GENE – ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION
MODEL

People with a genetic vulnerability to

develop a disorder may also have
genetically predetermined tendencies to
create or seek the very environmental risk
factors that trigger their vulnerability
E.g. Someone who is vulnerable to
depression seeks out difficult relationships
18. A baby monkey that has a biological
mother who is easily stressed is given to
another mother monkey that is calmer and
more tolerant to stress. The baby monkey
would most likely grow up to be?
A. Highly anxious and easily stressed
B. Calmer but will show great anxiety when
stressed
C. Calmer and more tolerant to stress
D. Cannot be predicted
NEUROSCIENCE
 NERVOUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS PERIPHERAL

SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM

SOMATIC NERVOUS
BRAIN
SYSTEM

AUTONOMIC
SPINAL CORD
NERVOUS SYSTEM
19. This part of the nervous system
facilitates the sending of messages to and
from the brain.
A. Synaptic cleft
B. Dendrites and axons
C. Neurons
D. Spinal cord
 Processes information received
CENTRAL NERVOUS
from sense organs and reacts as
SYSTEM necessary

Facilitates the sending of

SPINAL CORD messages to and from the brain

Complex organ in the body that

BRAIN controls thoughts and actions

Transmits information throughout

Neurons the NS
Biochemicals that carry
Neurotransmitters messages from one neuron to
another
20. At the base of the forebrain, this is
involved with basic drives of sex, hunger
and thirst. It helps regulate our emotional
experiences and expressions, and to some
extent our learning and impulse control.
A. Hindbrain
B. Limbic system
C. Brain stem
D. Basal ganglia
FOREBRAIN

BRAIN STEM
 BRAIN STEM
- More primitive
- Autonomic functions

I. HINDBRAIN
Pons, Medulla and Cerebellum
II. MIDBRAIN
Coordinates movement with sensory input
Reticular Activating System – arousal and
tension
III. THALAMUS & HYPOTHALAMUS
Regulate behavior and emotion
 FOREBRAIN
I. LIMBIC SYSTEM
Hippocampus, Cingulate Gyrus, Septum,
Amygdala
Regulate emotional experiences and
expressions
II. BASAL GANGLIA
Caudate Nucleus
III. CEREBRAL CORTEX
Contains 80% of neurons
Executive functions
Divided into two hemispheres and four lobes
21. This is the lobe of the brain that enables
us to relate to the world and the people
around us and is also responsible for
synthesizing all the information we receive.
A. Frontal lobe
B. Temporal lobe
C. Parietal lobe
D. Occipital lobe
 Works along with the brain stem
PERIPHERAL
to ensure proper body
NERVOUS SYSTEM functioning

SOMATIC Muscle control and voluntary

NERVOUS SYSTEM movements

AUTONOMIC Regulate involuntary processes

NERVOUS SYSTEM such as pumping of blood and
digestion

Sympathetic Mobilizes body in times of stress

Balances the Sympathetic NS

Parasympathetic and normalizes arousal
22. Which is NOT TRUE?
A. Glutamate and GABA are known as
‘chemical brothers’ because they work in tandem
to balance brain functioning.
B. A Lower activity level of serotonin is
associated with greater inhibition, less
impulsivity and the aggression.
C. Parkinson’s disease is associated with low
levels of dopamine.
D. The placebo effect is a myth and is not
scientifically relevant.
 NT E/I Function Oversupply Undersupply

Muscle action,
Acetylcholine Severe muscle Alzheimer’s
- learning,
(Ach) spasms Disease
memory
Pleasurable Parkinson’s
sensations, Schizophrenia Disease
Dopamine E&I
learning, Addiction Anxiety
emotions Disorders
Mood,
Depression,
emotional
Serotonin I - Mood
states, hunger
Disorders
and sleep
Flight/fight
Norepinephrine E Anxiety Depression
response
Anxiety,
Major inhibitory Sleep and
GABA I tremors,
NT Eating Disorders
Insomnia
Major Migraines,
Glutamate E -
excitatory NT seizures
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
AND DIAGNOSIS
23. What is NOT included in a mental status
exam?
A. Appearance and behavior
B. Intellectual functioning
C. Sensorium
D. Medical History
 MENTAL STATUS EXAM
Systematic observation of an individual’s
behavior
1. Appearance and behavior
- Overt behavior, attire posture, expressions
2. Thought process
- Rate, continuity and content of speech
3. Mood and affect
- Predominant feeling state
4. Intellectual functioning
- Vocabulary, memory
5. Sensorium
- Awareness of person, place and time
24. Bruce’s therapist told him that she would
observe how many times he cursed. This
causes Bruce to curse less. What concept is
shown?
A. Self-monitoring
B. Reactivity
C. Hawthorne Effect
D. Censorship
25. Which is least likely TRUE about the MMPI-2?
A. Patterns of responses are analyzed rather than
individual responses.
B. There are 10 clinical scales.
C. The MMPI is one of the most extensively
researched assessment instruments in psychology
and is the most widely used personality inventory in
the US.
D. It is anchored on psychoanalytic theory that
suggests that people reveal their unconscious mental
processes in their responses.
 BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT
Direct observation for assessment
Analogue – Similar setting to replicate naturalistic
environments
SELF-MONITORING
Self-observation
Reactivity – mere presence of others can cause
an individual to change their behavior
PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
Specific or general tools to determine cognitive,
emotional and behavioral responses as
personality features
 NEUROIMAGING
Accurate pictures of the structure and
functioning of the brain
Location
Computerized Axial Tomography Scan |non-
invasive procedure with the use of x-rays to
locate abnormalities

Magnetic Resonance Imaging | more

accurate procedure that involves the
transmission of radio frequencies through a
magnetic field
 Functioning
Positron Emission Tomography Scan |an
expensive procedure that involves the use of a
tracer substance
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
| Less accurate but less expensive procedure
similar to PET scans
Functional MRI |fast procedure that give
information as to the immediate responses of
the brain to a brief event and the changes that
occur
26. These brain waves are slower and more
irregular, usually more pronounced when an
individual is asleep.
A. Alpha waves
B. C – waves
C. Delta waves
D. Brain activity cannot be measured while
sleeping
 PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
Measuring changes in the nervous system that
reflect emotional or psychological events
Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
Measure electrical activity
Patterns are affected by psychological factors
Alpha waves – waking activities
Delta waves – most relaxed stage during sleep
Electrodermal Responding/Galvanic Skin
Response (GSR) |Measure of sweat gland activity
controlled by the Peripheral NS
BIOFEEDBACK
Levels of physiological responding measured in
gauges for patient to regulate these responses
27. ‘Autism Spectrum Disorders’, ‘Mood
Disorders’, ‘Blood, Injection and Injury
Phobias’ , are terms known as?
A. Taxonomy
B. Nomenclature
C. Nosology
D. Praxes
 DIAGNOSIS

IDIOGRAPHIC NOMOTHETIC
STRATEGY STRATEGY

• Individualized • Name or classify

treatment the problem
• Determine what is • Determine the
unique about an general class that
individual’s the problem
circumstances belongs to
 CLASSIFICATION
• Effort to construct groups/categories and to
assign objects/people to these categories on
the basis of their shared attributes

TAXONOMY
• Classification of entities for scientific purposes

NOSOLOGY
• Taxonomy applied to psychology or other
clinical areas

NOMENCLATURE
• Names and labels that make up a nosology
28. This approach to classification states that
an individual needs to meet all the criteria
for a disorder before he/she can be
diagnosed with it.
A. Dimensional
B. Prototypical
C. Categorical
D. Sequential
29. This approach to classification uses
essential features as well as nonessential
criteria in classifying disorders.
A. Dimensional
B. Prototypical
C. Categorical
D. Sequential
 CATEGORICAL APPROACH
• Disorders have a clear pathophysiological
cause and there is no overlap
• Only one set of defining criteria is needed
and individuals need to meet all of them to
be diagnosed

DIMENSIONAL APPROACH
• Cognitions, moods, and behaviors are
quantified on a scale
• Problematic due to the uncertainty of the
number of dimensions required
 PROTOTYPICAL
APPROACH

• Identifies certain essential characteristics

of a disorder as well as allow for certain
nonessential variations
• Individuals must meet enough of the
essential characteristics to be
diagnosed
• Basis of DSM - 5
30. What is the most notable change in DSM
5 as compared to the other previous
versions?
A. The use of dimensional classification.
B. The removal of the multiaxial system
C. The addition of therapeutic and medicated
treatments
D. The distinguishable and clearer
presentation of disorders for easier
diagnosis.
RESEARCH METHODS
HYPOTHESIS Educated guess or statement

RESEARCH Plan for testing the hypothesis that

DESIGN considers the problem and logistics

DEPENDENT
Measured; Changed or influenced
VARIABLE

INDEPENDENT Manipulated; Influences the

VARIABLE change

INTERNAL Extent to which results can be

VALIDITY attributed to the IV

EXTERNAL Extent to which results can be

VALIDITY generalized
 CASE STUDY METHOD

- Intense investigation of one or more

individuals who display certain
behavioral and physical patterns
- Relies on clinician’s observations and
detailed descriptions

X Does not use the scientific method

X Coincidences occur that may be
interpreted as important
 CORRELATION METHOD
- Determining statistical relationships between
two or more variables
- Study variables as they occur without
manipulation
X Conclusions about causation cannot be
made

EPIDEMIOLOGY
- Study of the incidence, distribution, and
consequences of a problem in populations
X Conclusions about causation cannot be
made