COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

LAB REPORT EXPERIMENT NO.6

COURSE TITTLE : Applied Physics for Engineers

COURSE CODE : PHY 121

SUBMITTED TO : Sir Dr. Yasir Ali

SUBMITTED BY : Afnan Ahmad Tariq

REGISTRATION NUMBER : FA22-BSE-005

SUBMISSION DATE : October 28, 2022

 EXPERIMENT NO. 6

UNDERSTANDING THE TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC DEVICES AND STUDYING RELAYS.

Objectives
• To understand the types and properties of magnetic devices.
• To learn how to operate relays.

Apparatus
• Training modules (KL-100).
• Magnet.
• Connecting Wires.
• DMM.
• Power Supply

Discussion

Magnetism was first discovered over 2000 years ago by the ancient Greeks when they noticed that a
certain kind of stone was attracted to iron. Since this stone was first found in Magnesia in Asia Minor, the
stone was called magnetite. Later, when it was discovered that this stone would align itself north and
south when suspended on a string. it was referred to as the leading stone or lodestone. Lodestone,
therefore, is a natural magnet that will attract magnetic materials.

Since the magnetic materials contain magnetic molecules, it might seem as though they would always act
as magnets. But they do not. The reason is that under ordinary circumstances, the magnetic molecules
are scattered and oriented in a random manner, so that the magnetic fields cancel each other. The metal
is considered unmagnetized.

If all of magnetic molecules were arranged so that they were pointing in the same direction, their magnetic
fields would add. The metal would then be considered magnetized. The best way to magnetize a magnetic
material is by applying a magnetic force. The force would act against the magnetic field of each molecule
and force it into alignment. This can be done in two ways: one is by magnetic stroking and the other is by
an electric current.

When a magnet is stroked across the surface of an unmagnetized piece of iron, the field of the magnet
aligns the molecules to magnetize the iron.

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When an unmagnetized piece of iron is put in a coil of wire, and the wire is connected across a battery,
the electric current produces a magnetic field that magnetizes the iron.

When a magnetized material keeps its magnetic field for a long time, it is called a permanent magnet. If it
loses its magnetism fast, it is called a temporary magnet. Hard iron or steel makes good permanent
magnet. Soft iron is used for temporary magnets.

Fig.1 shows bar, a horseshoe(U), and a compass magnet in sequence from the left to the right. These three
types of magnets are usually used in our daily life.

Figure 1

Relays are widely used in control circuits as remotely controlled mechanical switches used to turn on or
off a sequence of events. They have high open-circuit resistance, low contact resistance, and can generally
switch high loads. Reed relays can be activated by a permanent magnet or a coil. Electromagnetic relays
utilize a current through a coil to provide a magnetic field that moves the switch contacts. Solid -state
relays (SSR) are semi-conductor devices having no mechanical contact and no spike.

Procedure
1) I Set the module KL-13002 on the main unit KL-21001, and located the block a.

2) I approached a magnet to the block a and record the result below.

“Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.”

3 I located the block b.

• I approached the magnet to the magnetic switch on block b and measured the contact
resistance of the switch.
• When the distance of the two was close to 0.5 ~1 cm, the magnetic switch closed and its
contact resistance was 0.5 Ω
• I removed the magnet and recorded the resistance of the magnetic switch.

R= ∞ Ω
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4) I located the block c and applied +5V to coil terminals.

• Using the ohmmeter, I measured and recorded the resistance of the switch.

R= 0.3 Ω
• I turned off the power and measured and recorded the resistance of the switch.

R= ∞ Ω

5) I located the block d and connected the ohmmeter to terminals 2 and 3, and the positive power to
terminals 4 and 5.

• I Slowly raised the power supply until the resistance was ∞ indicated by the ohmmeter.
• I measured and recorded the power voltage

E= 7.8V
6) I located the block e.

• I completed the circuit as shown in figure 2 below:

Figure 2

7) I connected the power supply to V+. I slowly raised the voltage V+ until the SSR and the lamp
turned on.

• I measured the Power voltage which is given below:

E= 5 V

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Results
Step 2: Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.

Step 3: 0.5Ω; ∞

Step 4: 0.3Ω ; ∞

Step 5: 7.8V ; 3.1V

Step 7: 5V

Conclusion
I have experimented the operations of the magnetic devices. They' are: the magnet (step 2), the
magnetic switch (step 3), the reed relay (step 4). The electromagnetic relay (step 5) and the SSR (step 7).

The polarities of a magnet are called north (N) pole and south (S) pole. The attraction and repulsion laws
of magnetism are the same as those of electric charges, except N and S polarities are used instead of
negative and positive. These two laws are: Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.

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