NOT

7
Environmental
Science Science for Junior
Technology High School
&

Engineering Quarter 2 - Module 1

Program

LAND RESOURCES
Science Technology and Engineering Program
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 1: Land Resources
First Edition, 2020

An Initiative of Cagayan National High School- Science Department

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.)
included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been
exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners.
The publisher and author do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Writer: Marites T. Zinampan

Editors: Eduardo C. Dela Rosa, Myrna Q. Adduru

Management Team: Elpidio D. Mabasa Jr.

Myrna Q. Adduru, Ph.D.

Jessica T. Castaneda

Estela S. Cabaro

Jesus B. Maggay

Reynante Z. Caliguiran

Printed in the Philippines by: Department of Education- Division of Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
National High School

Office Address: Bagay Road, San Gabriel, Tuguegarao City, 3500

Telephone Nos: (078) 844-1232; (078) 844-7768

Email addresses: Institution-cnhs.tuguegarao@deped.gov.ph

Writer: marites.zinampan@deped.gov.ph
 Environmental
Science for Junior High
School
Quarter 2 - Module 1:
LAND RESOURCES

Advanced Subject
for
Science Technology & Engineering Program

(STEP)
 Table of Contents

COVER PAGE
COPYRIGHT PAGE
TITLE PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY NOTES
LEARNING FROM THIS MODULE

Lesson 1 – Land Resources

What I Need to Know 1

What I Know 1
What’s In 2
What’s New 3
What is it 4
What’s More 5
What I Have Learned 5
What I Can Do 7
Assessment 7
Additional Activities 9
Answers Key 12
References 14

Lesson 2- Rocks and Minerals

What I Need to Know 15

What I Know 15
What’s In 16
What’s New 17
What is it 20
What’s More 22
What I Have Learned 25
What I Can Do 26
Assessment 27
Additional Activities 29
Answers Key 31
References 31
 Preliminary Notes

It is of a genuine desire that this learning module on Environmental Science will

inculcate and sustain environmental awareness in the Junior High School Science Technology

and Engineering Program (STEP) in the great Cagayan National High School.

The aforementioned learning material will provide learners with a good understanding

of the concepts in environmental topics that will eventually build a strong knowledge

foundation in fostering ecological and environmental subject in the senior high Science

Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Curriculum.

The modern and digital age is timely and fitting to the spurt of environmental

revolution. With this module I hope that you learners will be inquisitive, innovative and be fully

aware of the environmental science lessons for the contribution to the betterment of the

ecosystem.

The Writer
Learning from this Module
To attain the objectives of the lesson, you are to consider the following:
This part contains learning objectives that
What I Need to are set for you to learn as you go along the
Know
module.

This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
What I know
meant specifically to gauge prior related
Knowledge

This part connects previous lesson with that

What’s In of the current one.

An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
What’s New
to you

These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
What is It
standing of the concept.

These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
What’s More
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you have

Learned learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.
This is a task which aims to evaluate your level
of mastery in achieving the learning
Assessment
competency.

In this portion, another activity will be given to

Additional you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
Activities lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

This contains answers to all activities in the

Answer Key
module.
Lesson
EARTH’S RESOURCES
Land Resources
1 A. Layers of the Earth

What I Need to Know

Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. identify the different layers of the earth
2. differentiate the layers of the earth
3. construct a model of the layers of the earth

What I Know

Activity 1. Crossword Puzzle

Directions: Fill in the crossword puzzle by using the clues below.

1
 Across
2. The hottest layer of the earth (2
words)
6. The layer above the crust
9. The thinnest layer of the earth’s crust
(2 words)
10. A unit of measurement that
measures earth’s heat
11. The crust is made up primarily of
______
12. The outer is __________ metal
13. The inner core is made of
______________iron and nickel
Down
1. The thin and outermost layer of the
earth
3. The __________ is thicker than the
inner core (2 words)
4. The earth’s surface is 70%
___________
5. The crust that is thicker than the
oceanic crust
6. The full name of the element that
helps create the earth’s magnetic
field
7. The movement of plates in the
earth’s mantle (2 words)
8. There are four __________of the
earth

14. The temperature scale that measures

heat

What’s In

Our earth is made of many things and it has several layers above the land and
below the land. Let us know about the interior of the earth. Firstly, understand the basic
structure of the earth which is very important to learn higher concepts well. Also, the
origin of many phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunami etc. are linked with the
structure of the earth’s interior.
The solid component of the Earth where we live and which also serve as habitat
for numerous plants and animal species is known as the lithosphere. The word
lithosphere comes from the Greek word meaning “stone layer”. Strictly speaking, the
lithosphere begins from the upper portion of the mantle, which comprises about 80%
of the total volume of the earth, and extends to the entire crust, a thin layer of rocks that
covers the earth’s surface.

Source: Guru, Layers of the Earth, http://www.ownguru.com/blog/what-are-the-3-

layers-of-the-earth/

2
 What’s New

Earth’s Layers
CRUST
The thin, outermost layer of the earth is called the crust. It
makes up only one percent of the earth's mass. The crust
and the uppermost part of the mantle make up the
lithosphere, a solid region that is broken into plates. It is
about 65 to 100 km thick. The crust comprises the
continents and ocean basins. The continental crust is
thicker than the oceanic crust. It can range from 25 km
thick at the edges to 70 km thick near the center. The
oceanic crust on the other hand is only about 7 km thick
and considerably denser. The continental crust is mostly
granite. The oceanic crust is basalt. Basalt is much denser
than the granite. Because of this the less dense continents
ride on the denser oceanic plates. The crust is composed
mainly of alumino-silicates.

MANTLE
The mantle is the layer below the crust. It makes up almost
two thirds of the earth's mass and is about 2900 km thick.
The mantle is divided into two regions, the upper and
lower sections. Directly below the upper section is the
asthenosphere. The asthenosphere is the semi-rigid part
of the middle mantle that flows like hot asphalt under a
heavy weight. Heat and pressure cause a small amount of
melting to occur in the asthenosphere. While still solid, the asthenosphere is able to flow. The
ability of a solid to flow is called plasticity. Since the asthenosphere is more liquid than the rest
of the mantle, the broken lithosphere plates are able to "float" on it. When the material in the
asthenosphere is heated, it becomes less dense and rises. While the cooler material is denser
tends to sink. Circulating currents carry the warmer material up and the cooler material down.
These circular currents in the asthenosphere are called convection currents. The circulating
convection currents cause the plates to move.

CORE
Below the mantle is the core, the center of the earth. It
makes up nearly one third the mass of the earth. The core
is also divided into two regions, the inner core and the
outer core. The outer core is 2300 km thick and the inner
core is 1200 km thick. The outer core is composed mainly
of a nickel-iron alloy, while the inner core is almost
entirely composed of iron. The outer core contains as
much as 10% lighter elements than iron alloy. The solid
part is the inner core of Earth, and the liquid part is
known as the Earth’s outer core. From seismic or
earthquake waves, scientists believe the outer core is a

3
liquid and the inner core is a solid. Scientists hypothesize that the circulation of the outer core
causes the magnetic field around the earth. It is believed to be circulating in the counter-
clockwise direction giving us the north pole in its present location. It switches about every
million years. A record of this "switching" is recorded in the rocks both on land and in the
ocean crust. "The inner core is made of solid iron and nickel. Many scientists believe it is kept
in the solid state because of the extreme pressure from the other layers.

What Is It

Activity 2. Let’s go Deeper!

Directions: Search from the internet the answers for the following questions. Write
your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

1. Is it possible to dig our way through the ground to the other side of the Earth?
2. How do we know what's the composition of the earth’s interior?
3. How are the following related to the increase of depth of the earth’s layer?
a. Temperature
b. Pressure
c. Density
4. How are layers of the earth different from one other?

What’s More

Facts about the Earth’s interior

Scientists have long suspected that the interior of the Earth is much denser than the rest
of the planet. That’s because the average density of the planet is 5.5 g/cm3, while the surface is
only 3 g/cm3. In other words, if the surface is less dense than the Earth, on average, then the
core must be much denser.

During the formation of the Earth, 4.6 billion years ago, the planet was a molten ball of
rock and metal. Because it was a liquid, however, the heavier elements like iron and nickel
were able to sink down into the center. In fact, the inner core of the Earth probably has vast
amounts of the heaviest elements, like gold, platinum and uranium.

But the fact that the Earth had two cores, inner and outer, was first discovered in 1936
by seismologist Inge Lehmann. He observed that seismic waves created by earthquakes on its
surface would bounce off the two cores differently. This is similar to how light waves refract
differently as they pass through liquids. By measuring these seismic waves, scientists have
been able to map out the size of the inner core.

The inner core of the Earth is thought to be about 2,440 km across; about 70% the size
of the Moon. It’s very hot, probably 3,000 to 5,000 Kelvin. Scientists once believed that the
inner core as possibly a single, solid object; maybe even a single crystal of iron. But recent
evidence has found that it has detailed structures, and even has an inner, inner core.

4
 Activity3: Scaling the Earth’s Layer
Performance Task:
Procedure:
1. Draw the layers of the Earth in a short bond paper with the correct scale.
2. Refer to Figure A for the measurement.
Scale: 1 millimeter = 5 miles
3. Use color coding to indicate each layer

Figure A Figure B.
Source: OSU, The Earth’s layers, http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/earths-layers-lesson-1

What I Have Learned

Activity 4A. All About the Earth’s Layer

A. Direction: Read the sentences and find the missing words by writing in each blank. Use
the words in the puzzle below.
1. The inner part of the earth contains a lot of __________.
2. The very center or of the earth is the _________ which mostly is ____________ and
____________ . The __________ core is solid and measures 1,516 miles in diameter.
3. The ____________ core is liquid metal- also mostly nickel and iron. Together, the inner
core and outer core are about as large as ____________.
4. The __________ is solid rock but it’s not completely hard. Because of the intense heat
the mantle is ____________, like play dough. The mantle slowly moves and this
movement causes earthquakes and __________ eruption.
5. The crust is made up of _____________ and other solid rock.

Activity 4B. My Word Search

B. Directions: Look for the words provided in the word bank by encircling them in the
puzzle below. You may find them horizontally, vertically, diagonally or
in reverse order in the word puzzle.

5
 NICKEL MANTLE IRON JUNGLE
OUTER INNER PRESSURE
GRANITE MOLDABLE VOLCANIC

P R E S S U R E N S D E E R E R
E G R A N I T E R O U S R U L E
I G L U J U N G L E R K I M B N
N I C K E L A T S A T E V P A N
I S N O M A N T L E A L T I D I
U P N A R S I N G I L L I U L G
P I G S O E I B C I N A C L O V
N O R I I R P R B U T E R A M T

What I Can Do

Activity 5:
A. Directions: Label the layers of the earth below with its corresponding parts.

Source: Enchanted learning ,com., Label of the earth Diagram,

https://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/activities/label/labeleart
h.shtml

B. Directions: Match each characteristic below the table and write the number only under
its proper heading.
CRUST MANTLE CORE

6
1.Made mostly of granite 5.Thinnest layer of the earth 9.Made of solid and melted
and rocks rocks
2.Thickest layer of the 6.Made mostly of solid iron 10.Is as hot as the sun
earth and nickel
3.Five times higher than 7.Slowly moves like putty 11.The outer most layer
boiling water
4.Has an inner and outer 8.Deepest layer of the earth 12.Contains the ocean floor
portion and the continents

Assessment

TRUE

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the correct answer
for each question. Use a separate sheer for your answers.
1. Which correctly describes crust?
A. The deepest layer of the earth.
B. The thinnest layer of the earth.
C. It makes up 70% of the Earth’s mass.
D. Contains the ocean floor and the continents.
2. What happens when the material in the asthenosphere is cooled?
A. It becomes less dense and sink C. It becomes more dense and sink
B. It becomes less dense and rises D. It becomes more dense and rises
3. Which of the following statements differentiates continental crust from oceanic crust?
A. The oceanic crust is thicker than the continental crust.
B. Seismic waves travel faster in continental crust than in oceanic crust.
C. Continental crust and oceanic crust are made up of different materials.
D. The continental crust supports the continental plates while oceanic crust supports
the ocean floors
4. Which of the following is responsible for the Earth’s magnetic field?
A. The circulation of the outer core causes the magnetic field around the earth.
B. The circulation of the inner core causes the magnetic field around the earth.
C. The tremendous pressure given by the weight of the Earth prevents the inner core
from melting.
D. The tremendous pressure given by the weight of the Earth prevents the outer core
from melting.
5. How do geologists know the composition of the earth’s interior?
A. Geologists have been able to learn about the different layers by studying rocks
and minerals only.
B. Geologists have been able to learn about the different layers by studying rocks,
minerals, and volcanoes.
C. Geologists have been able to learn about the different layers by studying rocks
and minerals, volcanoes, and earthquakes.
D. Geologists have been able to learn about the different layers by studying rocks
and minerals, volcanoes, earthquakes and plate movements.
6. Why it is not possible to dig our way through the ground to the other side of the Earth?
A. Because people invented the most durable metal which can surpass the intense
heat from the core.

7
 B. Because of the extreme temperature and pressure as you go deeper beneath the
earth.
C. Because of the less temperature and pressure as you go deeper beneath the earth.
D. Because no one can survive the intense heat as you go deeper beneath the earth.
7. How are layers of the Earth different from one another?
I. The Earth’s layers differ in thickness.
II. The Earth’s layers differs in composition.
III. The Earth’s layers differs in temperature, pressure and density.
IV. The Earth’s layers differ in color, height, mass, content and intensity.
A. I, II, III B. I, II, IV C. II, III, IV D. I, III, IV
8. How is temperature and density related to the increase of depth of the earth’s layer?
A. The temperature and density increase as depth increases.
B. The temperature and density increase as depth decreases.
C. The temperature and density decrease as depth increases.
D. The temperature and density decrease as depth decreases
9. The average density of the planet is 5.5 g/cm3, while the surface is only 3.0 g/cm3. What
is the best explanation of this statement?
A. The surface of the Earth is denser than the core.
B. The surface of the Earth is less dense than the core.
C. The interior of the Earth is denser than the rest of the planet.
D. The interior of the Earth is less dense than the rest of the planet.
10. Based on the diagram below, which correctly describes the location of the mantle?
CRUST
T
MANTLE
LE
OUTER CORE

INNER CORE

A. The mantle is above the earth’s crust.

B. The mantle is between the crust and the core.
C. The mantle is between the crust and inner core.
D. The mantle is between the outer core and the inner core.

Additional Activities

Activity 6: The Foldable Layers of the Earth

Materials: colored papers, crayons/coloring materials, pair of scissors, paste/glue

Procedure:

8
1. Color and label the Ocean blue
2. Color and label the Oceanic crust light brown (label the thickness as Solid
3. Color and label the top of the crust green
4. Color and label the continental crust dark brown (Label the thickness)
5. Color and label the Lithosphere (upper mantle) yellow
6. Color and label the Asthenosphere (middle mantle) light orange
7. Label the convection currents
8. Color and label the Mesosphere (lower mantle) dark orange
9. Draw a parenthesis for the entire mantle and label the thickness (label as semi-
solid)
10. Color and label the outer core reddish orange (label the thickness as liquid)
11. Color and label the inner core dark red (label the thickness as solid)
12. Draw and arrow from the crust towards the core (labeling pressure, density,
temperature increase

9
 Source: Ms. Brigance, Earth’s Interior Worksheet,
http://brigancek.weebly.com/home/7th-grade-layers-of-earth-picture

10
 Source: Ms. Brigance, Earth’s Interior worksheet,
http://brigancek.weebly.com/home/7th-grade-layers-of-earth-picture

11
 Lesson
2 EARTH’S RESOURCES
Land Resources
2222222 B. Rocks and Minerals

What I Need to Know

Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. differentiate rocks and minerals
2. classify rocks and minerals
3. identify mineral resources in the Philippines

What I Know

Directions: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the correct answer for each
question. Use a separate sheer for your answers.

1. Which of the following statements describe igneous rocks?

I. It formed when hot molten material from the earth’s interior cools and solidifies.
II. It consists mainly of silicate materials, oxygen ad metallic elements.
III. Its mafic and ultramafic materials dominate the lower crust.
IV. Its felsic materials dominate the upper crust.
A. I, II B. II, III C. II, IV D. I, II, III, IV
2. Which pair of minerals both consist of pure carbon?
A. Diamond and graphite C. Quartz and talc
B. Quartz and diamond D. Sulfur and quartz
3. Which best describes phosphorescence?
A. It contains iron and nickel.
B. It gives pungent smell when burned.
C. It is a material which emits visible light when exposed to ultraviolet.
D. It is a material which continues to emit light after the external stimulus ceases.
4. Which factor shows the correct order in the formation of sedimentary rocks?
A. Transportation Deposition Compaction Erosion
B. Compaction Erosion Transportation Deposition
C. Erosion Transportation Deposition Compaction
D. Deposition Compaction Erosion Transportation
5. Which mineral dissolves quickly allowing its flavor to spread through the food easily?
A. Calcite B. Halite C. Gypsum D. Talc
6. Which is NOT a characteristic of minerals?
I. It is organic.

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 II. It occurs naturally.
III. It has a definite chemical composition.
IV. It has an orderly arrangement of atoms.
A. I, II B. II, III C. I only D. IV only
7. Which of the following statements correctly describes the use of talc?
A. It is used as foot powder C. It is suite for use in jewelry.
B. It is suited for flavoring food. D. It absorbs moisture, oil and odor.
8. What is formed when limestone is intruded by a pluton which heats it?
A. Gneiss B. Marble C. Quartzite D. Schist
9. Which of the following refers to the color of the powder a mineral leaves after rubbing?
A. Cleavage B. Color C. Crystal Habit D. Streak
10.Which pair of minerals are both made up of same element carbon?
A. Coal and Diamond C. Feldspar and Quartz
B. Diamond and Quartz D. Quartz and Silver

What’s In

Let us study in detail about the uniqueness and various differences between Rocks and
Minerals. Let’s break it down bit by bit.

Rocks Minerals

1. A rock is inorganic and a solid naturally- A mineral is also a solid, inorganic,

formed substance without any chemical substance as that of the rock which has a
composition or atomic structure. definite crystalline structure as well as
chemical composition.

2. Rock comprises minerals A Mineral does not comprise rocks

3. Rocks exist in the tiny form which is also
microscopic in nature.
4. These occur in solid form on the earth’s
crust.
5. Rocks exhibit some physical properties like
color, shape, luster, texture and the pattern
6. Some examples of rocks are sand, pebbles,
shells, and few fragments of some material
These are said to be easily distinguishable
in nature.
Minerals are said to occur as mineral
deposits.
The distinct process of rocks are color,
crystal habit, hardness, specific gravity,
fracture, luster, and tenacity
Few examples of minerals are the fossil
fuels such as coal, petroleum, etc.

7. Rocks do not possess definite shape and are Minerals are said to have a definite shape
found in different colors. and the color.

13
 What’s New

The rock cycle is a model that describes the formation, breakdown, and reformation of
a rock as a result of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic processes.

Source:ByJus-The learning Up, Rocks and Minerals, ttps://byjus.com/chemistry/rocks-

and-minerals/#:~:text=1.,as%20well%20as%20chemical%20composition.

Three categories of rocks based on how the rocks were formed:

A. Igneous rocks ( first rocks on Earth)

➢ are formed by the cooling and hardening of molten material called magma.
➢ the word igneous comes from the Latin word ignis, meaning fire.
➢ are classified according to their texture and mineral or chemical content.
(The texture of the rock is determined by the rate of cooling, the slower the cooling, the
larger the crystal.)

Two types of igneous rocks

• Intrusive igneous rocks form within Earth's crust; the molten material rises,
filling any available crevices, into the crust, and eventually hardens. These rocks
are not visible until the earth above them has eroded away. Intrusive rocks are
also called plutonic rocks, named after the Greek god Pluto, God of the
underworld. A good example of intrusive igneous rock is granite. Intrusive
rock can take one million years or more to cool.

Crystals in intrusive rocks are visible without magnification. Granite has the
same minerals as rhyolite, but in much larger crystals. Diorite is the intrusive
version of andesite, granodiorite is the intrusive version of dacite, and gabbro is
the intrusive version of basalt.

14
 • Extrusive igneous rocks form when the magma or molten rock pours out onto
the earth's surface or erupts at the earth's surface from a volcano.

Extrusive rocks are also called volcanic rocks. Extrusive rocks solidify in the
air, before they hit the ground. Sometimes the rock mass starts to cool slowly,
forming larger crystals, and then finishes cooling rapidly, resulting in rocks that
have crystals surrounded by a fine, grainy rock mass known as a porphyritic
texture.

Volcanic processes form extrusive igneous rocks. Extrusive rocks cool quickly
on or very near the surface of the earth. Fast cooling makes crystals too small
to see without some kind of magnifier.
1. Basalt formed from hardened lava, is the most common extrusive rock is
dark rock, gray or black on a freshly broken surface, and weathers brown or red,
because it contains lots of dark-colored minerals. Some basalt contains
light-colored crystals.
2. Dacite and Andesite are medium in color, and contains medium amounts of
dark minerals.
3. Rhyolite is the lightest colored volcanic rock. Rhyolite contains very few
dark minerals, but sometimes, rhyolite cools so fast that it quenches and
forms volcanic glass instead of crystallizing. Volcanic glass looks dark because
of the way light passes through it.
4. Obsidian is a black volcanic glass rock.
5. Rhyolite is the most common source of volcanic ash.
➢ Most igneous rocks contain two or more minerals, which is why some rocks have more
than one color.
Examples: most common minerals in granite are quartz (white or gray), feldspar
(white or pinks of varying shades), and mica (black).
➢ Igneous rocks contain mostly silicate minerals and are sometimes classified according
to their silica content. Silica (SiO2) is a white or colorless mineral compound. Rocks
containing a high amount of silica, usually more than 50%, are considered acidic
(sometimes the term felsic is used), and those with a low amount of silica are considered
basic (or mafic). Acidic rocks are light in color and basic rocks are dark in color.

B. Metamorphic Rocks
➢ form when sedimentary, igneous, or other metamorphic rocks are subjected to heat and
pressure from burial or contact with intrusive or extrusive igneous rocks. ("Meta"
means change, and "morph" means form.)
➢ very intense heat and pressure make rock change its form. In fact, the heat needed to
make this change often comes from magma, which is the extremely hot fluid that forms
below the surface of the Earth that you likely associate with volcanoes.
➢ the pressure involved in metamorphism may come from the rock being deeply buried
and this creates such intense pressure that crystals within the rock can grow together or
collapse and rearrange into new mineral crystals.
➢ Low-grade metamorphic rocks like slate and phyllite break in flat pieces. Schist is
shiny, and many schists contain garnets, staurolites or other mineral crystals that have
grown within the rock. Gneiss is a foliated metamorphic rock.
➢ Layers of dark and light minerals stripe the rock, and sometimes it is possible to see
how the direction of pressure deep in the Earth changed as the minerals formed. The
change in direction forms eye-shaped pods of minerals, called augens ("augen" is

15
 German for "eye.") Quartzite is another important metamorphic rock in Idaho.
Quartzite is metamorphosed sandstone. Some Idaho quartzite is so pure that it can be
used to make computer chips. The most common contact metamorphic rock in Idaho is
marble. Marble forms when limestone is intruded by a pluton which heats the
limestone.

Metamorphic Processes
Re-crystallization
➢ is the most common and is defined as the metamorphic process by which crystals are
packed together creating a new crystal structure.
➢ requires a lot of heat and pressure, and the process changes the mineral's size and
shape, yet the basic composition remains unchanged.
For example, limestone can go through the process of re-crystallization to turn into
marble. Limestone is a fine-grained sedimentary rock made mostly of the mineral
calcite. Most limestone forms in oceans, sometimes from seashells, contains tiny
calcite crystals that come from shells of marine creatures that were broken down and
compacted into the sedimentary rock. When that limestone is buried and subjected
to intense forces, the microscopic crystals pack together and slowly morph into the
larger crystals of calcite that we find in marble.

Neometamorphism
➢ is a metamorphic process that results in the formation of new minerals. This process is
sometimes called neocrystallization, or in other words 'new crystals.
For example, shale is a sedimentary rock that contains clay minerals, such as quartz
and feldspar. When shale undergoes metamorphism, the clay minerals can change
to produce the new mineral garnet.

C. Sedimentary rocks (cover 75% of the Earth's surface)

➢ are those rocks made up of pieces of other rocks, we call the pieces of rock "clasts"
means "broken piece".
A clast is a piece of rock broken off of another rock. Clasts of rock are eroded from
larger rocks, transported by wind or water and deposited in a basin. After some period
of time, the clasts are lithified (lithos is the Greek word for stone).
➢ formed from overburden pressure as particles of sediment are deposited out of air, ice,
or water flows carrying the particles in suspension.
➢ are rocks which we see today were once gravel, sand, silt, mud, or living things.
Examples: 1. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock that are made of bits of rocks and
minerals the size of sand grains. Nearly all sandstones are made up mostly
of quartz.
2. Siltstone is made of silt
3. Mudstone is made of mud
4. Conglomerates are made up of rounded, gravel-size particles
5. Shale from clay and is a fine-grained sedimentary rock made of very, very
small sediments.
6. Limestone from shells and skeletons of marine animals, coral reefs & fish

Four basic processes are involved in the formation of sedimentary rock

1. Erosion- The processes that loosen sediment and move it from one place to another
on Earth's surface. agents of erosion include water, ice, wind, and gravity.

16
 2. Transportation- The processes that carry sediment or other materials away from
their point of origin. transporting media include wind, water and mantle
convection currents
3. Deposition- The settling of materials out of a transporting medium.
4. Compaction- Tighter packing of sedimentary grains causing weak lithification and
a decrease in porosity, usually from the weight of overlying sediment.
5. Lithification- The processes by which sediment is converted into sedimentary rock.
)

Activity 1: All about Rocks and Minerals

Directions: Fill-up the table below: Use a separate sheet of paper to answer the table

Igneous Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Sedimentary Rocks

Characteristics

Origin of its name

How it is formed

Processes involved

Types /Classification

Examples

What Is It

Rocks and Minerals

Rocks and the minerals are known to be the building blocks of our active planet. They are the
reason how the landscapes are formed and these provide all the necessary valuable resources
needed within our environment. Knowing about these structures, we will be able to know about
the events that have shaped our earth and those which will continue to shape our planet.

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 Activity 2. Worksheet: Type of Rocks
Directions: Write the classification of the rocks in the third column based on the picture in the
first column. Write a short description of each rock in the fourth column.

Pictures Name of Type of Rocks Description

Rock

Basalt

Obsidian

Granite

Conglomerate

Limestone

Sandstone

Shale

Schist

Gneiss

Marble

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 What’s More

What are Minerals?

According to geologists to meet the definition of "mineral" a substance must meet five requirements:
➢ Naturally occurring means that people did not make it. Steel is not a mineral because it is
an alloy produced by people.
➢ Inorganic means that the substance is not made by an organism. Wood and pearls are made
by organisms and thus are not minerals.
➢ Solid means that it is not a liquid or a gas at standard temperature and pressure.
➢ Definite chemical composition means that all occurrences of that mineral have a chemical
composition that varies within a specific limited range. For example: the mineral halite
(known as "rock salt" when it is mined) has a chemical composition of NaCl. It is made up
of an equal number of atoms of sodium and chlorine.
➢ Ordered internal structure or crystalline structure means that the atoms in a mineral are
arranged in a systematic and repeating pattern. Minerals of the same type always have the
same geometric arrangement of their atoms.

Nutritional meaning
➢ It is used in reference to the many inorganic chemicals that organisms need to grow, repair
tissue, metabolize and carry out other body processes. Mineral nutrients for the human body
include: iron, calcium, copper, sulfur, phosphorus, magnesium and many others.
In mining
➢ Anything obtained from the ground and used by man is considered to be a "mineral
commodity" or a "mineral material". These include: crushed stone, which is a manufactured
product made from crushed rocks; lime, which is a manufactured product made from
limestone or marble (both composed of the mineral calcite; coal which is organic; oil and gas
which are organic fluids; rocks such as granite that are mixtures of minerals; and, rocks such
as obsidian which do not have a definite composition and ordered internal structure.

Did You Know? Although liquid water is not a mineral, it is a mineral when it freezes. Ice is a
naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and an ordered internal
structure.

Physical Properties of Minerals (can be determined according to its composition and the strength of
the bonds in its ordered internal structure)
“There are approximately 4000 different minerals and each of those minerals has a unique set of
physical properties.”

Here are some examples:

1. Galena, a lead sulfide, has a much higher specific gravity than bauxite, an aluminum hydroxide.
Lead is much heavier than aluminum. This difference is because of their composition.

2. Diamond and graphite both consist of pure carbon. Diamond is the hardest natural mineral and
graphite is one of the softest.

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 This difference occurs because of the types of bonds connecting the carbon atoms in their
mineral structures. Each carbon atom in diamond is bonded to four other carbon atoms with strong
covalent bonds. Graphite has a sheet structure in which atoms within the sheets are bonded to one
another with strong covalent bonds but the bonds between the sheets are weak electrical bonds. When
graphite is scratched the weak bonds fail easily, making it a soft mineral.

3. The gemstones ruby and sapphire are color variations of the mineral corundum. These color
ddifferences are caused by composition. When corundum contains trace amounts of chromium it
exhibits the red color of a ruby. However, when it contains trace amounts of iron or titanium it
exhibits the blue color of sapphire. If, at the time of crystallization, enough titanium is present to
form tiny crystals of the mineral rutile a star sapphire may form. This occurs when tiny crystals of
rutile align systematically within the crystalline structure of the corundum to give it a silky luster
that might produce a "star" that aligns with the primary crystallographic axis

Properties of minerals according to chemical composition and crystal structure

Minerals are classified by their chemical composition and crystal structure. These two
features occur on a microscopic level, but we can see them in other ways because they
determine a mineral's observable physical properties. In other words, what appears to us on the
outside is determined by what's on the inside.
1. Crystal form is the outward expression of the orderly arrangement of atoms inside the
mineral. What you are seeing is the actual arrangement and structure of the atoms in that
mineral. For example, look at some everyday table salt, which is a combination of sodium and
chlorine. Normally, what you see is a salt cube, but if you were to break this cube down into
smaller parts, it would simply break into smaller and smaller cubes because that is how the
atoms are arranged.
2. Hardness is how resistant a mineral is to scratching, not how easily it breaks. Hardness
depends on the bonds within mineral, so the stronger the bonds, the harder the mineral. Mineral
hardness is measured on the Mohs scale of hardness, which compares the hardness of different
minerals.
Diamond is considered the hardest mineral, so it's a 10 on the Mohs scale of hardness. Talc
has a very weak bond between its atoms, and so it's a 1 on the Mohs scale of hardness. If it
helps, you can think of the hardness of talc in relation to the hardness of your fingernail, which
is about a 2.5

Mohs Hardness Scale

3. Fracture and cleavage describe how a mineral break. Some minerals break very nicely
along smooth planes, and this is called cleavage. Minerals that break this way do so because

20
their atoms are arranged so that they break apart from each other along these planes. Mica is
an example of a mineral that has cleavage. If a mineral fracture, it breaks in uneven ways that
are not flat or parallel. Again, these minerals break like this because that's how their atoms are
arranged.
4. Luster is how reflective a mineral is. Minerals are usually either classified as having
metallic luster, which is very shiny or reflective, or non-metallic luster, which is not shiny
and is very dull.
Special Names for Non-Metallic Lusters
 Vitreous –similar to glass
 Resinous – similar to plastic
 Pearly – similar to pearls
 Silky – consists of fibrous crystals
 Adamantine – brilliant luster of diamond
 Greasy or waxy – oily glass
 Dull or earthy with little or no reflectiveness
5. Color--- Examples:
• Sulfur – yellow
 Quartz – clear, milky white, pink or purple(amethyst)
 Pyrite and chalcopyrite – golden yellow (also called “fool’s gold”)
6. Streak refers to the color of the powder a mineral leaves after rubbing it on an unglazed
porcelain streak plate. Note that this is not always the same color as the original mineral.
Example: pyrite and gold have a nearly identical color however; pyrite leaves a greenish
black streak while gold always leaves a gold streak.
7. Density also called Specific Gravity refers to the weight of a substance relative to that of
an equal volume of water.
Special Properties
8. Magnetism- those containing iron and nickel.
Examples: Magnetite, Pyrrhotite, Loadstone (locally known as bato balani is itself a magnet
a variety of magnetite
9. Fluorescence
Fluorescent materials emit visible light when they are exposed to ultraviolet light
Example: will emit glows dark green
10. Phosphorescence
Phosphorescent materials continue to emit light after the external stimulus ceases.

Examples of minerals and their uses

1. Crushed stone is used for foundations, road base, concrete, and drainage
2. Sand and gravel are used in concrete and foundations
3. Clay are used to make cement, bricks and tile
4. Iron ore is used to make reinforcing rods, steel beams, nails and wire
5. Gypsum is used to make drywall
6. Dimension stone is used for facing, curbing, flooring, stair treads, and other architectural
7. Phosphate rock and potash are used to make fertilizer (in agriculture)
8. Lime is used as an acid-neutralizing soil treatment
9. Large amounts of salt, lime and soda ash are used in chemical industry
10. Large amounts of metals, clay and mineral fillers/extenders are used in manufacturing

21
Examples of some potential industrial uses of the mineral

1. Talc, when ground into a powder is perfectly suited for use as a foot powder. It is a soft,
slippery powder so it will not cause abrasion. It has the ability to absorb moisture, oils and
odor. It adheres to the skin and produces an astringent effect – yet it washes off easily. No other
mineral has a set of physical properties that are as suitable for this purpose.
2. Halite, when crushed into small grains is perfectly suited for flavoring food. It has a salty
taste that most people find pleasing. It dissolves quickly and easily, allowing its flavor to spread
through the food. It is soft, so if some does not dissolve it will not damage your teeth. No other
mineral has physical properties that are better suited for this use.
3. Gold is perfectly suited for use in jewelry. It can be easily shaped into a custom item of
jewelry by a craftsperson. It has a pleasing yellow color that most people enjoy. It has a bright
luster that does not tarnish. Its high specific gravity gives it a nice “heft” that is preferred by
most people over lighter metals. Other metals can be used to make jewelry but these properties
make gold an overwhelming favorite. (Some people might add that gold’s rarity and value are
two additional properties that make it desirable for jewelry. However, rarity is not a property
and its value is determined by supply and demand.)

Products made from minerals

1. Salt that we add to our food is the mineral halite
2. Antacid tablets are made from the mineral calcite
3. Lead is made from graphite and clay minerals
4. Brass band is made of copper and zinc
5. Paint that colors it contains pigments and fillers made from a variety of minerals
6. Cell phone is made using dozens of different minerals that are sourced from mines
throughout the world
7. Fertilizers used to produce our food are all made using minerals

What I Have Learned

Activity 3. Comparison of Rocks and Minerals

Directions: Make a Venn diagram. Write the similarities and difference of

rocks and minerals.

22
 What I Can Do

Activity 4: Identifying Rocks and Minerals

Directions: Identify the given rocks and minerals based on the given
clues. Underline the answer in the third column
Rock Images Clues Choices
#
1 Most common mineral Quartz
Used in clocks and watches Calcite
Hardness of 7 Pyrite

2 Metamorphic Rock Slate

Is Foliated Gneiss
Resembles Granite Marble

3 Mineral Gypsum
Hardness of 1 Calcite
Used in baby powder Talc
4 Mineral Gypsum
Hardness of 3 Calcite
Used in cement Feldspar
5 Sedimentary Rock Limestone
Can contain fossils Sandstone
Color ranges from white to Shale
gray
6 Sedimentary Rock Conglomerate
Usually made of quartz Shale
Visible layers Sandstone
7 Metamorphic Rock Slate
Nonfoliated Quartzite
Used in building the Taj Marble
Mahal
8 Igneous Rock Basalt
Looks like glass Obsidian
Comes from volcanoes Scoria

9 Igneous Rock Granite

Large crystals Scoria
Used in buildings and Pumice
monuments
10 Metamorphic Rock Slate
Nonfoliated Pumice
Made from sandstone Quartzite

Source: home Sxience Tools, Rocks and Minerals,https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-

ufhcuzfxw9/images/stencil/1280x1280/products/11747/15260/RM-
ROCKMIN__09511.1573683376.jpg?c=2

23
 Assessment

TRUE

Activity 5. Famous Rocks Worksheet

Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Mount Rushmore is one of the world's greatest mountain

carvings. The faces of four great American presidents are
carved in the side of the Black Hills of South Dakota.
Mount Rushmore is what type of rock?
A. Granite C. Limestone
B. Sandstone D. Basalt

2. Rocks are important landmark for the pioneers traveling

to Oregon, California, and Utah. Many of the travelers
carved their names on this rock or painted their name on it
in axle grease. What is the name of this rock?
A. Rock of Gibraltar C. Independence Rock
B. Plymouth Rock D. Stonehenge

3. Mount St. Helens has layers of this type of rock as well as

andesite through which several domes of dacite lava have
erupted. What is the name of this rock?
A. Granite C. Quartz
B. Limestone D. Basalt

4. Layers of this type of rock can be found at the Grand

Canyon. What is the name of this rock?
A. Sandstone C. Shale
B. Limestone D. All of these

5. The Taj Mahal in India was built in 1654 and was

constructed entirely of a metamorphic rock. What is the
name of this rock?
A. Gneiss C. Obsidian
B. Marble D. Schist Question7

24
6. The world's largest mass of exposed granite is located in
Georgia. This mass is sometimes called "the eighth wonder
of the world". What is the name of this famous rock
formation?
A. Stonehenge C. Half Dome
B. Stone Mountain D. Siccar Point

7. This famous rock formation is a huge limestone mass

located on the southern coast of Spain, near the entrance to
the Mediterranean Sea. What is the name of this famous
rock formation?
A. Stonehenge C. Rock of Gibraltar
B. Half Dome D. Siccar Point

8. This famous rock formation is a region of huge red and

white sandstone rock masses that rise in strange shapes. This
rock formation is located near Colorado Springs, Colorado.
What is the name of this famous rock formation?
A. Stonehenge C. Pike's Peak
B. Half Dome D. Garden of the Gods #10

9.The Giant's Causeway is an unusual formation of rock

columns along the north coast of Northern Ireland. This
natural wonder gets its name from an old legend. What type
of igneous rock is found in this formation?
A. Basalt C. Feldspar
B. Dacite D. Obsidian
est

10.What is the famous and hardest mineral?

A. Ruby C. Diamond
B. Sapphire D. Emerald Q
est

25
 Additional Activities

Activity 6. Mapping the Minerals in the Philippines

Overview:
The Philippines is rich in natural resources. It has fertile lands, diverse flora and
fauna, extensive coastlines, and rich mineral deposits.
Objectives:
1. Locate places in the Map with Mineral deposits;
2. Identify minerals found in every place;
3. Give the economic importance of each mineral.
Concept:
Our Land
The Philippines’ primary source of livelihood is its fertile land. Rich, wide
plains suitable for farming are found in the Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, South
western Bicol, Panay, Negros, Davao, Cotabato, Agusan and Bukidnon. The country ‘s
six major crops are rice, corn, sugarcane, coconut, abaca and tobacco. Except for rice
and corn, all these products are exported, along with bananas and pineapples.
Our Forests
The Philippines also boasts of wide tracts of lush, green forests. In fact, almost
half of the country’s total land area is forested. Sixty percent of these forests are found
in Mindanao.
Mineral resources
Except for petroleum and a number of metals, mineral resources abound in
Philippine soil. The country’s mineral deposits can be classified into metals and non-
metals. Our metal deposits are estimated at 21.5 billion metric tons, while non-metal
deposits are projected at 19.3 billion metric tons. Nickel ranks first in terms of deposits
and size, it is found in Surigao del Norte, Davao, Palawan, Romblon and Samar. Iron
is found in Ilocos Norte, Nueva Ecija, Camarines Norte and Cotabato. While copper in
Zambales, Batangas, Mindoro, Panay and Negros. Among non-metal deposits, the most
abundant are cement, lime, and marble. Other non-metals include asbestos, clay, guano,
asphalt, feldspar, sulfur, talc, silicon, phosphate, and marble.
Fishery Resources
With its territorial waters measuring as much as 1.67 million square kilometers
and located in the worlds fishing center, the Philippines is definitely rich in marine
resources. Of the 2,400 fish species found in the country. 65 have good commercial
value. Other marine products include corals, pearls, crabs and seaweeds. Some of the
country’s best salt water fishing area’s are found in Sintangki Island in Sulu Estancia
in Bohol, Malampaya in Palawan, Lingayen Gulf in Pangasinan, San Miguel lake in
Camarines Norte, Bantayan Channel in Cebu, and the seas of Quezon and Sorsogon.
On the other hand, among our biggest fisher water fishing areas are Laguna de Bay,
Bombon Lake in Batangas, Bato Lake in Canmarines Sur, Naujan Lake in Mindoro and
Mainit lake in Agusan del Norte.
Materials:
1. Mineral Map of the Philippines
2. Students Activity Sheets
References:
1. Araling Panlipunan I

26
 2. Earth Science Philippine in Focus
Procedure:
1. Study the Mineral Map of the Philippines.
2. Identify the places with mineral deposits and name the minerals found in
every places.
3. Record the places and the minerals in Table A on the Activity Sheet
Table A
Name of Places Name of Minerals Uses and Importance

Guide Questions/ in the Discussions:

1. What mineral is most abundant in our country?
2. Where can we find minerals in the Philippines?
3. How these minerals help the economy of the place or the Philippines?
Application:
Mining activities in your place boost its economy but adversely affects your
environment. As student, what action/s will you take to manage the situations?

Source: Dan Jacobson, Map of Mineral deposits,https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-

the-Philippines-indicating-major-operating-and-proposed-metallic-mines-
January_fig1_229002206

27