Bernoulli’s Equation & Pitot Tube

Fluid Lab 1
("fluid lab - Bing", 2021)

Aya ElAlfy

CU2000529

Mechanical Engineering

School of engineering

Coventry University-The knowledge Hub Universities

20th March 2021

Engineering Application-TKH4028MAA

Professor Sameh Eid

[1]
Abstract

The aim of the experiment is to verify Bernoulli’s equation to use a venturi system that is connected

to a manometer to measure out the pressure head and the total head at different flow points.

[2]
Table Of Contents
Abstract______________________________________________________________________________2
Table Of Contents______________________________________________________________________3
List of Figures_________________________________________________________________________4
List of Tables__________________________________________________________________________5
Introduction__________________________________________________________________________6
What is Bernoulli’s Theorem?_____________________________________________________________6
Bernoulli’s equation__________________________________________________________________6
Bernoulli’s theorem real life application__________________________________________________6
Pitot Tube____________________________________________________________________________7
Importance of fluid measurements________________________________________________________7
Apparatus____________________________________________________________________________7
Procedures OF the experiment____________________________________________________________8
Results_______________________________________________________________________________9
Conclusions__________________________________________________________________________11
Reference___________________________________________________________________________12

[3]
List of Figures
Figure 1wing design ____________________________________________________________________6
Figure 2 Pitot tube _____________________________________________________________________7
Figure 3 pitot tube equipment ____________________________________________________________7
Figure 4 hydrostatic bench_______________________________________________________________8
Figure 5 Velocity vs pressure curve________________________________________________________9
Figure 6 Area vs velocity curve___________________________________________________________10
Figure 7Area vs Pressure curve___________________________________________________________10

[4]
List of Tables
Table 1 Experiment results_______________________________________________________________9

[5]
Introduction

Current and air flow, when increasing in velocities flow, the pressure will be decreased by the fluid,

which present in the fluid system. Bernoulli’s principle states that when the steady fluid flow in the duct

incompressible, velocity and pressure are inversely proportion to each other. An instrument that used to

measure the pressure and determine the fluid flow velocity is called the pitot tube. (Liu, 2021)

What is Bernoulli’s Theorem?

When the flow of the fluid is steady, Bernoulli stated that the sum of the energy at any point time

along the streamline is same. Which means that the kinetic energy, internal energy and potential energy

of the fluid is constant.

Bernoulli’s equation

1 1
P1 + ρ v 21 + ρg h1=P2 + ρ v 22 + ρg h2
2 2

P represents pressure, ρ represents density, g represents the gravity, v represents the flow velocity,

and h represent the height. (Liu, 2021)

Bernoulli’s theorem real life application

This is an example of aerodynamics and the study of wing design as shown in figure 1. The wing’s top

part is curved while the bottom is flat, and because of the passes air stream from the wings edge to the

other wing in an equal period, so this leads to decrease the pressure on the top wing than the bottom.

So according to Bernoulli’s the difference pressure helps the plane to get off the ground by creating a lift

force to lift the plane. (Johnson, 2021)

[6]
Figure 1wing design ("airplane wings and bernoulies
equatiion - Bing", 2021)
Pitot Tube
As shown in figure 2, the pitot tube has a pointing tip which directly exposed to

the fluid flows. When the fluid enters to the tube the other end is closed and the

pressure is connected to a measuring device, then the fluid is brought to static.

Figure 2 Pitot tube (Notes, 2021)

In this moment, the pressure is known as pitot pressure. (Notes, 2021)

Importance of fluid measurements

Fluids has various functions and application. To understand the behavior of fluid under many forces

and at different conditions so fluid mechanics helps and helps in selecting the proper fluid for different

applications. ("Fluid Mechanics: The Properties & Study of Fluids", 2021)

Apparatus
FME03 shown in figure 3, is the equipment that used to demonstrate Bernoulli’s theorem.

Figure 3 pitot tube equipment (Micheal,2021,p 2)

[7]
Figure 4 hydrostatic bench

Procedures OF the experiment

The equipment connected to the hydrostatic bench shown in figure4 in convergent or divergent

connection. All the manometric tubes has been filled with a fluid. Then open the hydrostatic and the

valves of the equipment for the fluid to be fix and flow to write down the height of its value. Then every

height of every pitot tube has a different value of height. “hi” is the initial(static) height and “htp” is the

height for the pitot tube. The velocity and the flow rate will be determined by the formulas.

(Micheal,2021,p 2)

[8]
 Results
Table 1 Experiment results

Area(m^2) h(mm) Total h(mm) Δl h(m) Δ p(pa) dynamic P V1(mls) Q(M^3/S)

0.0000785 127 109 0.109 1068.2 1.461643 0.000115
8.82026E-05 144 92 0.092 901.6 1.342833 0.000118
9.84704E-05 159 77 0.077 754.6 1.228495 0.000121
0.000122656 181 55 0.055 539 1.038268 0.000127
0.000174278 206 30 0.03 294 0.766812 0.000134
  236          

By getting the height of each manometric tub, pressure velocity has been calculated. After getting the

velocity the flow rate has been calculated as shown in table1.

VELOCITY VS PRESSURE
1200

1000
Δ P dynamic (Pa)

800

600

400

200

0
1 2 3 4 5
Velocity, V (m/s)

Figure 5 Velocity vs pressure curve

The relation between the velocity and the pressure is inversely proportional as shown in figure 5.

[9]
 AREA VS VELOCITY
1100
1000
900
800
Velocity, V (m/s)

700
600
500
400
300
200
0.000075 0.000095 0.000115 0.000135 0.000155 0.000175 0.000195
Cross-section Area, A (m2)

Figure 6 Area vs velocity curve

As shown in figure 6, when the cross-sectional area decreases, the flow velocity increases and vice versa.

If the flow rate is constant and the area decreases the velocity must increase proportionally.

AREA VS PRESSURE
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.000075 0.000095 0.000115 0.000135 0.000155 0.000175 0.000195

Figure 7Area vs Pressure curve

As shown in figure 7, when the cross section of the flow rate decreases, the velocity increase so
therefore the pressure decreases.

[10]
Conclusions

To understand the mechanics of fluid Bernoulli’s theorem provides a lot of help. To calculate

buildings, design a water supply, and many other applications that depend on Bernoulli’s theorem.

[11]
Reference
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