UNIVERSITY OF THE MINDANAO

JRMSU, DIPOLOG CITY

PHILIPPINES

STUDENTS SCHOOL OF EDUCATION

DEGREE: BACHELOR OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

MAJOR: PHYSICAL EDUCATION

SUBJECT: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

TOPIC: JOINT AND MUSCLE TISSUE

OUTPUT: REPORT PAPER

SUBMITTED BY: RAMILYN V. CHIONG

SUBMITTED TO : MARK ANTHONY A. FERNANDEZ

SCHOOL YEAR: AUGUST -JANUARY (2021-2022)

 UNIVERSITY OF THE MINDANAO
JRMSU DIPOLOG CITY
PHILIPPINES

I. INTRODUCTION

The adult human body has 206 bones, and with the exception of the hyoid bone
in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where
bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints,
the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. The
bones that form the base and facial regions of the skull develop through the process of
endochondral ossification. This is important at locations where the bones provide protection
for internal organs.

Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow movement
between bones. In these joints, the articulating surfaces of adjacent bones can move smoothly
against each other. However, the bones of other joints can fuse with each other through
connective tissue or cartilage. Muscle tissue is composed of cells that have the special ability
to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts. The tissue is highly
cellular and is well supplied with blood vessels. Muscle tissue can be categorized into
skeletal
muscle tissue, smooth tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue.
 When most people think of muscles, they think of muscles that are only visible
under
the skin, especially the limbs. These are skeletal muscles, named because most of them move
the skeleton. But there are two other types of muscles in the body, which have distinctly
different jobs. The heart muscle, located in the heart, is concerned with the pumping of blood
through the circulatory system. Smooth muscle is concerned with various involuntary
movements, such as the erection of hair when cold or frightened, or the movement of food
through the digestive system. This chapter will examine the structure and function of these
three muscle types.
II. DISCUSSION

Bones in the human body, but if these are so hard, how is it to the human body is
so flexible and bendy such variety of motion is made possible by things called joints these
are found where bones , so let’s go through the structure and function of all the joints in our
bodies. First of all we can classify joints, either by their structure or by their function. If by
function, we are referring to the extent of mobility that is provided by the joints. Synarthrosis
immovable sees are slightly movable, and diarthrosis are freely movable. These each serve
their own particular purpose within the skeletal system. Then is going by structure, we
discuss
fibrous joints which tend to be immovable, synovial joints, which tend to be freely movable,
and cartilaginous joints, which exhibit a range of mobilities on each structural classification
first with fibrosis joints there is a lot of dense fibers connective tissue and no joint cavity to
speak off. These joints are for connecting bones that don’t require a lot of movement, there
are
three types of fibers joints these are sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphosis. we talked about
sutures when we looked at the skull, and this is the only place we will gomphosis. They
contain
many interlocking fibers of connective tissue that are connected to the periosteum of each
bone,
allowing them to tightly interlock and this tissue eventually turns into bone or ossifies, so that
by middle age the skull bones are all fused together at which point the sutures become
Synotoses. Type of fibers and joint is syndesmosis this is where bones are connected only by
ligaments, which are bands of fibrous tissue. we see this connecting the fibula and tibia in the
leg. The fibers are short, which prevents movement and the last type of fibers joint are
gomphoses, a like a Reg- in socket type of joint.
 Gomphoses are only occurred between a tooth and it’s alveolar socket as the
teeth
are more or less embedded in these, and the. After fibers joints we have cartilaginous joints,
bones are connected by cartilage, these also lack a joint cavity and are not particularly
movable.
there are two types of cartilaginous joints the first are synchondrosis, which contain hyaline
cartilage before I mentioned the epiphyseal plate in long bones of children which allow for
bone growth, and that is an example of this type of joint. The first rib also has one of these
between the coastal cartilage and the manubrium of the sternum. The other type of
cartilaginous joints are symphyses, and these are made of fibrocartilage that joint is
compressible, so these joints are meant to be shock absorbers. We can find these in between
vertebrae and in the Elvis lastly we have synovial joints. The structure of synovial joints is
more complicated. First articular cartilage cover each opposing bone surface protecting the
ends of the bones then the joint cavity contains synovial fluid which are similar but much
longer and wrap around a tendon. These serve to lubricate certain surfaces and reduce
friction
between adjacent structures.

A join is a place where two or more bones join together. The join at the shoulder
hands
and backbone make movements of the upper body possible the joint between fingers, bones
along mini activity to make than, the join at the shoulders allowed the arms to move back and
forth to the side or make rotation. The joint at the elbow, and knees and the hips, elbow, and
legs, and hands, to bend and the straighten. The joint at the neck mix turning a rotations of
head possible. The join at the shoulder elbow wrist and fingers make doing activities possible
 Muscle tissue the study of muscles is called myology or sarcology the study of
muscles movement is kinesiology muscles are the structures that helps in the movements of
bones. There are 639 muscles in the human body gluteus Maximus is the largest muscle, the
smallest muscle is the stapedius the longest muscles is the Sartorius strongest muscles is the
masseter one element required for the proper movement of muscles are calcium and
potassium
muscles are mesodermal origin however the iris and ciliary muscle are ectodermal in origin
muscles have three primary functions. Muscles tissues have long cells called muscle fibers
these have connective tissue cover however they don't have a capsule the plasmalemma of
muscle tissue is called Sarcolemma the cytoplasm of muscle tissue is called sarcoplasm with
this. there are multiple fine myofibrils is made up of a thick and long myosin filament anise
in
and short actin filament muscles are three types these are skeleton muscles, smooth muscles,
cardiac muscle, types of muscles skeletal or striated or voluntary muscles these are voluntary
percent in the hands and legs they are attached to the bones and help in movement. Smooth
or
untriated or voluntary muscles they are present in the intestines digestive system bladder and
eyes these are involuntary muscles, cardiac muscles these are present in the heart skeletal or
striped or voluntary muscles this are usually attached to bones by attendance in a typical to
biseps skeletal muscle fibers are bundled together in a connective tissue sheath called
endomysium a bundle of muscle fiber is called a fascicle the connective tissue sheath
connecting it is called perimysium a group of fascicles form a muscle the connective tissue
sheath covering such as muscles is called epimysium the connective tissue layers that cover
the muscle and together forming a tendon smooth or untriped or involuntary muscles. This
muscles are smooth muscles They are arranged in layer or a tiles.

The most muscles fibers uninucleate spindle cheap sales and sick filaments of
smooth muscles are not well organized and oriented such types of muscles are found in blood
vessels respiratory system bronchi gastrointestinal tract intestines excretarity vessels genitals
and other internal viscera therefore they are called the visceral muscles they don't have
striations Is there far they are cold in voluntary muscles They don't tire and can remain
constructed for long periods of time. cardiac or striped o involuntary muscles like skeletal
muscles it is striped they formed myocardium of vertebrates cardiac muscle cells are short
and
Cylindrical with one or two nuclei they have joint between them to ensure the conduction of electric
signal, throughout the heart cardiac muscles have intercalated disc these are the differentiating
feature this contain gap junctions an excited myocardial cell quickly excites all its surrounding
myocardial cells and causes a complete cardiac contraction due to this cardiac conduction happen
uniformly therefore the cardiac muscles is called the functional syncytium as it has abundant
circulation its undergoes does he used exchange constantly cardiac muscle is involuntary.

III. IMPORTANT LEARNING

A. IMPORTANT LEARNING OF JOINTS

Our joints are made to move over a million of times in a life time and so

if there is anything in a join that is compromise and you feel pain or is there is

swelling. The damage has probably already occurred. Mobility of a giant is

important to allow better efficiency of this joint so does their movements are not

compromises the joint need to be strong so that they move better and in the right

position. They need to be mobile enough to allow the muscles to do the job

properly. If a joint is stiff there is least ability for the muscles to move the joints

through its normal range of motion. The better the join moves the better the affect

the muscles will have.

 B. IMPORTANT LEARNING OF MUSCLES TISSUE

Muscles and their fibers allow a person to move their body and enable to

internal or against the function. There are more than six hundred muscles in the

human body. Impulses from nerve cells control the construction of each muscles

fiber

C. IMPORTANT LEARNING OF JOINTS AND MUSCLES TISSUE

Muscles pull on the joints, allowing us to move. They also help the body

do such things as chewing food and then moving it through the digestive system.

Even when we sit perfectly still, muscles throughout the body are constantly

moving.

IV. LEARNING APPLICABILITY

A. To Myself

 My learning about this topic. Joint that are allow to move my body
 Anywhere.

 It allow me to speak and chew, especially controlling of my heartbeat,

breathing and digestive.

B. To my Family

 To my family joints and muscles tissues help them to move their body to

maintain the healthy protein to easy digestion and also enable the
internal

organs functions.

C. To My Community

 To my Community bones give their bodies shape, and support and

protect

their organs and systems. Without joints, bones, and muscles tissues they

can’t able to move or control their body so therefore we need to learn

how

to control our bones, joint, and muscles tissues.

V. CONCLUSION

Our joints are made to move millions of times in a lifetime and if there is anything
in a joint that is compromised and you feel pain or there is swelling. Perhaps the damage

has already happened. The mobility of a joint is important to allow better efficiency of

these joints so that their movements are not compromised and the joints need to be strong

so that they can move more efficiently and in the correct position. They need to be
mobile

enough to allow the muscles to do their job properly. If a joint is stiff there is less ability

for the muscle to move the joint through its normal range of motion. The better the

movement of the joint the better the effect the muscles will have on the joint. And also

Muscle tissue is the only type of tissue with cells capable of contracting. Muscles may be

enlarged or hypertrophy. This usually occurs with increased intake, although hormonal or

other influences can also play a role. Muscles can also grow or atrophy.

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