DISASTER RELIEF AND RESCUE OPERATIONS

The Filipino- has always endure the hardship of a hostile environment continually sought survival against
typhoons, floods, earthquakes, epidemics, fires and other calamities. Fires and typhoons are the most
frequent.

Why we have civil defense?

- Destructive capacity can be enormous and the problem is made more difficult by absence of
warning. This is a preparation in advance of measures necessary for our protection when disaster
strikes. Why and when we need civil defense.
-
DISASTER RELIEF & RESCUE OPERATIONS

Its purpose is to:

- Prevent loss of life by rescue and removal of people to places of safety.
- Prevent needless suffering of people.
- Protect property and
- Minimize damages during disasters and calamities.

The concept:

local people -In any serious disaster, they must in the first instance fend themselves with resources
immediately available to them until sufficient other help is available. The concept therefore is one of self-help
and mutual assistance.
- Utilize all avail resources in the area before asking for assistance.

The Secretary of National Defense (SND) - Heads the NDRRMC with the heads of 18 departments/agencies
as members.

- It is through the NDRRMC member-agencies that disaster preparedness, prevention, mitigation and response
carry out its corresponding tasks and responsibilities under the NDRRMC system.

CIVIL MILITARY OPERATIONS (CMO)- encompasses those economic, psycho-political and psycho-social
activities undertaken by the AFP in coordination with Civil Government Agencies (CGA), Local Government
Units (LGU) and Non-Government Organizations (NGO)

CMO Objectives- Are pursued through six (6) interrelated AFP programs

AFP Personnel-oriented Programs:

1. Military values education (MILVED)
2. Livelihood enhancement (LIVELIHOOD)
3. Community Relations (COMREL)
4. Civic Action (CIVAC)
5. Public Information (PUBLIC INFO)

Enemy-oriented programs

6.Psychological Operations (PSYOPS)

CMO components:
1. Military Values Education

MILVED – the dynamic process of learning internalizing, upholding and practicing universal truths, moral
principles and time-honored intrinsic military values and ethics essential to the pursuit of afp goals and
objectives.

2. Military Livelihood Enhancement Program

LIVELIHOOD - designed to provide necessary assistance to the soldier and his dependents to embark on
productive ventures

3. Military Civic Action Program

CIVAC – the use of afp resources in predominantly non-military projects and activities useful to the people and
supportive of combat operations in such fields as socio-economic: health and sanitation; agri-industrial;
education and the like.

4. Community Relations Program

COMREL – the active participation of AFP personnel, individual or collectively as an AFP unit, in people –
oriented rallies like: anti-drug abuse, anti-smut and other campaign against immoral activities.
 - It also includes open-houses, static displays of military hardware, and use of camp facilities/utilities
for people oriented projects.

5. Public Information Program

PUBLIC INFO – is the dissemination of military information through all forms of communication media

PROTECTIVE MEASURES

Personal hygiene- individual concern of every soldier.

- It is therefore important for them to practice the rules of hygiene and sanitation.

In camp sanitation, it is a command responsibility that under the guideline of a command, it is the mirror
image of its commander. And so for a sad state of health of his men and the unsanitary condition they
work in, it reflects the poor leadership, weak discipline and inadequate supervision in the unit

A. Health Maintenance and Sanitary Practice

The rules of hygiene and sanitation are simple and easy to follow.
1. Always keep your body clean. Take a bath at least once a day.
2. Change your underclothing daily. Inspect them for lice, fleas or other bugs that may keep you itchy.
3. Change socks immediately after they get wet to avoid getting colds, athlete’s foot and other illnesses.
4. Brush your teeth at least twice a day, preferably after waking up and before going to bed.
5. Always wash your hands with soap and water after duty, after engaging exercise, before eating and
after coming out from the comfort room
6. Use only your own eating and drinking utensils if possible.
7. Use mosquito net when mosquitoes and other flying insects are present.
8. Never drink water from any untreated source until it has been declared safe for drinking
. 9. Relieve yourself on an area which is designated as the head area 10. Exercise your muscles and
joints regularly.
11. Avoid person infected with venereal diseases
12. Set yourself as an example of personal cleanliness and sanitary discipline.

B. Measures to protect and improve health responsibility for military sanitation.

1. When pulling up camps, build them around a sanitary plan. Make provision for sanitation
requirements
2. Purify drinking water, when water source is a stream or a river, mark separate water points for
washing, cooking and human consumption. Of course, in case of tactical camps, these watering
points must be well secured against enemy..
3. Locate and construct heads and urinals away from the galley, mess hall and water supply but not
too far from the living areas.
4. . Maintain the sanitary conditions in the galley. Food must be stored in clean receptacles. Garbage
and left over must be disposed on a designated dumping areas or garbage pits where they may be
covered with soil or burn.
5. Carry out a continuous campaign against insect, rodents and other pests.

First aid – is an immediate and temporary care given to a victim of an accident or sudden illness before
the services of a physician is obtained.

Objectives of first aid

1. To save life
2. To prevent further injury
3. To preserve vitality & resistance to infection

First Aid Rules

1. First, check for danger and then check for responsiveness. Determine whether the victim is
conscious. If the victim is conscious, ask him what happened and what is wrong now. If the victim is
unconscious, proceed to check the airway, breathing and circulation. Commence resuscitation as
appropriate.
2. Do not move injured victim unless it is necessary. If necessary to move a casualty, seek assistance
and handle gently.
3. Keep the victim lying down with his head level with his feet while being examine.
4. Keep the victim warm and comfortable. Remove enough clothing to get a clear idea to the extent of
the injury.
5. Examine the victim gently. Treat the most urgent injuries first and then treat the other injuries.
 6. Avoid allowing the victim to see his own injury. Assure him that his condition is understood and that
he will receive good care.
7. Do not try to give any solid or liquid substance by mouth to an unconscious victim nor to a victim
who has sustained an injury. 8.Do not touch open wounds or burns with fingers or other objects except
when sterile compresses or bandages are not available.
9.Do not try to arouse an unconscious person.
10.Seek medical attention immediately.

HURRY CASES” in First Aid

1. Stoppage of Breathing- Critical time is four minutes to restore the victim to normal before brain
damage take place.

Critical time is four minutes to restore the victim to normal before brain damage take place.

2. Severe Bleeding - Bleeding and hemorrhage mean the same thing that blood is escaping from
arteries, capillary vessels or veins.

Types of Hemorrhage

1. Arterial Bleeding – Blood from an open artery. The color of the blood is bright red. The blood spurts
which are synchronized with the pulse.
2. Venous Bleeding – Blood from an open vein. The color of the blood is dark red. The blood escapes
in a slow steady flow.
3. Capillary Hemorrhage – Blood from damage capillaries. The color of the blood is intermediate
between bright and dark red. The blood only oozes from the wound. This is the common type of
hemorrhage.

3. Poisoning

a. Swallowed – Antidote is to dilute with water or milk to lessen the concentration of the poison. Milk
coats the lining of the intestines
b. Inhaled – Proper ventilation at once (open air).
c. Contacted poison – Wash with soap and water. Bath soap is recommended.

Snake Bite

a. Immediately expose the wound then remove clothing, remove shoes, remove casualty’s jewelry and
place it in casualty’s pocket.
b. Determine the nature of bite.

Non-poisonous-
-Four to six rows of teeth
- No fang marks on victim

Poisonous
- Two rows of teeth
- Two fangs which create puncture wound

Signs and Symptoms

Less than one hour
▪ Headache - Vomiting
▪ Transcript faintness, confusion, unconscious One to three hours after.
▪ Dropping eyelids -Double vision (Diplopia)
▪ Difficulty in swallowing- Enlarged lymph
▪ glands
▪ Abdominal pain -Dark urine
▪ Rapid pulse -Hemorrhage

After three hours

▪ Paralysis in large musclesrespiratory paralysis
▪ Circulatory failure

PREVENTION Avoidance – know where the snake rests like near the logs or in heavy brush (vegetation) and
or In Rocky Edges (reef)

4. Shock- is a condition in which there is insufficient blood I the circulation to fill the blood vessels.

Main Causes of Shock

Hemorrhage, also loss of water due to nausea and vomiting and loose bowel movement
 Severe injuries, such as burns and fractures
Asphyxiation – lack of oxygen

5. Fracture- – is a break in the continuity of the bone

Kinds of Fracture
Open (compound) fracture – Bone has broken through skin
Closed (simple) fracture – Skin has not been penetrated on both ends

Splinting- a device to immobilize an injured part of the body.

6. Burns and Scalds

Burn - is an injury that results from heat, chemical agent or radiation. It may vary in depth, size and
severity. Scalds - is a burn caused by a liquid.

Classification of Burns Depth

(a) First Degree – The outer skin is reddened and welted or slightly swollen.
(b) Second Degree - The under skin is affected and blisters are formed.
(c) Third Degree - The skin is destroyed and tissues underneath are damaged.

6. Fainting- is loss of consciousness caused by a temporary reduction of the blood supply to the
brain.

BASIC LIFE SUPPORT

Methods of administering Artificial Respiration (AR)

1. Mouth-To-Mouth Method
2. Chest-pressure Arm-Lift Method
3. Closed-chest heart-massage(casualty with no heartbeat

COMBAT TRAINING & TACTICS

Factors to be considered in movement:

A. Terrain:
- Suitable for fast movement
- Provide adequate security.

B. Security:
-Use available cover and concealment
- Provide good observation
- Knowledge of the use of camouflage & concealment

❖ Techniques and aids to day movement:

1. Tall grasses give good concealment when properly used.

2. Move only when the wind blows.
3. Avoid moving in a straight line through out.
4. Change direction from time to time
5. Be alert on movement of any kind
6. Flight of birds of any kind
7. Absence of bird and animals.
8. Unusual rustle of leaves and twigs.
9. Take advantage of destruction.
10. When land moves.
11. Exploding shells
12. Flying airplanes
13. Avoid leaving foot prints.

III. Individual movement.

A. Day movement:

Crawling and creeping

 high crawl and creeping – is used when cover and concealment is available and speed is needed to close
up with the objectives.

A. Low crawl - is used when cover and concealment are few and speed is not needed. Body and chest is
flat to the ground.
B. Rushing - fastest movement executed from a prone to the next dropping position when crossing an
open terrain
C. Prone to rushing - keep body as flat as possible to the ground. Slightly raise head and select a new
good position and concealed to cover position.
D. Dropping - fall forward, breaking fall with the butt of the rifle. Shift weight to your/right side and roll
several times going to your new position.

Movement at night:
1.Walking at night - keep weight on one foot as you step. Feel the ground with your toe before stepping it
down. Do it alternately in the same manner. 2. Hitting the ground at night - crouch slowly and hold rifle under
armpit and fell the ground with free hand.
3. Crawling at night – keep on hand on the spot and bring forward knees until it meet the hand.
4. Sound – depends mostly upon ears to get into the enemy and exercise care to keep enemy for hearing you.
When shouting stop frequently to listen.
5. Smell - sense of smell may warn you of any enemy fire, cooking lines , gasoline and oil engines.

PROBLEMS DURING NIGHT MOVEMENTS:

1. Night vision – adopt eyes in seeing at night , by enlarging the pupil of the eye in order to let in more
light keep out off lights around you and do not look straight to the light.
2. Appearance and sizes - darkness changes the appearance and sizes of an object.

Touch - learn to operate and adjust equipment by touch alone. Use to feel how to recognize object in the dark.
Concealment - At night it is provided by darkness unless there is a moonlight. Movement is different from
daytime movement in absolute silence.
Cover - is the protection against enemy fire or hostile weapons.

Types of cover
: A. Natural cover - made by nature/ need no change.
Ex: Ditches of canals ▪Depression ▪Embankment ▪Boulders

B. Artificial cover - constructed from issued materials or made by man. Examples: ▪ Sandbags ▪ Foxholes ▪
Trenches

Concealment - is the protection against enemy observation but not enemy fire.

Types of concealment:
a. Natural concealment - Made by matters/ need no Change. Examples: ▪ Bushes ▪ Grasses ▪ Log pile
b. Artificial concealment - constructed from issued materials or individual found in the vicinity.

Rules of Concealment:

Avoid unnecessary movement

Blend with the background
Take advantage of the shadow
Break the regular outline of the object.
Keep off the skyline.

Camouflage - is anything you use to keep yourself, your equipment and your position from looking like what
they are. Both natural and man-made material can be used for camouflage.

BASIC COMBAT FORMATIONS

Fire and movement

When a unit makes contact with the enemy, it normally starts firing at and moving toward the enemy or move
away from the enemy. That technique is called fire and movement. It is conducted either to close with and
destroy the enemy, or to move away from the enemy so as to break contact with him.
The firing and moving take place at the same time. There is a fire element and a movement element. The fire
element covers the move of the movement element by firing at the enemy.

.Four (4) types of fire team formations:

A. Column formation B. Wedge

 B. Skirmishes (right/left)

III. Squad formations

A. Squad column
- The squad column is the squad most common formation.
- It provides good dispersion laterally and in de
pth without sacrificing control, and facilitates maneuver.
- The lead fire team is the base fire team.

B. Squad line - the squad line provides maximum firepower to the front.
- When a squad is acting as the base squad, the fire team on the right is the base fire
team.

C. Squad file. - Has the same characteristics as

the fire team file. –
If the squad leader desires to increase his
control over the formation, exert greater
morale presence by leading from the front,.
- Additional control over the rear of the
formation can be provided by moving a team
leader to the last position.
 DRILLS AND CEREMONIES

DRILL – consist of certain movements by which a unit or individual are move in orderly, uniform manner from
one place to another
- . Movements are executed in unison and with precision.

CEREMONIES – are formation and movements in which a number of troops execute movements in unison
and with precision just as in drill; however, their primary value is to render honors, and stimulate esprit de
corps.

ALIGNMENT – a straight line upon which several elements or terms are formed.
- It is the dressing of elements upon a straight line.
- A unit is aligned when it is dressed.

ARMS SWING – the swinging of arms must be 6 inches straight to the front and 3 inches straight to the rear of
the trouser seams

BASE – is the element on which a movement is regulated. For instance, in executing right front into line, the
leading squad is the base.

CADENCE – is the uniform rhythm in which a movement is executed.

- SLOW TIME – is the cadence at a rate of 60 counts or steps per minutes. It usually used during
funeral march.
- QUICK TIME – is the cadence of 120 counts or steps per minutes
- DOUBLE TIME – is the cadence of 180 counts or steps per minutes

CENTER – the middle point or element of a command. In platoon of three squads in line, the second from the
right is the center.

COLUMN – a formation in which the elements are placed one behind another

COVER – is a aligning yourself directly behind the man to your immediate front while maintaining a correct
distance

Depth – is the space from front to rear of any formation or position. This includes the front and rear elements.
The depth of a man is assumed to be 12 inches.

Distance – is the space when the elements are one behind the other.

ELEMENTS – is an individual, squad, section, platoon, company, or larger unit forming as part of the next
higher unit.

EYES RIGHT – The direction of the face during the eyes right should be 45 degrees to the right side.

FLANK – flank’s right or left of any formation as sensed by a element within that formation.

FILE – two men, the front rank man and the corresponding man of the rear rank. The front rank man is the
leader.
- A file, which has no rear rank man, is not a file.
- The term file applies also to a single man in a single rank formation.
- It is a single column of men one behind the other

FORMATION – is the arrangement of elements of a unit in line, in column or any other prescribed manner.

•LINE FORMATION – is a formation in which the elements are side by side or abreast of each other
, •COLUMN FORMATION – is a formation in which the elements one behind the other.

FRONT – is the direction in which a command faces

FRONTAGE – the space occupied by an element measured from one flank to the opposite flank.

GUIDE – the man with whom the command or element thereof regulates its march.

HEAD – the leading elements of a column.

INTERVAL – is the lateral space between elements on the same line.

-An interval is measured between individuals from shoulder to shoulder, and between formations, from flank to
the flank
✔Normal Interval – is the lateral space between men measured from right to left by the men on the right
holding his left arm shoulder high, finger touching the right shoulder of the man to his left

Double Interval – is the lateral space between men, measured from right to left by raising both arms shoulder
high with the fingers extended and joined (palms down) so that the fingertips acre touching the fingertips of the
man to the right and left.

LEFT/RIGHT – the left/right extremity or element of a larger body or troops.

LINE – a formation in which the different elements are abreast. The expression “abreast of each other” means
on the same line.

OBLIQUE – an angle between 0 and 45 degrees. (Right/left oblique – march is at an angle of 45 degrees.

PIECE – the term piece as used in this text means the rifle or automatic rifle.

POST – is the correct place for the officer to stand in a prescribed formation.

RANK – is a line which is only one element in depth.

STEP – is the prescribed distance measured from heel of a marching man. A step maybe any prescribed
number of inches.

CMO components:
1. Military Values Education
-MILVED
2. Military Livelihood Enhancement Program
-LIVELIHOOD
3. Military Civic Action Program
-CIVAC
.4. Community Relations Program
- COMREL
5. Public Information Program
- PUBLIC INFO

Objectives of first aid

1. To save life
2. To prevent further injury
3. To preserve vitality & resistance to infection

PURPOSES OF DRRO

Its purpose is to:

- Prevent loss of life by rescue and removal of people to places of safety.
- Prevent needless suffering of people.
- Protect property and
- Minimize damages during disasters and calamities.

REVIEWER
FINAL EXAM IN MS-1

DISASTER RELIEF AND RESCUE OPERATIONS (DRRO)

 Purposes of Disaster Relief and Rescue Operations: Prevent loss of life by rescue and removal of people to
places of safety, Prevent needless suffering of people, Protect property , Minimize damages during disasters and
calamities.

CIVIL MILITARY OPERATION (CMO)

 MILVED - The dynamic process of learning, internalizing, upholding military values and ethics essential to the
pursuit of AFP goals and objectives.
 PUBLIC INFORMATION - Is the dissemination of military information through all forms of communication
informing them about what the AFP has done, is doing, and plans to do to bring about peace and security.
 LIVELIHOOD - Designed to provide necessary assistance to the soldier and his dependents to embark on
productive ventures that enable him to cope with harsh economic realities while in active service and during
retirement.
 CMO Components: Military Values Education, Military Livelihood Enhancement Program, Military Civic Action
Program, Community Relations Program, Public Information Program
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
 FIRST AID - It is an immediate and temporary care given to a victim of an accident or sudden illness before the
services of a physician is obtained
 OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID: To save life, To prevent further injury, To preserve vitality & resistance to infection
 ARTERIAL BLEEDING - Blood from an open artery. The color of the blood is bright red. The blood spurts are
synchronized with the pulse.
 VENOUS BLEEDING - Blood from an open vein. The color of the blood is dark red. The blood escapes in a slow steady
flow
 CAPILLARY HEMORRHAGE - Blood from damage capillaries. The color of the blood is intermediate between bright and
dark red
 BURN - Is an injury that results from heat, chemical agent, or radiation that It may vary in depth, size, and severity
 THIRD DEGREE BURN - The classification of burns where skin is destroyed and tissues underneath are
damaged
 FAINTING - It is the loss of consciousness caused by a temporary reduction of the blood supply to the brain
 When the victim is unconscious, proceed to check the AIRWAY, BREATHING, and CIRCULATION (A-B-C).
Commence resuscitation as appropriate.
 When the victim is being examined keep him lying down with his head level with his feet
 Clear the airway. Inflate the lungs with five quick breaths (proceed to CPR) if the victim had stoppage of
breathing
 Treat the most urgent injuries first and then treat the other injuries.
 Avoid the victim seeing his own injury
 Do not try to give any solid or liquid substance by mouth to an unconscious victim or to a victim who has
sustained an injury.
 One of the reasons for Splinting - Relieve pain by minimized movement and prevent further damage to injury site

BASIC COMBAT FORMATION

 LINE FORMATION is a formation in which the elements are side by side or abreast of each other
 INTERVAL is the lateral space between elements on the same line. It is measured between individuals from
shoulder to shoulder, and between formations, from flank to flank.
 ALIGNMENT is a straight line upon which several elements or terms are formed. It is the dressing of elements
upon a straight line

Column Formation Wedge Formation Skirmishes (left/right)

 Problems encountered during night movement
are: Appearance and size of the object,
Concealment, Night vision

DRILLS AND CEREMONIES

 DRILLS consist of certain movements by which
a unit or individual is moved in an orderly,
uniform manner
COMBAT TRAINING AND TACTICS  BASE - is the element on which a movement is
 COVER - It is the protection against enemy fire regulated
or hostile weapons.  CADENCE - The uniform rhythm in which a
 ARTIFICIAL COVER is constructed from issued movement is executed
materials or made by man such as sandbags,  The swinging of arms must be 6 inches straight
foxholes, and trenches to the front and 3 inches straight to the rear of
 LOW CRAWL - It is used when cover and the trouser seams
concealment are few and speed is not needed.
Body and chest are flat to the ground
 CONCEALMENT - Is the protection against
enemy observation but not enemy fire.
 ARTIFICIAL CONCEALMENT - A concealment
that is constructed from issued materials or
individual found in the vicinity
 CAMOUFLAGE - It is anything you use to keep
yourself, your equipment and your position from
looking like what they are
 During day movement crawling and creeping are
used when cover and concealment are available
and speed is needed to close up with the
objectives
 The hazes, darkness, rain, and smoke are some
of the aids used for concealment in the day
movement
 Some of the natural concealments are the
bushes, grasses, and long pile
 Both natural and man-made materials can be
used for camouflage
 One of the rules of concealment is to avoid
unnecessary movement
 Techniques and aids to combat movement are:
HAZE, RAIN and SMOKE