➢ Magnetic flux ( ∅ ) – lines of force produced by permeability of its core is 600. Find the flux 3.

3. A straight conductor 100 cm long and carrying a 𝛕 𝟎. 𝟒𝛑𝐍𝐈

∅= = → 𝐦𝐚𝐱𝐰𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐬
a magnet through the solenoid. direct current of 50 A lies perpendicular to a 𝕽 𝕽
magnetic field of 1.0 tesla. Find the force
ɸ ➢ Magnetic Field of a Straight Current experienced by the conductor. 5. A circular ring has a mean diameter of 20 cm
and a cross sectional area of 30 cm^2. It is wound
N S ➢ Force (F) on each current carrying conductors with a coil of 1200 turns. The ring contains an air
β I µ 𝐈
𝛃=( ) ( ) 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐥𝐚 gap 1.0 mm long. If the iron has a permeability of
𝟐𝛑 𝐝
F F 200, what current should be in the coil to produce
Note: 1 line of force = 1 maxwell I1 I1
a flux 1.5x10^5 maxwells?
1 weber = 1x10^8 maxwells I2
d L I2 6. A magnetic ring has a mean radius of 6 cm, a
F F cross sectional area of 5 cm^2 and an air gap
➢ Magnetic field of flux density ( β ) – the Where:
measuring 2 mm. Determine the magnetomotive
magnetic flux passing through a unit cross section d = distance from the conductor in which the
𝛍 𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟐 force required to produce a flux of 30,000
magnetic field is to be determined 𝐅= ( ) (𝐋)
𝟐𝛑 𝐝 maxwells in the air gap. Assume a relative
ɸ
A ∅ permeability of 1000.
𝛃= Note: To find the direction of B, place the thumb of 4. Find the force per meter length between two
𝐀
the right hand in the direction of the current, the conductors 5 cm apart carrying 1000 and 5000 A ➢ Magnetic Field Strength (H) at a point – it is the
curled fingers of that hand then point in the respectively. force experience by a unit north pole place at that
direction of B.
∅ point.
B A
➢ Magneto motive force (𝝉) – it is the driving
Tesla Weber sq. meter 2. A long, straight conductor carries a current of force required to drive the magnetic field through 𝐍𝐈
gauss Maxwell sq. cm 100 A. At what distance from the axis of the 𝐇= → 𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐞 − 𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐬/𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐫 𝐀𝐓/𝐦
a magnetic circuit by passing an electric current (I) 𝓵
conductor is the magnetic field caused by the through a number of turns (N) of wires.
➢ Magnetic Field Inside of a Solenoid current in magnitude to the earth’s magnetic field, 𝟎. 𝟒𝛑𝐍𝐈
𝐇= → 𝐠𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐬/𝐜𝐦 𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐝
about 0.5x10^(-4) tesla? 𝓵
I ɸ
𝐍𝐈 𝛕 = 𝐍𝐈 (𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐬)
β 𝛃=𝛍 (𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐥𝐚) ➢ Force (F) experienced by a current carrying ➢ Permeability (µ) – ability of a material to
𝐋 N
conductor if placed in a magnetic field 𝛕 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝛑𝐍𝐈 (𝐠𝐢𝐥𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐬) conduct magnetic flux through it.
ɸ
L
F ɸ
𝐁 𝛍
β 𝛍= ↔ 𝛍𝐫 =
Where: 𝐇 𝛍𝟎
𝐅 = 𝛃𝐈𝐋𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 ➢ Reluctance- property of a magnetic material to
L = length of the solenoid (meter)
I = current (ampere) oppose the flux from penetrating the material
where:
I
B = magnetic field inside the solenoid (tesla) μO = absolute permeability
𝓵
µ = permeability of the medium where the 𝕽= = permeability of free space (4πx10^-7 H/m)
𝛍𝟎 𝛍𝐫 𝐀
magnetic field exist Where: μR = relative permeability
= 4πx10^-7 H/m for air or free space F = force (Newton) = ratio of the permeability of a given material
➢ Relationship between flux, magnetomotive
B = magnetic field (tesla) to that of free space permeability
force and reluctance ( similar to Ohm’s Law )
1. A solenoid is 40 cm long, has a cross sectional L = length of wire (meter)
𝛕 𝐍𝐈
area of 8 cm^2 and is wound with 300 turns of = angle between the plane of β and I ∅= = → 𝐰𝐞𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬 7. An armature core is producing the flux density
𝕽 𝕽
wire that carry a current of 1.2A. The relative of 0.06 weber. The magnetic path of the core is
0.5 m and cross sectional area 40 cm^2. If the
permeability of the core is 1000, calculate the field
strength.
➢ Dynamically induced emf- emf induced in a
wire by moving either the wire or the magnet so
that flux cutting results (principle used in
generator)
V 𝐝𝐭
β ➢ Self Inductance – property of a coil of wire to
𝐞 = 𝐁𝐋𝐯𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
e 𝐕𝐋 = 𝐋
where:
e = induced emf in the wire (volt)
B = magnetic field (tesla)
L = length of wire (meter)
v = velocity of wire movement (m/s)
= angle between the plane of B and v
8. A metal transport plane has a wing spread of 88
ft. What difference of potential exists between the
extremities of the wings when the plane moves in
a horizontal plane with a speed of 150 mph? The
value of the vertical component of the earth’s
magnetic field is 0.65 gauss at the plane.
9. A copper disc of radius 10 cm rotates at 20 rps
with the plane perpendicular to a uniform
magnetic field. If the induced emf between the
center and the edge of the disc is 3.14 mV,
calculate the flux density in mWb/m^2.
➢ Statically induced emf – emf induced in a coil of
wire by changing the magnetic flux linking with the
coil.
𝐝∅ 𝐰𝐞𝐛𝐞𝐫
𝐞=𝐍 → 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭 =
𝐝𝐭 𝐬𝐞𝐜
N = number of turns
dɸ = change in flux
dt = change in time
10. A square wire loop 8 cm on a side is
perpendicular to a magnetic field of 5 mWb/m^2.
If the field drops to 0 in 0.1 sec, what average emf
is induced in the loop during this time?
oppose any change in current in the coil
𝐝𝐢
𝐝𝐭
Where:
VL = voltage across the inductor (volt)
L = inductance of coil ( henry)
di/dt = change in current (amp/s)
11. The current in a 250 mH inductor is given by
the equation, i(t) = 120 sin(500t-30°), mA. Find the
voltage across the inductor in volts.
12. A coil of inductance 10.5 H is connected to a
source voltage of V = sq. rt of ( 3t + 25.4). What is
the current in the inductor after 5.25 sec.?
𝐍∅ µ𝐨 µ𝐫 𝐀𝐍𝟐
𝐋= =
𝐈 𝓵
Where:
N = number of turns in the coil
∅ =flux linking the coil (weber)
I = current in the coil (ampere)
A = cross sectional area of the coil (sq.m)
ℓ = length of the magnetic path (meter)
13. A toroid has a core of square cross section,
2500 mm^2 in area, and a mean diameter of 250
mm. The core material is of relative permeability
1000. Calculate the number of turns to be wound 𝐋𝟏 𝐋𝟐 − 𝐌 𝟐
𝐋𝐓(𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠) =
on the core to obtain an inductance of 1 H. 𝐋𝟏 + 𝐋𝟐 + 𝟐𝐌
➢ Mutually induced emf - emf induced in a LT= total inductance of the two coils
second coil by changing the flux or current in the
first coil. (principle used in transformer) 15. Two coils are connected in series so as to
magnetize in the opposite direction and in the
𝐝𝐈 same direction. The corresponding values of total
I ɸ 𝐞𝟐 = 𝐌
inductances in each case are 0.7 H and 1.9 H
respectively. Determine the self inductance in one
N1 N2 e2
𝐌 = 𝐤√𝐋𝟏 𝐋𝟐 of the coils if the coefficient of coupling between
ɸ
the two coils equal to 0.5
ɸ 𝐍𝟏 𝐍𝟐
𝐌=
𝕽
➢ Energy ( W ) stored in a coil carrying a current
Where:
𝐋𝐈 𝟐
e2= voltage induced in coil 2 (volt) 𝐖 =
𝟐
M = mutual inductance (henry)
dI1/dt = change in current of coil 1 (amp/s)
Where:
L1,L2 = inductance of coils (henry)
L = inductance of coil (henry)
N1,N2 = number of turns in the coil
I = current in the coil (ampere)
W = energy stored in the coil (joule)
14. Two identical 1000 turn coils X and Y lie in
parallel planes that 60% of the magnetic flux
16. The field winding of a dc electromagnet is
produced by one coil links the other. A current of 5
wound with 960 turns and has a resistance of 50
A in X produces in it a flux of 0.05 mWb. If the
ohm. When the exciting voltage is 230 V, the flux
current in X changes from +6 A to -6 A in 0.01 sec,
linking the coil is 5 mWb. Approximately how much
what will be magnitude of the emf induced in Y?
is the energy stored in the magnetic field?
➢ Two series coils with mutual inductance
➢ Inductors in Combination
LT(aiding) = L1+L2+2M 𝐋𝐓 = 𝐋𝟏 + 𝐋𝟐 + 𝐋𝟑 + ⋯ 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬
LT(opposing)=L1+L2-2M 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + + + ⋯ 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐥 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬
𝐋𝐓 𝐋𝟏 𝐋𝟐 𝐋 𝟑
𝐋𝐓(𝐚𝐢𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠) − 𝐋𝐓(𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠)
𝐌=
𝟒
REMEMBER: The formula is similar to resistors in
➢ Two parallel coils with mutual inductance series or parallel combination
𝐋𝟏 𝐋 𝟐 − 𝐌 𝟐
𝐋𝐓(𝐚𝐢𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠) =
𝐋𝟏 + 𝐋𝟐 − 𝟐𝐌