• Deals almost exclusively with case studies

Lesson 1
BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY
- It is the scientific study of the
biology of behavior.
- psychobiology, behavioral biology, or
behavioral neuroscience
- integrative discipline
DISCIPLINES OF NEUROSCIENCE
Neuroanatomy - The study of the structure
of the nervous system
Neurochemistry - The study of the chemical
bases of neural activity
Neuroendocrinology - The study of
interactions between the NS and the ES
Neuropathology - The study of NS disorders
Neuropharmacology - The study of the
effects of drugs on neural activity of the NS
Neurophysiology - The study of the
functions and activities of the NS
and quasi experimental studies of patients
with brain damage resulting from disease,
accident, or neurosurgery.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Studies the relation between
physiological activity and psychological
processes in human subjects.
COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
• Youngest division of biopsychology
• Studies neural bases of cognition - refers
to higher intellectual processes such as
though, memory, attention, and complex
perceptual processes.
COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
• Deals generally with the biology of
behavior, rather than specifically with the
neural mechanisms of behavior.

PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY
• Studies the neural mechanism of behavior
through direct manipulation and recording
of the brain in controlled experiments.
• Focuses on laboratory animals

PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
• Focuses on the manipulation of neural
activity and behavior with drugs.

NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
• Study of the psychological effects of brain
damage in human patients.
 COURTSHIP DISPLAY
Lesson 2
- to promote the evolution of
EVOLUTION new species.

DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION

EVOLUTION OF HUMAN BRAIN
● single most influential theory in the
biological sciences
● The brain has increased in size
● Hewas the 1st to amass a large body
during evolution.
of supporting evidence and the first
● Most of the increase in size has
to suggest how evolution occurs.
occurred in the cerebrum.
● An increase in the number of
DARWIN PRESENTED THREE KINDS OF
convolutions—folds on the cerebral
EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT HIS ASSERTION
surface—has greatly increased the
THAT SPECIES EVOLVE:
surface area of the cerebral cortex,
the outermost layer of cerebral
➔ He documented the evolution of
tissue
fossil records through progressively
more recent geological layers.
EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY:
➔ He described striking structural
UNDERSTANDING MATE BONDING
similarities among living species
(e.g., a human’s hand, a bird’s wing,
MATE BONDING
and a cat’s paw), which suggested
- is a mating arrangement in which
that they had evolved from common
the members of both sexes
ancestors.
indiscriminately copulate with many
➔ He pointed to the major changes
different partners during each
that had been brought about in
mating period
domestic plants and animals by
Polyandry
programs of selective breeding.
- 1 female to 2 or more male
- does not occur in mammals
EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIOR
ex. Grasshoppers, Birds, Beetle
SOCIAL DOMINANCE
- inequality among groups’
Polygyny
- To pass on
- 1 male to 2 or more female
traits/characteristics to
- most mammals are polygynous
future generation
ex. Baboon, Gorilla, Tiger, Seal
 same trait (e.g., brown seeds),
Monogamy generation after generation
- 1 partner
- 9% of mammalian species are primarily Dominant Trait (R)
monogamous - 1st generation offspring

ex: Penguins, Seahorses, Eagle, Wolf Recessive Trait (r)

- ¼ 2nd generation offspring
*Evolution can be rapid or slow depending
on the environment Phenotype
**In natural selection, not all changes are - Observable traits
adaptive.
Genotype
- Traits that can be pass down to
FUNDAMENTALS OF offspring through genetic material.

GENETICS Homozygous
- 2 identical genes for a trait
MENDELIAN GENETICS
❖ Gregor Mendel studied inheritance Heterozygous
in pea plants. - 2 different genes for a trait

❖ He decided to begin his experiments

by crossing the offspring of
true-breeding lines. Laws of
❖ Dichotomous traits occur in one Inheritance
form or the other, never in
combination.

❖ For example, seed color is a

dichotomous pea plant trait: Every
pea plant has either brown seeds or
white seeds.

❖ True-breeding lines are breeding

lines in which interbred members
always produce offspring with the

CHROMOSOMES
- where genes are located.
- Humans have 23 pairs
Nucleus
- It contains genetic information.
Mitosis
- cell duplication, or reproduction,
during which one cell gives rise to 2
genetically identical daughter cells.
Meiosis
- gametes or sex cells
- Result in 4 daughter cells.
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid
➔ Each chromosome is a
double-stranded molecule of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
➔ Each strand is a sequence of
nucleotide bases attached to a chain
of phosphate and deoxyribose;
➔ 4 nucleotide bases: adenine,
thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
➔ It is the sequence of these bases on
each chromosome that constitutes
the genetic code — just as
sequences of letters constitute the
code of our language.
➔ The 2 strands that compose each
chromosome are coiled around each
other and bonded together by the
attraction of adenine for thymine
and guanine for cytosine.
REPLICATION
- It is a critical process of the DNA
molecules. Without it, mitotic cell
division would not be possible.
SEX CHROMOSOMES AND SEX-LINKED
TRAITS
Autosomal chromosomes
- are typical chromosomes which
come in matched pairs
Sex chromosomes
- determines an individual’s sex (X and
Y)
Sex-linked traits
- traits that are influenced by genes
on the sex chromosomes
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
Phenylketonuria (commonly known as PKU)
➔ is an inherited disorder that
increases the levels of a substance
called phenylalanine in the blood.
➔ is a rare but potentially serious
inherited disorder
THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM