Basic Properties of Sets

Mathematical Language
and Symbol
GE 112
Mathematics in the Modern World
Department of Mathematics & Statistics

College of Arts & Sciences
University of Southeastern Philippines
Sets: Basic Properties of Sets
Sets
Any group or collection of objects is called a

set. The objects that belong in a set are the
elements, or members, of the set.
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Methods for Designating a Set
1. Describe a set in words.

2. List the elements of the set inside a pair of
braces, { }. This method is called the roster
method. Commas are used to separate the
elements.
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Example 2
Word Description and the Roster Method

Description Roster Method
The set of
denominations of U.S.
paper currency in
production at this time
The set of states in the
United States that
border the Pacific
Ocean
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Example 3
Use the roster method to represent the set of

days in a week.
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Well Defined Sets
A set is well defined if it is possible to

determine whether any given item is an
element of the set.
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Set Builder Notation
Another method of representing a set is

set-builder notation. Set-builder notation is
specially useful when describing infinite sets.
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Example 7
Use set-builder notation to write the following

sets.
a. The set of integers greater than -3
b. The set of whole numbers less than 1000.
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Sets: Complements,
Subsets, and Venn Diagrams
Universal Set
The set of all elements being considered is

called a universal set.
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Sets: Complements,
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Sets: Complements,
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Sets: Complements,
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Sets: Complements,
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Sets: Complements,
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Sets: Complements,
Venn Diagram
The English logician John Venn (1834-1923)

developed diagrams, which we now refer to as
Venn diagrams, that can be used to illustrate sets
and relationships between sets. In a Venn
diagram, the universal set is represented by a
rectangular region and subsets of the universal
set are generally represented by oval or circular
regions drawn inside the rectangle.
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Sets: Complements,
Venn Diagram
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Sets: Complements,
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Sets: Complements,
Proper Subset of Sets
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Sets: Complements,
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Sets: Complements,
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Sets: Complements,
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Sets: Complements,
Example 14
A restaurant sells pizzas for which you can

choose from seven toppings.
a. How many different variations of pizzas
can the restaurant serve?
b. What is the minimum number of toppings
the restaurant must provide if it wishes to
advertise that it offers over 1000 variations
of its pizzas?
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Sets: Set Operations
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Intersection of Sets
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Disjoint Sets
Two sets are disjoint if their intersection is the

empty set
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Union of Sets
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Example 18
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Example 18
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Properties of Sets
Venn diagrams can be used to verify each of the following properties.
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Application: Blood Group and Blood Types
Karl Landsteiner won a Noble Prize in 1930 for his

discovery of the four different human blood groups. He
discovered that the blood of each individual contains
exactly one of the following combination of antigens.
a. Only A antigen (blood group A)
b. Only B antigen (blood group B)
c. Both A and B antigens (blood group AB)
d. No A antigens and no B antigens (blood group O)
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Application: Blood Group and Blood

Types
In 1941, Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener

discovered that human blood may or may not
contain Rh, or rhesus, factor. Blood with this
factor is called Rh-positive and is denoted by
Rh+, Blood without this factor is Rh-negative
and is denoted by Rh-.
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Application: Blood Group and Blood

Types
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Example 19
Use the previous Venn diagrams to determine

the blood type of each of the following people.
a. Sue
b. Lisa
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Sets: Application of Sets
Example 20 (Survey of Preferences)
A movie company is making plans for future

movies it wishes to produce. The company
has done a random survey of 1000 people.
The results of the survey are shown below.
1. 695 people like action adventures.
2. 340 people like comedies.
3. 180 people like both action adventures and
comedies.
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Example 20 (Survey of Preferences)
Of the people surveyed, how many people

a. like action adventures but not comedies?
b. like comedies but not action adventures?
c. do not like either of these types of movies?
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Example 21
A school finds that 430 of its students are

registered in chemistry, 560 are registered in
mathematics, and 225 are registered in both
chemistry and mathematics. How many
students are registered in chemistry or
mathematics?
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References
Aufman, R. N., Lockwood, J. S., Nation, R.

D., & Clegg, D. K. (2013). Mathematical
excurssions (3rd ed.). Belmont:
Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
Measures of Central
Tendency Page 56

Basic Properties of Sets

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Mathematical Language

Department of Mathematics & Statistics

Any group or collection of objects is called a

Methods for Designating a Set

1. Describe a set in words.

Word Description and the Roster Method

Use the roster method to represent the set of

Well Defined Sets

A set is well defined if it is possible to

Set Builder Notation

Another method of representing a set is

Use set-builder notation to write the following

The set of all elements being considered is

The English logician John Venn (1834-1923)

Proper Subset of Sets

A restaurant sells pizzas for which you can

Two sets are disjoint if their intersection is the

Venn diagrams can be used to verify each of the following properties.

Karl Landsteiner won a Noble Prize in 1930 for his

Application: Blood Group and Blood

In 1941, Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener

Application: Blood Group and Blood

Use the previous Venn diagrams to determine

Example 20 (Survey of Preferences)

A movie company is making plans for future

Example 20 (Survey of Preferences)

Of the people surveyed, how many people

A school finds that 430 of its students are

Aufman, R. N., Lockwood, J. S., Nation, R.

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