DUGALD CLERK (1854-1931)

COMBUSTION *introduced the 2 stroke engine

>A chemical process in which a substance react ENGR. RUDOLF CHRISTIAN KARL DIESEL (1858-
rapidly with oxygen and give off heat and light. 1913)
LIGHTING *invented compression-ignition engines,
FRANCOIS PIERRE AMI ARGAND (1750-1803) doubling efficiency by permitting much greater
compression ratios without knocking engine.
*invented the tubular wick which significantly
improved the brightness of the lamp. GAS TURBINE

JEAN- PIERRE MINCKELERS (1748-1824) JOHN BARBER (1734-1801)

*used pyroleyzd coal for gas flame *patented a gas turbine which utilized a
compressor, combustor and impulse turbine.
CARL AUER FREIHERR VON WELSBACH (1858-
1929) HERO OF ALEXANDRIA (10-70 AD)

*invented the first modern gas mantle *invented an aeolipile, a steam powered device.

STEAM BOILER JEAN WILLIAM AEGIDIUS ELLING (1861-1949)

JAMES RUMSEY (1743-1792) *invented the 1st working gas turbine with a
constant-pressure combustion.
*patented the 1st water-tube

STEPHEN WILCOX (1830-1893)

*a truly successful water-tube boiler THERMODYNAMICS

INTERNAL ENGINE *can be defined as the science of energy
CHRISTIAN HUYGEN (1629-1695) *the laws of transformation of heat into other
*the 1st indication that anyone had approached form of energy and vice versa
a working engine *THERME (HEAT) & DYNAMICS (FORCE)
FRENCH CLERGYMAN- physicist NICOLAS LEONARD SADI CARNOT
JEAN DE HAUTEFEUILLE- inventor
*the father of thermodynamics
*produced a concept of the internal
combustion engine with Gunpowder as the fuel. >SYSTEM

ENGR. JEAN JOSEPH ETIENNE LENOIR (1822- *is the term given to the collection of matter
1900) under consideration enclosed within a
boundary
*the 1st production engine

ENGR. NIKOLAUS AUGUST OTTO (1832-1891)

*the 1st spark ignition engine with compressor

and the invented of 4 stroke engine

3 KIND OF THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM
CLOSED SYSTEM
*no transfer of matter across the boundary
OPEN SYSTEM
*a flow of matter through the boundary
ISOLATED SYSTEM
*neither mass nor energy across the boundaries
and it is not influenced by the surroundings.
>SURROUNDING
*is the region outside the boundary or the
space and matter external to a system.
THERMODYNAMICS STATE SUBSTANCE
*condition of a pure substance or system as
identified through the properties of the
substance.
*condition is not term of thermodynamics but
the correct is state
LAWS OF THEMODYNAMICS
>CLAUSIUS
*heat pump operate w/out input
>KELVIN-PLANK
*heat engine operate cycle
CYCLE AND PROCESS
CYCLE
*the manner of changing the condition or state
of the substance or system
PROCESS
*the series of two or more processes in which
the final condition the processes is the same of
initial condition.
OTTO CYCLE
*the theoretical cycle of interest when one is
considering reciprocating SI engine and gasoline
fuel and constant of volume
*a cycle of engine operation which requires
four strokes of the piston: for induction,
compression, ignition, and exhaust.
>PROCESS OF OTTO CYCLE
>Process 1-2: isentropic compression of
the working fluid occurs as the piston
moves from bottom dead center (BDC)
to top dead center (TDC).
>Process 2-3: here, with the SI, a rapid
burning occurs inside the piston;
therefore, the heat addition takes place
at the constant volume.
>Process 3-4: in this process, the
working fluid expands isentropic and
produces the useful work for the cycle
>Process 4-1: heat removal at constant
volume. In practical applications, the
heat is removed by expelling the exhaust
gas to the atmosphere.
FORMULA OF OTTO CYCLE Vc =C (Vd)
Pv=mRt >Mean Effective Pressure
R= .287kJ/KgK Wnet
Pm=
>Thermal Vd
efficiency : example , let assume an Otto cycle with
1 a compression ratio of CR = 9 : 1. The intake
e= 1− r k −1 air is at 100 kPa = 1 bar, 20 °C, and the chamber
← volume is 500 cm³ before the compression
>Heat Added stroke. The temperature at the end of
an adiabatic expansion in T4 = 800 K.
*reversibly at constant volume *Specific heat capacity at a constant air
QA=mCv (T3-T2) pressure at atmospheric pressure and room
temperature: cp = 1.01 kJ/kgK.
>Heat Rejected *Specific heat capacity at constant air volume at
QR=mCv (T4-T4) atmospheric pressure and room
temperature: cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK &κ = cp/cv =
>Net Work Done 1.4
Wnet= QA-QR a. the mass of intake air
pv =mrt
>Cycle Efficiency
100kPa (.5)L= m(287.1J/Kg. K)(293K)
Wnet m= 5.95 x 10−4kg
e=
QA b. the temperature of T3
>Compression Ratio T 4 800 K
T3= 1−k = 1−1.4
*eff. increase w/ increase in rk r 9
= 1926.6K
V1 V4 c. the pressure of P3
rk= =
V2 V3 pv =mRt
1+ c .5
rk= V=
c 9
P3=mRt /V
>Percentage Clearance

C=
1
r−1 =
( KgK )
( 5.95 x 1 04 Kg ) 287 J ( 1925.6 K )

>Volume Displacement ( .59 )l

Vd= V1-V2 = 5921.93kPa
d. amount of QA
>Clearance Volume
T2=T1 (r k −1 )
=293(91.4 −1)
= 706K
QA=mCv (T3-T2)
= (5.95x10^-4Kg) (718J/KgK) (1296.6K-706K)
= 252.31 J

e. amount of QR
QR= mCv(T4-T1)
=( 5.95x10^-4Kg) (718J/KgK) (800-293)K Wout=Cv (T3-T4)
=216.6 J rc k-1
T4=T3 ( ¿ for TV
f. thermal efficiency rk
1 rc
e= 1-( k−1
) P4= P3 ( )k
r rk
1
=1-( )
91.4−1
= 58.5%
Process 4-1:- Constant volume heat rejection
DIESEL CYCLE In this process, the heat from the air is rejected
*is a combustion process of reciprocating CI isochorically to lower the temperature
engine. from T4 to T1.
*no spark plug and fuel is sprayed into hot
compressed air. QR= Cv (T4-T1)
*also known as a constant pressure cycle as
heat is supplied at constant pressure is in this Cutoff ratio
cycle. >its ratio of the cylinder volume before and after
the combustion process.
V3
rc=
V2
Compression ratio
The compression ratio is the ratio of volume
before the compression to the volume of charge
after compression.

V1
rk= =(Vstroke+VClearance)/Vclearance
Pv = mRt >R=287J/Kg.k V2
Process 1-2:- Isentropic compression Expansion ratio
In this process, the charge taken during suction It is the ratio is volume after the expansion to
stroke is compressed adiabatically from the volume before expansion process.
volume V1 to V2 rk
re=
Win= Cv (T1−T2) rc
T2=T1 (rk ¿ ¿ k for TV Thermal efficiency
P2=P1 (rk)k for PV
µ th=1− ( QA
QR )
MEP=
Wnet
dc
Process 2-3:- Constant pressure heat addition
After the compression of the intake air, the heat Wnet
is added at constant pressure =
Qa
k−1
1 rc
QA= Cp (T3-T2) = 1−( k−1 )( )
T3= T2 (rc) rk k ( rc−1 )

Process 3-4:- Isentropic expansion

In this process, the pressure of the air is
reduced from P3 to P4 and the volume
increases from V3 to V4