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STUDY MATERIAL

SOCIAL SCIENCE – X (087)

BASED ON LATEST CBSE EXAM PATTERN

FOR THE SESSION 2022-2023
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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

CHENNAI REGION
CHIEF PATRONS

MS. RUKMANI
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER In charge KVS RO CHENNAI

MR. P I T RAJA
Assistant Commissioner KVS RO CHENNAI

MRS. N VALARMATHI
PRINCIPAL K.V D.G.Q.A
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STUDY MATERIAL CONTRIBUTERS:

SL.NO NAME OF THE TEACHER SCHOOL
1. Mrs.S VASANTHI PGT(HIST) KV DGQA

2. Mrs VIJAYABHANU TGT (So .Sci ) KV NO.2 AFS TAMBARAM

3. Mrs.M VASUKI TGT (So .Sci ) KV NO.2 AFS TAMBARAM

4. Mrs.PUNAM TGT (So .Sci ) KV NO 2 AFS TAMBARAM

5. Mrs JAYA TGT (So .Sci ) KV NO 2 AFS TAMBARAM

6. Mrs .LAILA VENUGOPAL TGT (So .Sci ) KV CBE

7. Mr.GANAPATHI SUBRAMANIAM TGT (So .Sci ) KV NO.1 MADURAI

8. Mr.RAMACHANDRAN TGT (So .Sci ) KVNO.2 MADURAI

9. Mrs.PRABHA TGT (So .Sci ) KV SULUR

10. Mrs. SARASWATHI TGT (So .Sci ) KV ARVAGGADU

11. Mrs.KASTOORI TGT (So .Sci ) KV SULUR

12. Mr.NEERAJ PANWAR TGT TGT (So .Sci ) KV MANDAPAM

13. Mrs.VINOLA TGT (So .Sci ) KV OCF AVADI

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SOCIAL SCIENCE -087

SYLLABUS 2022-23

Table for Rationalised Content

India and the Contemporary World-I I (HISTORY)

No changes

Table for Rationalised Content

CONTEMPORARY INDIA- II (GEOGRAPHY)

Chapter Page No. Dropped Topics/Chapter

Chapter 1: 2–3 Types of Resources, Box information

Resources 11–12
and
Developmen
t
From second paragraph of ‘Flora and
Chapter 2: Fauna in India’ to ‘The Himalayan Yew in
Forest and 14–18 Trouble’, box information, Figs 2.1 and
Wildlife 2.2
Resources
Contribution of agriculture to the national
Chapter 4: economy, employment and output, Impact
43–46 of globalisation on agriculture
Agriculture
Chapter 6: Contribution of industry
Manufacturing to national economy,
Industries paragraphs from cotton
textiles (India exports...
fibre industry), Jute
textiles (Challenges...
64–66 products), Sugar industry
68–69 (Major... baggase),
71–73 Iron Steel industry (In
2019... consumer of
steel; Though... and
discuss), Cement industry
(Improvement... industry)
and Activity (pg. 72), Table
6.1, Figs 6.1, 6.2 and 6.5
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Appendix 93–94 Appendix II

Table for Rationalised Content

DEMOCRATIC POLITICS-II

Chapter Page Dropped

No. Topics/Chapter
Chapter 3: Democracy and
Diversity 29–38 Full chapter
Chapter 4: 46–48 Images on page 46, 48
Gender, Religion and Caste 49 and 49
Chapter 5: Popular Struggles and
Movements 57–70 Full chapter

Chapter 6: Political Parties

76 Full page
Chapter 8: Challenges to
Democracy 101– Full chapter
112

Table for Rationalised Content

Understanding Economic Development

No changes
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CHAPER 1
THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
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KEY CONCEPT
French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that
could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
❖ The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen)
emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under
a constitution.
❖ A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the formerroyal
standard. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens
and renamed the National Assembly.
❖ New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all
in the name of the nation.
❖ A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated
uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
❖ Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of
weights and measures was adopted.
❖ Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and
written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.
❖ A nation-state: was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not
only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared
history or descent.
❖ Plebiscite – A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to
accept or reject a proposal.
The Civil Code of 1804
❖ The Civil Code of 1804 usually known as the Napoleonic Code .
❖ Did away with all privileges based on birth,
❖ Established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
❖ This Code was exported to the regions under French control.
❖ Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system
and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
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❖ In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed.

❖ Transport and communication systems were improved.
❖ Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen .
What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?
❖ The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free.
❖ For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the
individual and equality of all before the law.
❖ Politically, the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of
autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative
government through parliament.
French
Unification of Revolution &
Italy Idea of a Nation
&Germany
NATIONALISM
IN

EUROPE
Visualising the
nation Imperialism
&Nationalism

Treaty of Vienna of 1815

❖ In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia,
Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at
Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.
❖ The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.
❖ The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of
undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the
Napoleonic wars.
❖ The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French
Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had
annexed under Napoleon.
❖ A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent
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French expansion in future. ‘When France sneezes,’ Metternich once

remarked, ‘the rest of Europe catches cold.’
Treaty of Vienna of 1815

Countries Participated -
Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria

Hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke

Metternich.

Bourbon Dynasty Restored to Power.

France Lost The Territories

When France sneezes,’, ‘the rest of Europe catches

cold.’ Metternich once remarked

The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling

❖ Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and
poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings.
❖ Romanticism, a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular
form of nationalist sentiment.
❖ Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason
and science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical
feelings.
‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’:
❖ There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century.
❖ The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were
ethnic ones – such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
❖ All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions.
❖ But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power,
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it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.
❖ The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in
the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect,
that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.
❖ The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English
members.
A new ‘British nation’ was forged through the propagation of a dominant
English culture. The symbols of the new Britain – the British flag (Union Jack),
the national anthem (God Save Our Noble King), the English language – were
actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in
this union.
Nations were then portrayed as female figures:
❖ The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for
any particular woman in real life; rather it sought to give the abstract idea
of the nation a concrete form.
❖ That is, the female figure became an allegory of the nation. The attributes
of Liberty are the red cap, or the broken chain, while Justice is generally a
blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales.
❖ Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a
people’s nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and
the Republic – the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade. Statues of Marianne
were erected in public squares to remind the public of the national symbol
of unity and to persuade them to identify with it.
❖ Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps.Germania became the
allegory of the German nation.
❖ In visual representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as
the German oak stands for heroism.
❖ The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation
comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia,
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Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose

inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.
Frankfurt parliament:
❖ It was the name of German national assembly founded during the
revolution of 1848. It tried to unite German in a democratic.
❖ It had 831 elected members represented by liberal middle class interested
members.
❖ It was convened in the church St.pauls frankfurt on 18th May 1848.
❖ The assembly drafted a constitution making Germany a constitutional
monarchy.
❖ The King of Prussia Friedrich Wilhelm IV rejected the Frankfurt
parliament. Though, the frankfurt parliament failed to achieve it'
purpose but the important consequence was Prussia took on leadership of
the movement for national unification of Germany.
Unification of Italy;
❖ Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation.
❖ Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as multi-
national Habsburg empire.
❖ During the middle of 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states of
which only one Sardinia - piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely
house.
❖ The unification process was led by three revolutionaries; Guiseppe
Mazzini, Count Camillo de Cavour, Guiseppe Garibaldi.
❖ Guiseppe Mazzini, during the 1830s sort to put together a coherent
program for a unitary Italian Republic.
❖ He organised a new political society called young Italy.The failure of
revolutionary uprising both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the
responsibility now fell on Sardinia - piedmont under its ruler King Victor
Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war.
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❖ Count de Cavour now led the movement to unify the region of Italy
through diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia -
piedmont became successful in defeating Austrian forces in 1859.
❖ A large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Guiseppe
Garibaldi joined the fray.
❖ In 1860, they marched into the southern Italy and the kingdom of two
Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of local peasants in order to
drive out the Spanish rulers.
❖ In 1861, the process of unification of Italy was completed and Victor
Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of untied Italy.

UNIFICATION OF ITALY

Divided into Seven States - Sardinia - piedmont was Three

Tuscany,. Modena, ruled by an Italian revolutionaries;
Parma,Papal , Island of Sicily, princely house Guiseppe Mazzini,
Naples Sardinia Piedmon Count Camillo de
Cavour, Guiseppe
Garibaldi

UNIFICATION ITALY
OF
1861, the process of
unification of Italy was King Victor
completed Emmanuel II
proclaimed King of
untied Italy

Count de Cavour now led the

movement to unify the region
of Italy through diplomatic
alliance with France

Unification of Germany
❖ In the beginning of the 19th century, Germany was not an unified
country but a collection of 39 autocratic states.
❖ Otto-von Bismark, the chief minister of Prussia and architect of
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German nation.
❖ A German confederation of 39 states sent by Napoleon was left
untouched by the treaty of Vienna in 1815.
❖ In 1834, A customs Union (zollverein) allowed movement of
goods, capitals, people at the initiatives of Prussia and joined by most
of the German states.
❖ Growth of railways and heavy industries by private capitals in
Prussia provided the German state adequate support.
❖ The failure of Frankfurt parliament attempted to create the different
regions of German into a nation state.
❖ Bismark followed the policy of blood and iron for German
❖ Unification. three wars fought over seven years with Denmark,Austria,
and France ended in Prussia victory which completed the process of
political unification.
Otto-von Bismark, the
Germany was not an unified chief minister of Prussia
country but a collection of and architect of German
A customs Union (zollverein)
39 autocratic states. nation
allowed movement of goods,
capitals

Unification of
Germany

Three wars fought over seven

years with Denmark,Austria, Failure of
and France ended in Prussia Frankfurt
victory which completed the parliament created
Bismark followed the
process of political unification. German into a
policy of blood and iron
for German nation state .
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MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS(1 MARK)

Match the term with the statements given below: A ‘Utopian Society’ is
1.
(i) a society under a benevolent monarchy
(ii) a society that is unlikely to ever exist
(iii) a society under the control of a chosen few wise men
(iv) a society under Parliamentary Democracy
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (ii) only (d) (iii) only
Answer: (ii) and (iii)
Who said ‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold’?
2.
(a) Garibaldi (b) Bismarck (c) Mazzini (d) Duke Metternich
Answer: d. Duke Metternich
Who played the leading role in the unification of Germany?
3.
(a) German Emperor (formerly King of Prussia) – Kaiser William I.
(b) Otto Von Bismarck (Prussian Chief Minister).
(c) Johann Gottfried Herder – German philosopher.
(d) Austrian Chancellor – Duke Metternich.
Answer: (b) Otto Von Bismarck (Prussian Chief Minister).
Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark, Germany and
4.
France, ended in
(a) Danish victory (b) Prussian victory
(c) French victory (d) German victory
Answer: (b) Prussian victory
Who hosted the ‘Treaty of Vienna’?
5.
(a) Frédéric Sorrieu (b) Victor Emmanuel (c) Duke Metternich
(d) Giuseppe Garibaldi
Answer: (c) Duke Metternich
Mark the option which is most suitable:
6.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation
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of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct
explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false
Assertion: Giuseppe Mazzini worked with the conservatives for the
monarchy.
Reason: Italy had to continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms.
Answer: (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic
republics frightened the conservatives. Italy had to be forged into a single
unified republic within a wider alliance of nations/ It could not be a patchwork
of small states and kingdoms. Thus both assertion and reason are false.
Assertion: On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives revolted in the
7.
Frankfurt parliament.
Reason: The elected representatives revolted against the issue of extending
political rights to women.
Answer: (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession
to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St
Paul. The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one
within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had
participated actively over the years. Therefore, both assertion and reason are
false
Who were the Junkers?
8.
(a) Soldiers (b) Large landowners(c) Aristocracy (d) Nobility
Answer: (b) Large landowners
When was Ireland forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom?
9.
(a). 1798 (b) 1801 (c) 1800 (d) 1799
Answer: (b) 1801
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MATCH THE FOLLOWING:

10.
Column A Column B
(a) French (a)To create a new conservative order in Europe.
Revolution
b) Liberalism (ii) ensured right to property for the privileged class
c) Napoleonic (iii) transfer of sovereignty from monarch to the French
Code citizens
(d) Treaty of (iv) individual freedom and equality before law
Vienna
A. (a) (iii), (b) (iv), (c) (ii), (d) (i)
B. (a) (ii), (b) (i), (c) (iii), (d) (iv)
C. (a) (i), (b) (ii), (c) (iii), (d) (iv)
D. (a) (ii), (b) (iv), (c) (i), (d) (iii)
Answer:
A. (a) (iii), (b) (iv), (c) (ii), (d) (i)
Which of the following is not a feature or belief of ‘Conservatism’?
11.
(a) Conservatives believe in established, traditional institutions of state and
policy.
(b) Conservatives stressed the importance of tradition and preferred gradual
development to quick change.
(c) Conservatives proposed to return to the society of pre-revolutionary days
and were against the ideas of modernisation to strengthen monarchy.
(d) Conservatives believed in the monarchy, church, and other social
hierarchies.
Answer: (c) Conservatives proposed to return to the society of pre-
revolutionary days and were against the ideas of modernisation to strengthen
monarchy.
What helped in the formation of a nation-state in Britain?
12.
(a) The formation of a nation-state in Britain was the result of a sudden
upheaval.
(b) In 1688, the monarchy in Britain had seized the power from English
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Parliament.
(c) The parliament through a bloodless revolution seized power from the
monarchy which gradually led to the emergence of a nation-state.
(d) The British nation was formed as a result of a war with Scotland and
Wales.
Answer: (b) The parliament through a bloodless revolution seized power from
the monarchy which gradually led to the emergence of a nation-state.
Which one of the following was not the feature of Napoleonic Code?
13.
(a) Equality before the law (b) Universal Adult Franchise
(c) Right to Property (d) Privileges based on birth
Answer: (d) Privileges based on birth
Study the picture and answer the question that follows
14.
Which of the following aspects best suits the ‘sword’ in the image?

(a) Heroism (b) Symbol of Strength

(c) Readiness to Fight (d) Symbol of freedom
Answer: c. Ready ness to fight
The painting “The Dream of worldwide Democratic and Social
15.
Republics” was prepared
by whom?
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(a). Giuseppe Mazzini (b). Frederic B. Frederic Sorrieu

(c). Henry Patullo (d). Duke Metternich
Answer: B. Frederic Sorrieu
Each letter dropping out of his bag bears the names of the territories he
16. lost. Identify the King.

(a)Giuseppe Mazzine (b) Metternich

(c)Napoleon Bonaparte (d)Guiseppe Garibaldi
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte
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Which of the following best describe his image by Julius Hubner?

17.

(a) The fallen Germania (b)Marianne

(c)Defeat of Otto Von Bismark (d) The fallen Greece.
Answer: The fallen Germania

18.

Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, what does this stands for?
(a) Willing to make peace (b) Strength
(c) Freedom (d)Heroism
Answer: Heroism
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19.

Which of the following best signifies this image?

(a) Warat Zweibrucken,German (b) Planting of tree of Liberty
(c) Storming the Bastille (d) All of the above
Answer Planting of tree of Liberty
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS(2MARKS)
Write one feature of Romanticism.
1.
Ans. A Cultural movement.
At which place was the Frankfurt assembly convened?
2.
Ans. At the church of St Paul.
What was the basic philosophy of the conservatives?
3.
Ans. They stressed the importance of tradition and established institutions and
customs.
Who was count Cavour?
4.
Ans. The chief Minister of Italy
Which state lead the unification of Germany?
5.
Ans. Prussia
What is suffrage movement?
6.
Ans. The movement is related to “The right to vote”.
Which secret society dial Mazzini found?
7.
Ans. Young Europe and Young Italy.
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What was the main aim of the French revolutionaries?

8.
Answer: The main aim of the French revolutionaries was to create a sense of
collective identity amongst the French people. They proclaimed that it was the
people who would constitute the nation and shape its decisions.
Who was Lord Byron? What was his contribution in the Greek war of
9.
independence?
Answer: Lord Byron was an English poet. He organised funds and later went
to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.
How attributes of liberty and justice were represented during French
10.
Revolution?
Answer: The attributes of Liberty were the cap or the broken chain.
Justice is generally a blind folded man carrying a pair of weighing scales.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3MARKS)
Describe the condition of Italy before unification.
1.
Answer:

i. Condition of Italy in the nineteenth century, Italy had a long history of

political fragmentation. Italians were scattered over various dynastic states as
well as multi-national Habsburg Empire.

ii. During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven
states. Out of these states only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian
princely house.

iii. The north was under Austrian Habsburgs. The centre was ruled by the
Pope and the southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon
Kings of Spain. There was no common language too.

Describe any five steps taken by the French Revolutionaries to create a

2.
sense of collective identity among the French people.

Answer:

i. The first clear-cut expression of nationalism came with the French

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Revolution in 1789. In 1789, France was under the rule of an absolute

monarch.

ii. When the revolutionaries came to power in France, they were determined to
create a new sense of unity and nationhood For this, they emphasized the
concept of France being the father land (La Patrie) for all French people, who
were from now on addressed as citizens (citoyen).

iii. They were given the tri-colour flag, the three colours representing liberty,
equality and fraternity.

How did the Greek War of Independence mobilise nationalist feeling

3.
among the educated elite across Europe?

Answer:

i. Greece was the part of Ottoman Empire since the 15th century. The Greeks
were influenced by the growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe. They
started a struggle for their Independence in 1821.

ii. Nationalists in Greece got support from the Greeks residing in different
countries. Even the West European countries sympathised with the Greek and
their ancient culture.

iii. Poets and artists also admired Greece as the cradle of the Europe.

Briefly trace the process of German unification.

4.
Answer:

i. Nationalism moved away with the ideas of democracy and revolution in

Europe after 1848. Middle-class Germans tried to unite the different regions of
the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected
parliament in 1848.

ii. This nation-building process was repressed by monarchy supported by the

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large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia. After this, the chief minister of
Prussia, Otto Von Bismarck took the leadership of German unification.

iii. Bismarck was the architect of this process and took the help of Prussian
army and bureaucracy. Prussia won three wars against Austria, Denmark and
France over seven years and completed the process of unification.

iv. The Prussian king, William I was declared German Emperor in January
1871.

What do you mean by Conservatism? Highlight the main features of the

5.
beliefs.
Answer:Conservatism was a political philosophy that stressed the importance
of the tradition and preferred gradual development to quick change.
i They believed in established, traditional institutions of state and society.
ii They believed in a monarchy, the church, social hierarchies, etc.
iii They did not propose a return to the society of pre - revolutionary days.
Rather they realised that modernisation could in fact strengthen the traditional
institutions like the monarchy.
Differentiate between the revolution of 1830s and the revolution of 1848
6.
in France?
Answer:
The revolution of 1830 The revolution 1848
1.This revolution was led by 1. This revolution was started by the
Liberal nationalists belonging unemployed
to the educated middle class
poor peasants and workers.
elites of France.
2. By this revolution the kings 2. Through this revolution a republic was
of Bourbon dynasty restored
established on the bases of Universal
to power by conservatives
were overthrown by the Adult Franchise
liberal nationals.
3. A constitutional monarchy 3Constitutional monarchy was abolished so
with Louis Philippe as its
the king Louis Philippe had fed away
head was established in
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France
Who was Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way
7.
in which they were portrayed?

Answer:

i. Marianne: In France nation was christened as Marianne, a popular Christian

name which underlined the idea of a people nation. Statues of Marianne with
red cap, the tricolour and the cockade, were erected at public squares to
remind the public of the national symbol of unity. Marianne images were
marked on coins and stamps as well.

ii. Germania: In Germany Germania became the allegory of German nation. In

visual representations, she is shown wearing a crown of oak leave, as the
German oak stands for heroism.

CASE BASED QUESTIONS(4 MARKS)

Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow:
1.
In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and
Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a
settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor
Duke Metternich, the delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the
object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during
the Napoleonic wars. The bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during
the French Revolution, was restored to power. Thus, the kingdom of the
Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was
added to Piedmont in the south. Prussia was given important new territories on
its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy. But the
German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left
untouched. In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was
given a portion of Saxony. The main intention was to restore the monarchies
 P a g e | 36

that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in
Europe.

1. Name the European countries that defeated Napoleon?

Ans: Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria.

2. Which territory was given to Prussia?

Ans: a portion of Saxony

3. What was the main intention of treaty of Vienna?

Ans: The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been
overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order.

4. Who hosted the Treaty of Vienna?

Ans: Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich, the delegates drew up the Treaty
of Vienna of 1815.

Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow:
2.
Other Romantics such as the German philosopher Johan Gottfried Herder
(1744-1803) claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the
common people – das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk
dances that the true spirit of the nation (volksgeist) was popularised. So
collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was essential to the
project of nation-building The emphasis on vernacular language and the
collection of local folklore was not just to recover an ancient national spirit,
but also to

carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly
illiterate. This was especially so in the case of Poland, which had been
partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by the Great Powers – Russia,
Prussia and Austria. Even though Poland no longer existed as an independent
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territory, national feelings were kept alive through music and language. Karol
Kurpinski, for example, celebrated the national struggle through his operas
and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist
symbols .Language too played an important role in developing nationalist
sentiments. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of
schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere.

1. In what way nationalism was popularised?

Ans: It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances was popularised.

2. Why vernacular language was used?

Ans: Nationalism should reach even to the illiterates.

3. Who claimed ‘‘true German culture was to be discovered among

common people”?

Ans: Johan Gottfried Herder.

4. Name the country partitioned by great powers?

Ans: Poland.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS(5 MARKS)

What do you understand by Liberalism? Describe their ideas in the
1.
political, social and economic spheres.

Answer:

i. The term ‘liberalism’ is derived from the Latin word liber, meaning free.
Thus, for the new middle classes, liberalism stood for freedom for the
individual and equality of all before “law.

ii. Political ideas: It emphasised the concept of government by consent. Since

the French Revolution, liberalism stood for the end of autocracy and clerical
privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament.
 P a g e | 38

They did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage.

iii. In revolutionary France, which was the first example of liberal democracy,
the right to vote and election was exclusively granted to property-owning
men. Men without property and women were not granted political rights.
Thus, in the 19th and 20th centuries there were movements demanding equal
political rights.

iv. Economic ideas : They supported freedom of markets and the abolition of
state- imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. During the
19th century this was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes.

“The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe.”

2.
Support that statement with arguments.

Answer:

i. The 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe due to the
following reasons There was enormous increase in population all over Europe.

ii.There were more seekers of jobs than employment. People migrated from
rural areas to the cities to live in overcrowded slums

iii. There was stiff competition between the products of small producers and
products imported from England where goods were made by machines as
industrialisation had already taken place there.

iv. Peasants’ condition was bad due to burden of feudal dues and obligations.

v. The prices of food had risen due to bad harvest. This had resulted in
widespread pauperism in town and country.

What were the changes made under the Civil Code of 1804 by Napoleon?
3.
Answer:

Napoleonic Code/ Civil Code of 1804

 P a g e | 39

i. Also known as Civil Code of 1804 was introduced by Napoleon to maintain

its control. He removed all privileges based on birth.

ii. Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system

and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. Transport and
communication facilities were improved.

iii. Guild restrictions were removed from towns. He established equality

before the law.

iv. He secured the right to property.

v. Common national currency was introduced. Uniform system of weights and

measures was adopted.

4. In Britain the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden
upheaval or revolution. Validate the statement with relevant arguments.
Answer:
i. In Britain, the formation of the nation–state was not the result of a sudden
upheaval or revolution. It was the result of a long-drawn-out process.
ii. The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were
ethnic ones–such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. There was no British nation
prior to the 18th century.
iii. All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions.
The Act of Union 1707 between England and Scotland resulted in the
formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’. It meant that England
was able to impose its influence on Scotland.
iv. The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in
1688 at the end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a
nation-state with England at its centre, came to be forged.
v. The growth of the British identity meant that Scotland’s distinctive culture
and political institutions were systematically suppressed. The Scottish
 P a g e | 40

Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their

national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.
vi. The British imposed control over Ireland as well. The English favoured the
Protestants of Ireland and helped them establish their dominance over a
largely Catholic Ireland.
vii. The symbols of new Britain were the English language, the British flag
(Union Jack) and the British national anthem (God Save Our Nobel King).
5. What is meant by Balkan? Why did it turn into a perennial source of
tension and proved the battlefield of the first World War?
Answer:
i. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variations comprising
modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia,
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro. The inhabitants of
these regions were known as Slavs.
ii. A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman empire while
some other parts were under the control of Russia and Austria causing a
complex problem.
iii. The spread of the ideas of Romantic nationalism in the Balkans together
with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made the region very
explosive. The Balkan area became an area of intense conflict as different
Slavic nationalities struggled for their independence.
iv. The Balkan region became a region of intense conflict over expansion of
territory. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped
to gain more territory at the expense of others.
v. At the same time the Balkan region also became the source of big power
rivalry among the European powers over trade, colonies and military might.
The big powers – Russia, Germany, England, and Austria-Hungary—were
keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending
its own control over the area.
 P a g e | 41

vi. This led to the series of wars in the region and finally became the cause of
the First World War.
IMPORTANT BOARD QUESTIONS
1. Describe the events of French Revolution which had influenced the people
belonging to other parts of Europe.
2. Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the
administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to
make the whole system more rational and efficient.” Support the statement.
3. Explain any three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland
in the 18th and 19th centuries.
4. How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during
nineteenth century in Europe? Analyse.
5. How did conservatives establish their power after 1815?
 P a g e | 42

CHAPTER -2
NATIONALISM IN INDIA
KEY CONCEPTS
Nationalism:
It is basically the feeling of patriotism, i.e., affection towards the country. It also
implies a significant unity among the people.
Growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial
movement.
❖ In India, as in Vietnam and many other colonies, the growth of modern
nationalism is intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement.
❖ People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with
colonialism.
❖ The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond
that tied many different groups together.
❖ But each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently, their
experiences were varied, and their notions of freedom were not always
the same.
❖ The Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge these groups
together within one movement. But the unity did not emerge without
conflict
The First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in
India
❖ First World War created to an economical and political crisis:
❖ Due to huge increase in defence expenditure, customs duties were raised
and income tax was introduced.
❖ Through the years prices were increases significantly- doubling between
1913 and 1918.
❖ Demand for soldiers increased and forced recruitment took place in rural
areas.
 P a g e | 43

❖ This led to an extreme hardship of for the common man and also caused
widespread anger.
❖ In 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting to
acute shortage of food.
❖ Then came an influenza epidemic. In 1921, nearly 12-13 million perished
as a result of plague epidemic and famines.
❖ People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over. But
that did not happen. At this stage a new leader appeared and suggested a
new mode of struggle.
❖ Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915 :
❖ He had come from South Africa where he successfully fought the racist
regime with a novel method of mass agitation, which he called
Satyagraha .
❖ After learning about the injustices being done to people , he decided to
fight against them, through satyagraha.
THE IDEA OF SATYAGRAHA

Promotes the idea of truth and

Non-Violence.

Emphasised the power of truth and the

need to search for it.

THE IDEA OF SATYAGRAHA

❖ It promotes the idea of truth and Non-Violence. The idea of satyagraha
emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for it.
❖ It suggests that if cause is true, and if the struggle was against injustice, a
satyagrahi could win the battle with Non-Violence.
❖ Without using violence of any form, a satyagrahi could win the battle by
appealing to the conscience of the oppressor .
 P a g e | 44

❖ This can be done by persuading the people(including the oppressor) to

see the truth, instead of being forced to accept the truth
❖ Gandhi believed that this idea could unite the Indians.
SATYAGRAHA MOVEMENT
❖ 1917: Gandhi Travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the - peasants to
struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
❖ 1918: He organised a satyagraha to support the peasants of Kheda -—
district of Gujrat. Affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic, the
peasants couldn’t — pay the revenue and demanded relaxation.
❖ 1918: He went to Ahmedabad to organise a satyagraha — amongst cotton
mill workers. Gandhi had a great success in all of the above
❖ 1919: After gaining popularity, Gandhi decided to launch a nation-wide
satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt
Act Rowlatt Act:
❖ It gave the Govt..enormous powers to repress political activities, and
allowed detention of political prisoners two years without trial.
❖ Gandhi wanted to fight this by adopting non-violence by oragnising
activities like hartas( bandh).
❖ Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in
railway workshops, and shops closed down.
❖ This scared the British. So it decided to clamp down on nationalists.
❖ Local leaders were picked from Amritsar and Gandhi was barred from
Delhi.
❖ 10 April: The police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful
procession,provoking widespread attacks on banks, post offices, and
railway stations
❖ 13 April :because of the April 10 incident, strict martial law had been
imposed, General Dyer took command and the infamous Jallianwalla
Bagh incident took place.
 P a g e | 45

JALLIANWALLA BAGH MASSACRE

❖ On April 13 th , a crowd of villagers who had come to Amritsar to attend
a fair had gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh.
❖ Being from outside the city, they were unaware of the martial law that
had been imposed.
❖ Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the
crowd, killing hundreds.
❖ His object, as he declared later, was to ‘produce a moral effect’, to create
in the minds of satyagrahis a feeling of terror and awe.
❖ As the Jallianwalla Bagh news spread, there were strikes, clashes with
the police and attacks on Govt buildings
❖ The Govt.. countered this with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate
and terrorise people Seeing the violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called
off the movement.
KHILAFAT- NON CO OERATION MOVEMENT
❖ As the first world war ended with Ottoman’s defeat, rumours spread that
a harsh treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor, the
Khalifa (spiritual head of the Islamic world)
❖ To defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers, a Khilafat Committee was
formed in Bombay in March 1919.
❖ Young Muslim leaders Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali began
discussing with Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on
the issue.
❖ Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella
of a unified national movement.
❖ At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced
other leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation movement in support
of Khilafat as well as for swaraj
 P a g e | 46

NON CO OERATION MOVEMENT

❖ In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909) Mahatma Gandhi declared that
❖ British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and
had survived only because of this cooperation.
❖ If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse
within a year
❖ He declared that the movement should begin with the surrender of the
Govt.-awarded titles, and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts
and legislative councils, schools and foreign goods.
❖ At the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, a compromise was
worked out and the Non-Cooperation programme was adopted This non
cooperation movement began in January 1921. Differing Strands within
the Movement
❖ Various social groups participated in this movement, each with its own
specific aspiration.
The Movement in the Towns
❖ The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities.
❖ Thousands of students left the Govt.. schools and colleges, headmasters
and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices.
❖ The council elections were boycotted in most of the provinces, except
Madras.
❖ The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more
dramatic :
❖ On the economic front were more dramatic .
❖ Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops were picketed, and foreign
cloth burnt in huge bonfires.
❖ The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value
dropping from Rs.102 crore to Rs 57 crore.
❖ As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported
 P a g e | 47

clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills
and handlooms went up.
❖ But this movement in the cities gradually slowed down for a variety of
reasons:
❖ Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass produced mill cloth
and poor people could not afford to buy it.
❖ Similarly the boycott of British institutions posed a problem: For the
movement to be successful, alternative Indian institutions had to be set
up so that they could be used in place of the British ones. These were
slow to come up.
❖ So students and teachers began trickling back to government schools
and lawyers joined back work in government courts.
Rebellion in the countryside:
❖ The people in the countryside took the meaning od swaraj in a different
way.
❖ In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra – a sanyasi who had
earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer.
❖ In Awadh, before 1920, peasants were suffering a lot because of the
oppressive landlords and talukdars.
❖ In June 1920 Jawaharlal Nehru came to this area and decided to set up
Oudh Kisan Sabha. Within a month, over 300 branches were set up in
various villages.
❖ So when the Non Cooperation Movement began the following year, the
effort of the Congress was to integrate the Awadh peasant struggle into
the wider struggle..
❖ As the movement spread, the landlords were attacked, shops looted, and
grain hoards were taken over. Tribal peasants interpreted the message of
Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of swaraj in yet another way.
❖ In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh a militant guerrilla movement
 P a g e | 48

spread in the early 1920s.

❖ Here, the colonial government had closed large forest areas, preventing
people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuel
wood and fruits.
❖ This enraged the hill people.
❖ When the government began forcing them to contribute begar for road
building, the hill people revolted.
❖ Their leader, Alluri Sitaram Raju who was thought to be an incarnation
of god, said he was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement, and
persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking .
Swaraj in the plantations:
❖ For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely
in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed.
❖ It meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.
❖ Under the act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the
tea gardens without permission, and were rarely given such permission.
❖ When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of
workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.
❖ They, however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a
railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally
beaten up.
Chauri Chaura Incident
❖ In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-
Cooperation Movement.
❖ He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and
Satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for
mass struggles.
Swaraj Party:
❖ Within the Congress, some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles
 P a g e | 49

and wanted to participate in election.

❖ They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the
councils, argue for reform and also demonstrate that these councils were
not truly democratic.
❖ C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the
Congress to argue for a return to council politics.
Two factors shaped the Indian Politics in the 1920s
1.The effect of worldwide economic depression:
❖ The effect of the worldwide economic depression.
❖ Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1930.
❖ As the demand for agricultural goods fell and exports declined, peasants
found it difficult to sell their harvests and pay their revenue. By 1930, the
countryside was in turmoil.
2. Constitution of Simon Commission
Simon Commission
❖ The new tory Government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission
Under Sir John Simon, was to look into the functioning of the
constitutional system in India and suggest changes.
❖ But when Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted
with a slogan GO BACK SIMON.
❖ It contained NO Indian member DOMINION STATUS
❖ All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated
in the demonstrations In an effort to win them over, the viceroy, Lord
Irwin, announced in October 1929, a vague offer of ‘dominion status’ for
India in an unspecified future, and a Round Table Conference to discuss
a future constitution.
❖ This did not satisfy the Congress leaders- the radicals within the congress
became more assertive.
❖ But this attracted very little attention.
 P a g e | 50

❖ So Mahatma Gandhi decided to relate the idea of freedom to more

concrete issues of everyday life
‘Prna Swaraj’
❖ In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the
Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full
independence for India.
❖ It was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated as the
Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for
complete independence.
Salt March & Civil Disobedience Movement
❖ ON 31 Jan 1930, Gandhi sent a letter to viceroy Irwin stating 11
demands: some of them of general interest and some of specific. The
most stirring of all was the demand to abolish salt tax.
❖ His letter stated that if the demands weren’t fulfilled by 11 march, the
congress would launch a civil disobedience movement. But Irwin didn’t
negotiate. Salt was something that was consumed by the rich and poor
alike, as it was the most essential items of food.
❖ The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production,
Mahatma Gandhi declared, revealed the most oppressive face of British
rule. So this movement ttracted people in large numbers. So Mahatma
Gandhi started his famous salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted
volunteers.
❖ The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to
the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. The volunteers walked for 24 days,
about 10 miles a day.
❖ Thousands came to hear Mahatma Gandhi wherever he stopped, and he
told them what he meant by swaraj and urged them to peacefully defy the
British
❖ On 6 April he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law,
 P a g e | 51

manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.

❖ This Dandi March marked the beginning of Civil Disobedience
Movement.
❖ The of Civil Disobedience was different from Non-Cooperation
movement in the sense that it not only asked people to refuse cooperation
with British (as in non cooperation movement), but also asked them to
break the rules.
❖ As the movement spread, foreign cloth was boycotted, and liquor shops
were picketed.
❖ Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes, village officials
resigned, and in many places forest people violated forest laws – going
into Reserved Forests to collect wood and graze cattle.
Gandhi Irwin pact
❖ Gandhi once again called off the movement and entered into a pact with
Irwin on 5 march 1931, and consented to participate in a Round-Table
conference in London and the Govt. agreed to release the political
prisoners.
❖ In Dec 1931, Gandhi went to London for the conference, but returned
disappointed as the negotiations broke down.
Who participated in the movement?
❖ The rich peasant communities the poor peasantry , business class , the
industrial workers in Nagpur and a large scale participation of women
took active part in the movement.
❖ Limits of the movement – less participation by untouchables – Ambedkar
for separate electorate and Poona pact of 1932,
❖ Provisions of Poona pact of 1932 – signed between Dr.Ambedkar and
Gandhiji- It gave depressed classes reserved seats in central provincial
councils but they were to be voted by the general electorate.
❖ The sense of collective belonging – This sense if collective belonging
 P a g e | 52

came partly through the experience of united struggles role of folklore

and songs- the image of Bharath Mata-Nationalism through icons or
symbols of representation of Histroy. The first image was created by
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and painted by Abanindra Nath Tagore.
NATIONALISM IN INDIA

SATYAGRAHA
CHAMPARAN IN 1917, KHEDA IN 1918 ,
AHMEDABAD IN 1918

THE FIRST WORLD WAR 1914-18

ROWLATT ACT
JALLIANWALLA BAGH MASSACRE – 13th April 1919 , AMRITAR IN
PUNJAB

KHILAFAT AGITATION

NON –COOPERATION MOVEMENT

CHAURI CHAURA INCIDENT 1922 –WITHDRAW THE

MOVEMENT

SWARAJ PARTY 1925- CR DAS & MOTILAL NEHRU

SIMON COMMISSION 1928

LAHORE CONGRESS 1929

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT -DANDI MARCH -1930

GANDI IRWIN 1931 -POONA PACT 1932

SENSE OF COLLECTIVE BELONGING – NOVELS, HISTOR,

BALLADS, NATIONAL FLAG, IMAGE OF BHARAT MATHA
 P a g e | 53

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1 Who were the ‘Sanatanis’?
(a) Saints (b)Labours (c)Dalitsd)High caste Hindus
Answer-:High caste Hindus
2 The depressed classes association was formed by_________
Answer-: Dr.B.R.Ambedkar __________.
3 The swaraj party was set up by ____
(a) Motilal Nehru and C.R . Das (b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Mahatma Gandhi (d)Abdul Gaffar Khan
Answer-:Motilal Nehru and C.R . Das
4 Following image shows a place Chauri- Chaura in Gorakhpur
where a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a
violent clash with the police. After hearing this incident
Mahatma Gandhi called off which of the following
movement?

(a)Tribal Movement (b)Non-Cooperation

Movement
(c)Civil Disobedience Movement (d) Poorna Swaraj
Movement
Ans: Non-Cooperation Movement
5. Two statements are given in the question below as
Assertion(A)and Reason(R).Read the statements and choose the
appropriate option from the following options.
Codes
 P a g e | 54

(a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct

explanation of A
(b)Both Aand R are true,but R is not the correct
explanation of A
(c)A is true,but R is false
(d)A is false,but R is true
(A)Some leaders with in the Congress were tired of the Mass struggle
and wanted to Participate in the election to the Provincial Councils
set up by the Government of India Act of 1919.
Reason(R)TheyfeltthatelectionsarenecessarytoestablishdemocracyinIndia.
Ans: A is true, but R is false
6 Who was the writer of Book ‘Hind Swaraj’?
(a)Rabindra Nath Tagore (b) Jawahar Lal Nehru (c) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer-: Mahatma Gandhi
7 Khilafat committee was formed in 1919 in the city of ___________
(a) Bombay (b) Calcutta (c) Lucknow (d) Amritsar
Answer-: Bombay
8 Who set up the ‘Oudh Kisan Sabha’?
(a)Alluri Sithram Raju (b) Jawahar Lal Nehru (c) Baba Ramchandra
(d) Both B & C
Answer-: Both B & C
9 The ‘Simon commission was boycotted because_________
Answer-: There was no Indian member in the commission.
10 In which year Gandhi Ji returned to India?
(a) 1914 (b) 1915 (c) 1917 (d) 1918
Answer-: 1915
11 Identify the image.
 P a g e | 55

Answer_ Bharat Mata

12 Identify the image. write the Answer:-

Answer:- Dandi march

13 Two statements are
. giveninthequestionbelowasAssertion(A)andReason(R).Readt
hestatements and choose theappropriate option
fromthefollowingoptions.
(a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
(b)Both A and R are true, but R is not the
correctexplanation of A
cAistrue,butRisfalse
d)Aisfalse,butRistrue
A)WhenSimonCommissionarrivedinIndia,itwasgreetedwiththeslogan‘
SimonGo Back’.
Reason(R)SimonCommissionwasconstitutedunderJohnSimon.
Ans. (b)
 P a g e | 56

VERY SHORT ANSWERS (2 MARKS QUESTIONS)

1. Why Non-cooperation? What was the method used in the
movement?
Answer-:Gandhi in his famous book Hindi Swaraj, declared that the
British continue to rule with the cooperation.
Of the Indians – If we withdraw our cooperation then their rule would
end. It began with surrender of titles, boycott and national education.
2 Why did non-cooperation movement slowdown in cities?
Answer-:Khadi cloth was more expensive for the poor no alternative
Indian Institution to accommodate Indians. Students and teachers began
going back to Govt. School and lawyer joined courts.
3 When did Simon commission come to India? Why was it boycotted?
Answer-:Simon reached Indian in 1928. It was boycott because – It did
not have any single Indian-It did not talk about swaraj.
4 Who were the leaders of Khilafat Movement? Why was it started?
Answer-:Ali brothers – Muhammed Ali and Shaukat Ali. The defect of
Ottoman Turkey in 1st world war-Harsh peace treaty was going to be
imposed in Ottoman emperor – To defend this a Khilafat Committee was
formed – to undo the wrong done Turkey – joined with non- cooperation
movement.
5 What were the conditions of the Gandhi Irwin pact?
Answer-:Mahatma Gandhi signed the pact with Lord Irwin on 5th March,
1931- Gandhi agreed to participate in the 2nd Round table conference in
England- Government agreed to release all the political prisoners.
6 What were the decisions of the Lahore Congress Session of 1929?
Answer-: (i)In December 1929 under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru
the Lahore congress formalized the demand of Poorna Swaraj or
complete independence.
(ii) It was declared that 26th January 1930 would be celebrated as the
 P a g e | 57

Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for

independence decided to launch civil disobedience movement.
7 How did the first world war help in the growth of nationalist
movement in India?
Answer-:(i) War created a new political and economic situation. It led to
an increase in expenditure. The war led to a price rise and hardship for
common people.
(ii) War led to forced recruitment of people. Acute shortage of food led
to famine and misery. Indians began to realize that they were drawn in a
war unnecessarily.
(iii)This feeling united Indians against the British.
8 What was the Rowlatt Act?
Answer-: (i) Rowlatt Act gave government enormous power to
suppressed political activities and allowed detention of political
prisoners without trails for two years.
(ii) In other word the proposed no appeal, no vakeel and no daleed.
9 Name two main Satyagraha Movement organized by Mahatma
Gandhi successfully in favor of Peasants in 1917 & 1918.
Answer-: (i) Indigo Planter’s movement in Champaran in 1917
(ii) Peasants satyagraha movement was organized in Kheda district of
Gujarat in 1917 to support Peasants in demand for relaxation of revenue
collection.
10 In which novel was the Hyman ‘Vande Mataram’ included and who
was the novel written by?
Answer-: The novel Written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and
novel title was Anand math.
11. What does the term Khalifa refers to?
Answer-:The term Khalifa refers to the a spiritual leader of the Muslim
community
 P a g e | 58

12. Who let the civil disobedience movement in Peshawar?

Answer-:Abdul Gaffar Khan, also known as frontier Gandhi
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)
1 Why did mahatma Gandhi call off Non-Cooperation movement?
Answer-: (i) People started misinterpret his idea of satyagraha and
movement became violent at few places.
(ii) Mahatma Gandhi thought that people need to trained more in the
idea of satyagraha.
(iii) In Feb 1922 in District of Gorakhpur (UP) at Chauri Chaura a
violent crowed burnt 22 people including few policemen.
These were the reasons why Gandhi Ji called off Non-Cooperation
movement.
2 Why was khilafat Movement started?
Answer-: (i) Khilafat Movement was started by Ali Brothers.
(ii) Mahamumad Ali and Shoukat Ali in the response to the harsh
treatment given to the Caliph of the ottoman Empire.
(iii) Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire by the British.
3 Explain the effects of Worldwide economic depression on India in
Late 1920’s.
Answer-: (i) The world wide economic depression immediately effected
Indian trade.
(ii) India’s export and imports nearly halved between 1928 and 1934.
(iii) As International prices crashed, prices in India also plunged.
(iv) The Peasants producing for world market were hit badly.
4 How did the Plantation workers understand the ideas of ‘Swaraj’?
Answer-: (i) The plantation worker of Assam ‘Swaraj’ Means Freedom
to move freely in and out of the confined space in which the all were
enclosed and also to be able to keep the link with their native village.
(ii) Under the Inland Emigration act of 1859 Plantation workers were
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not allowed to leave tea gardens without permission.

(iii) When they had heard The Non- Cooperation movement defied
authorities, and left plantation and headed home.
5 Explain the reaction of the Indian people against the Rowlatt act
passed through the Imperial Legislative Council in 1919.
Answer-: (i) Rallies were organised against this act.
(ii) Railways, workshop and shops closed down.
(iii) The procession in Amritsar provoked widespread attacks on buses,
post offices, railway stations and telegraphic line etc.
6 Why did Non-cooperation Movement gradually slow down in
cities? Explain any three reasons.
Answer: 1. Khadi cloth was more expensive than mill cloth and poor
people could not afford to buy it. As a result they could not boycott mill
cloth for too long.
2.Alternative Indian institutions were not there which could be used
in place of the British ones. These were slow to come up.
3.So students and teachers began trickling back to government
schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)
1 ‘This sense of collective belonging came partly through the
experience of united struggles role of folklore, songs, icons and
images’ Analyze the statement.
Answer-: (i)In late 19th century, Indian Nationalist began recording folk
tales sung by bards and toured villages to gather.
(ii) The tales they believed gave true picture of traditional culture that
was damaged by outside forces.
(iii) It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover the
National Identity. It restored a sense of pride in one’s past.
(iv) During Swedish Movement, a tricolor flag was designed representing
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eight provinces through eight lotuses and a crescent moon sysmbolizing

Hindu-Muslim unity.
(v) Later Gandhi developed tricolor flag ( Red,Green,White) with a
spinning wheel at center representing self-help. Carrying the flag became
a symbol of defiance.
(vi) This image Bharath Math was first created by Bankim Chandra
Chattopadhyay. In 1870 he wrote Vande Mataram a hymn to the mother
land .
(vii) Abanindranath Tagore in his painting portrayed Bharath Mata as
calm, ascetic figure, composed, divine, and spiritual.
(Any five points)
2 Describe about the Dandi March of Gandhi.
Answer-: (i)Mahatma Gandhi found in a salt a powerful symbol that
could unite the Nation.
(ii)He sent letter to Viceroy Irwin in which the most stirring was to
abolish salt tax.
(iii)When Irwin refused, Gandhi started the salt march 1930 accompanied
by 78 of his trusted volunteers,
(iv)They marched 240 miles from Sabarmati ashram to Dandi. They
walked for 24 days,10 miles a day
(v)On his way he told the importance of swaraj to people and asked to
defy British. On 6th April 1930 he reached Dandi violated the law,
manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
(vi) It marked the beginning of civil disobedience movement.
3 Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju? Explain his role in inspiring the
rebels with Gandhi ‘s ideas?
Answer-: (i) Alluri Sitaram Raju was a tribal leader in the Guden hills of
Andhra Pradesh.
(ii)He started a militant Guerilla Movement in the early 1920s.
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(iii) The tribal people were enraged by the British policy, but when the
government began forcing them to contribute _ beggar for road building,
the hill people revolted, Raju inspired the hill people.
(iv) He talked on the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi. Inspire by Gandhi
Non- Cooperation movement he persuaded people to wear Khadi and
give up drinking.
(v) But at the same time he did not believe in Non- violence, he thought
that India could be liberated only by the use of force.
4 Describe the role of the peasants in Awadh in the Non-cooperation
Movement. Answer:-In Awadh, the peasants’ movement was led by
Baba Ramchandra—a Sanyasi who had earlier worked in Fiji as
indentured labour.
The movement was against taluqdars and landlords who demanded high
rents from the peasants. Peasants had to do ‘begar and work at landlords’
farms without any payment. As tenants, they had no security of tenure
and could be evicted without any notice.
The peasants’ movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of
begar and social boycott of these landlords.
1. In many places Nai-Dhobi bandits were organized to deprive
landlords of the services of even washer men and barbers.
2. In 1920, Jawahar Lai Nehru began talking to the villagers and
formed ‘Oudh Kisan Sabha’. Within a month 300 branches had
been setup in the villages.
3. As the movement spread in 1921, the houses of taluqdars and
merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted and grain hoards were
taken over.
5 Explain any five major problems posed by the First World War in India.
Answer:
The outbreak of the First World War had created a new economic and
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political situation in India:

i. The increased defence expenditure was financed by war loans and
by raising tax rates, custom duties, etc. There was tremendous
price rise during the war years. Between 1913 and 1918, the prices
had almost doubled. People, particularly common people, were
facing extreme hardships.
ii. Forced recruitment in the army caused widespread anger in the
villages.
iii. The failure of crops in many parts of India had created food
shortages, leading to the added misery of the people.
iv. In addition to this, there was the outbreak of the great influenza
epidemic. Millions of people perished due to influenza and
starvation.
v. The nationalist movement grew stronger during the war years. A
large number of Muslims were drawn into the anti-British struggle
during the war. The defence of the ‘Caliphate’ (Khilafat) became
an important question for Muslims. Peasant movements during war
period also had helped the nationalist movement to grow stronger.
Case Based Questions(4 MARKS)
‘It is said of “passive resistance” that it is the weapon of the weak, but the
power which is the subject of this article can be used only by the strong. This
power is not passive resistance; indeed, it calls for intense activity. The
movement in South Africa was not passive but active ‘Satyagraha is not
physical force. A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary; he does not
seek his destruction … In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will whatever.
‘Satyagraha is pure soul-force. Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is
why this force is called satyagraha. The soul is informed with knowledge. In it
burns the flame of love. … Nonviolence is the supreme dharma …‘It is certain
that India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of arms. The British worship
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the war-god and they can all of them become, as they are becoming, bearers of
arms. The hundreds of millions in India can never carry arms. They have made
the religion of non-violence their own …’
1.) Why did Gandhiji consider nonviolence as supreme dharma?
Ans. Gandhiji adopted nonviolence as a philosophy and an ideal way of
life. According to him philosophy of nonviolence is not a weapon of the
weak; it is
a weapon, which can be tried by all.
2.) How was Gandhian satyagraha taken by the people who believed in
his philosophy?
Ans. A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary; he does not seek
his destruction. In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will.
3) Why was Gandhian satyagraha considered as a novel way to resist
injustice?
Ans. (i) One could win the battle through nonviolence.
(ii) This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.
(iii) People – including the oppressors – had to be persuaded to see the truth,
instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence.
CASE Study 02:
Ever since humans appeared on the earth, they have used different means of
communication. But, the pace of change, has been rapid in modern times. Long
distance communication is far easier without physical movement of the
communicator or receiver. Personal communication and mass communication
including television, radio, press, films, etc. are the major means of
communication in the country. The Indian postal network is the largest in the
world. It handles parcels as well as personal written communications. Cards and
envelopes are considered first-class mail and are airlifted between stations
covering both land and air. The second-class mail includes book packets,
registered newspapers and periodicals. They are carried by surface mail,
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covering land and water transport. To facilitate quick delivery of mails in large
towns and cities, six mail channels have been introduced recently. They are
called Rajdhani Channel, Metro Channel, Green Channel, Business Channel,
Bulk Mail Channel and Periodical Channel.
1.) Examine the role of the Indian postal network.
Ans. It has helped the country to engage in communication and social-economic
development.
2) Differentiate between mass communication and personal
communication.
Ans. Mass Communication is the medium which provides entertainment as well
as creates awareness among the masses. It includes radio, television,
newspapers, magazines, books, films etc. whereas Personal Communication is
between person to person.
3) Analyse the significance of communication for a nation.
(i) This is the age of communication using the telephone, television, films, and
the Internet.
(ii) Even books, magazines and newspapers are important means of
communication.
(iii) Various means of communication have connected the world closer
(iv) It is the source of entertainment and knowledge.
Map Work
A. HISTORY(OutlinePoliticalMapofIndia)

NationalisminIndia–(1918–1930)for locating and

labelling/Identification
1.IndianNationalCongressSessions:
a. Calcutta(Sep.1920)

b. Nagpur(Dec.1920)

c. Madras(1927)

2.ImportantCentresofIndianNational Movement
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d. Champaran(Bihar)-MovementofIndigoPlanters

e. Kheda(Gujarat)-PeasantSatyagrah

f. Ahmedabad(Gujarat)-CottonMillWorkersSatyagraha

g. Amritsar(Punjab)-JallianwalaBaghIncident

h. ChauriChaura(U.P.)-CallingofftheNon-
CooperationMovement
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KEY CONCEPTS:
Globalisation :
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The trade connected the people in different corners of the world and this led to the
exchange of ideas, beliefs and culture.
The Discovery of America brought in the political, social cultural,economic and
technological transformations in the world. The rich resources like the food grains,
minerals, gold of America attracted the Spanish and Portuguese conquests and thus
began colonization.
Colonialism:
Apart from, war with the natives and economic and trade policies, the spread of
disease-causing germs also helped the colonizers to conquest the land and the people
of America.
For commoners in Europe problems like poverty, hunger, spread of disease, over
population, unemployment, religious conflicts were the reasons which made them fled
from Europe for America.
Early trade centres:
Meanwhile, China’s isolation shifted the centre of world trade from Asia to America,
earlier to which India and China were the prominent trade centres of the world.
Advent of technologies in transport and communication speeded up world trade.
The world wars turned Europe from international creditor to international debtor, at
the same time wars paved way for the US to emerge as super power.
Huge destruction to men and property made the western powers to realize the need for
an international organisation to solve disputes among nations , to establish smooth
trade relations between countries and also to establish peace and harmony in the
world.
Post war developments:
The Bretton Woods Conference convened and two global institutions World Bank and
IMF formed to solve financial disputes. World trade grew to 8%.
The era of modern globalisation began. It weakened the US dominance in world trade.
MNC’s established their units in many countries. World powers chose their
production units in low wage Asian countries.
Rapid economic transformations took place in countries like Indian and China.
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CHAPTER -3
MAKING THE GLOBAL WORLD
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PRODUCTION ACROSS COUNTRIES:

❖ Until the middle of the twentieth century, production was largely
organized within countries.
❖ Colonies such as India export the raw materials and food stuff and
imported finished goods.
❖ Trade was the main channel connecting distant countries. This was
done before large companies called multinational corporation (MNCs)
emerged on the scene.
❖ An MNC is a company that owns or controls production in more
than one nation.
❖ MNCs set up offices and factories for production in regions where
they can get cheap labour and other resources.
❖ MNCs are not only selling its finished products globally but more
important, the goods and services are produced globally.
❖ As a result, production is organized in increasingly complex ways.
INTERLINKING PRODUCTION ACROSS COUNTRIES:
❖ In general, MNCs set up production where it is close to the markets;
where there is skilled and unskilled labour available at low costs; and
where the availability of other factories of production is assured.
❖ The money that is spent to buy assets such as land, building,
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machines and other equipment is called investment. The investment

made by the MNCs is called foreign investment.
❖ The benefit to the local company of such joint production is two-
fold.
❖ MNCs can provide money for additional investments, like buying
new machines for faster production.
❖ MNCs might bring with them the latest technology for production.
❖ But the most common route for MNC investments is to buy up local
companies and then to expand production.
❖ Many of the top MNCs have wealth exceeding the entire budget of the
developing country government.
❖ We see that there are a variety of ways in which the MNCs are spreading
their production and interacting with local producers in various countries
across the globe.
❖ MNCs are exerting a strong influence on production at these distant
locations. As a result, production in these widely dispersed locations is
getting interlinked.
FOREIGN TRADE AND INTEGRATION OF MARKETS:
❖ Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond
the domestic markets i.e., markets of their own countries.
❖ For the buyers, import of goods produced in another country is one
❖ way of expanding the choice of goods beyond what is domestically
produced. In general, with the opening of trade, goods travel from one
market to another.
❖ Foreign trade thus results in connecting the markets or integration of
markets in different countries.
WHAT IS GLOBALISATION?
❖ A large part of the foreign trade is also controlled by MNCs.
❖ A result of greater foreign trade has been greater foreign trade has been
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greater integration of production and markets across countries.

❖ Globalization is this process of rapid integration or interconnection
between countries.
❖ MNCs are playing a major role in the globalization process.
❖ More and more goods and services, investments and technology are
moving between countries.
FACTORIES THAT HAVE ENABLED GLOBALISATION:
❖ Rapid improvement in technology has been on a major factor that has
stimulated the globalization process.
❖ For instances, the past 50 years have seen several improvements in
transportation technology.
❖ Even more remarkable have been the development of information
and communication technology.
❖ Technologies in the areas of telecommunications, computers, and
internet have been changing rapidly.
Liberalization of foreign trade and foreign investment policy:
❖ Tax on imports is an example of trade barrier. It is called a barrier
because some restriction has been set up.
❖ The government can use trade barriers to increase or decrease foreign
trade and to decide what kind of goods and how much of each, should
come into the country.
❖ The Indian government, after Independence, had put barriers to foreign
investment.
❖ This was considered necessary to protect the producers within the
country from foreign competition.
❖ Barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a large
extent.
❖ This meant that goods could be imported and exported easily and also
foreign companies could set up factories and offices here.
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❖ Removing barriers or restriction set by the government is what is known

as liberalization.
❖ The government imposes much less restriction than before and is
therefore said to be more liberal.
WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION:
❖ We have seen that the liberalization of foreign trade and investment in
India was supported by some very powerful international organization.
❖ These organizations say that all barriers to foreign trade and investment
that are harmful. There should be no barriers.
❖ World Trade Organization (WTO) is one such organization whose aim is
to liberalize international trade.
❖ Though WTO is supposed to allow a free trade for all, in practice, it is
seen that the developed countries have unfairly retained trade barriers.
❖ On the other hand, WTO rules have forced the developing countries to
remove the trade barriers.
IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION IN INDIA:
❖ In the last twenty years, globalization of the Indian economy has come a
long way.
❖ Globalization and greater competition among producers – both local and
foreign producers – has been of advantage to consumers, particularly the
well-off sections in the urban areas.
❖ As a result, these people today, enjoy much higher standards of living
than was possible earlier.
❖ MNCs have increased their investments in India over the past 20 years,
which means investing in India has been beneficial for them.
❖ Several of the top Indian companies have been able to benefit from the
increased competition.
❖ Moreover, globalization has enabled some large Indian companies to
emerge as multinationals themselves!
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❖ Globalization has also created new opportunities for companies

providing services, particularly those involving IT.
THE STRUGGLE FOR A FAIR GLOBALISATION:
❖ People with education skill and wealth have made the best use of new
opportunities.
❖ On the other hand, there are many people who have not shared the
benefits.
❖ Fair globalization would create opportunities for all and also ensure that
the benefits of globalization are shared better.
❖ The government can play a major role in making this possible.
❖ Its policies must protect the interests, not only of rich and the powerful
but all the people in the country.
❖ It can support small producers to improve their performance till the time
they become strong enough to compete.
❖ If necessary, the government can use trade and barriers.
❖ In the past few years, massive campaigns and representatives by people’s
organizations have influenced important decisions relating to trade and
investments at the WTO.
❖ This has demonstrated that people also can play an important role in the
struggle for fair globalization.
MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS(1 MARK)
1. Which one of the following countries was badly affected by the disease
name Rinderpest?
a.Asia b. Africa c. Europe d. America
Ans.b. Africa
2. Which of the following statements correctly identifies the corn laws?
a. imposed tax on corn
b.Allowed the import of corn to England
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c. Restricted import of corn to England

d. Abolished the sale of corn
Ans.c. Restricted import of corn to England
3. The world bank was set up to
a.finance rehabilitation of the refugees
b.finance post war reconstruction
c.finance industrial development
d. help third world countries
Ans. b. finance post war reconstruction
4. Who adopted the concept of assembly line to produce automobiles?
a.Henry Ford b. Karl Benz c. V.S.Naipaul d. Samuel
Morse
Ans. a.Henry Ford
5. The system of indentured labour migration was abolished in
a. 1920 b.1922 c. 1925 d. 1921
Ans. D.1921
6. What are floating exchange rates?
a.The exchange rate which fluctuates because of change in demand and
supply of goods with the governments interference
b. The exchange rate which fluctuates because of change in demand and
supply of currencies without any sort of government interference
c. The exchange rate which does not fluctuate because of change in
demand and supply of goods with the governments interference
d. The exchange rate which fluctuates because of change in demand and
supply of currencies with the interference of government.
Ans. b. The exchange rate which fluctuates because of change in
demand and supply of currencies without any sort of government
interference.
7. Why did most developing countries organise themselves into the Group
of 77 during 1960s?
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a. the developing countries did not benefit from the fast economic
growth experienced in 1950s and 1960s.
b. the western powers tried to exploit these developing countries
c. to stop Europe from emerging as centre of World trade
d. to defend each other from the world powers
Ans. a. the developing countries did not benefit from the fast economic
growth experienced in 1950s and 1960s.
8. The introduction of which crop led to the European poor to eat better
and live longer?
a. Cucumber
b. Tomato
c. Potato
d. Yam
Ans.c. Potato
9. Who discovered vast continent of America?
a. Galileo
b. Christopher Colombus
c. John Kepler
d. Isaac Newton
Ans. b.Christopher coloumbus
10. In which city the carving of Africa was done by the big powers ?
a. Rome
b. Tokyo
c. London
d. Berlin
Ans. d. Berlin
11. Who were the allies during the world war II?
a. Britain, France,Russia
b. Germany,France,Hungary
c. Germany,France, Britain
d. Turkey,France,Russia
Ans.a. Britain, France,Russia
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12. From which part of the ancient history do we get the evidence of trade
link ?
a. Indus valley civilization
b. Stone age
c. Vedic age
d. Mauryan age
Ans. a. Indus valley civilization
13. Which disease is signalled as God’s blessings for colonists?
a. Measles
b. Small pox
c. Chicken pox
d. Polio
Ans. b.Small pox
14. The pioneer of mass production of car was?
a. G.D Ford
b. Henry Ford
c. Purushottam Das
d. G D Birla
Ans. b. Henry Ford
15. Match the columns :

Column A Column B
a. Great depression i) IMF and
World Bank
b. Bretton Woods ii) Group of
Institutions developing
countries
c. Hosay iii) Punjab
d. Canal colonies iv) Riotous
carnival
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e. G-77 v) Agricultural
overproductio
n
Ans. a-v,b-i,c-iv,d-iii,e-ii
16. The annual Muharram procession that transformed into a riotous
carnival in Trinidad is called as______
a.Magsay
b.Imamsy
c.Hosay
d.Tobago
Ans. c.Hosay
17. The sculpure of 10th century in the picture is a proof that
our______________

a. Ancient people were aware of navigating

b.Ancient people had overseas trade relations with neighbouring
countries
c. ancient people were good in making sculptures
d. none of these
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18. In the given questions18,19,20 there are two statements marked as

Assertion(A) and Reason(R), Read the statements and choose the
correct option from the following:
Assertion (A): Geographical explorations helped the conquest of Africa
Reason (R ) : Geographical explorations were only driven byan
innocent search for scientific information
a. A is correct but Ris wrong
b. A is wrong but R is correct.
c. Both A and R are true and Ris the correct explanation of A
d. Both A and R are true but Ris not the correct explanation of A
Ans. a
B. Assertion (A): “Chutney Music” popular in Trinidad and Guyana, is
another creative contemporary expression of the post-indenture
experience.
Reason(R ): Some of the Naipaul’s early novels capture their sense of
loss and alienation.
a. A is correct but Ris wrong
b. A is wrong but R is correct.
c. Both A and R are true and Ris the correct explanation of A
d. Both A and R are true but Ris not the correct explanation of A
Ans. d
C. Assertion (A): The first World war was the first modern Industrial War.
Reason(R ) : It saw the use of machine guns, tanks, aircraft, chemical
weapons, etc on a massive scale which were all increasingly products of
modern large scale industry.
a. A is correct but Ris wrong
b. A is wrong but R is correct.
c. Both A and R are true and Ris the correct explanation of A
d. Both A and R are true but Ris not the correct explanation of A
Ans. C
19. Matrix match type questions:
COLUMN I COLUMN II
a. Detroit i. “ready” food stuff
b. Pound sterling ii. USA
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c. Spaghetti iii. Currency of

Britain
d. Canal Colonies iv. 1st mass producer
car
e. T- Model Ford v. Punjab
1.a-ii,b-iii,c-i,d-v,e-iv
2. a-ii,b-i,c-iii,d-v.e-iv
3.a-i,b-v,c-iv,d-iii,e-ii
4. a-i,b-ii,c-iv,d-v,e-iii

20.

The picture best signifies

a. Hungry children searching for potatoes from the fields
b. Traders from Venice and Orients exchanging goods
c. A prospective buyer carefully inspecting slaves lined up before
the auction
d. None of these
Ans.a Hungry children searching for potatoes from the fields
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21

The above
picture which tells us about Venice and Orient traders exchanging
goods is taken from the “Book of Marvels” of fifteenth century
was written by
a. Amerigo Vespucci
b. Christopher Columbus
c. Marco Polo
d. Daniel Defoe
Ans.c. Marco Polo
22.

The picture well describes about

a. Auction
b. Inspection of the buyers
c. Slave trade
d. Cultural exhibition
Ans. c. Slave trade
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23.

The reason for the common people of Europe to leave for USA was
a. Poverty and hunger that gripped Europe
b. Overcrowded cities
c. Widespread diseases
d. All of these
Ans. d. All of these
24.

Whom do we see in the given picture

a. Slaves in an Auction
b. Nobles in a ceremony
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c. European Emigrants in a harbour

d. None of these
Ans.c. European Emigrants in a harbour

25.

The picture shows the world’s oldest livestock market at

a. Smithfield of Paris
b. Smithfield of London
c. Smith line of Paris
d. Smith line of London
Ans.b. Smithfield of London
26.

The invention of ___________ eased the transport of frozen meat

a. Refrigerators
b. Refrigerated Ships
c. Air Coolers
d. Artificial ice
e. None of the above
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Ans. b. refrigerated ships

27.

Correct the statement:

Geographical explorations were driven by innocent search for scientific
information:
Geographical explorations were not driven by innocent search for
scientific information:
28.

Where is Transvaal located?

a. South Australia
b. South America
c. South Asia
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d. South Africa
Ans.d. South Africa
29.

The picture demonstrates ___________mines of South Africa

a. Copper
b. Diamond
c. Gold
d. Silver
Ans. c. Gold
30.

Given here is the picture of indentured Indian labourers at Trinidad,

working in the plantations of ---------------
a.Cocoa
b.coconut
c. Tea
d. Rubber
Ans.a. Cocoa
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31.

From the picture, Name the busiest city of Indian west coast that had
been a main centre of overseas trade with the west
a. Bombay
b. Cochi
c. Mangalore
d. Surat
Ans.d.Surat
32.

what factory is in the given picture

a. Cotton textile
b. Ammunition
c. Gas
d. Car
Ans. b. Ammunition
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33.

Name the type of automobiles that are lined up outside the factory here
a. T- Model
b. TVS model
c. S-model
d. American
Ans. a. T-Model
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS(2MARKS)
1. How did silk routes link the world? Give suitable examples.
Ans.a. Chinese silk which was popular among the Europe, so the
cargoes of the same were carried from China to Europe covering
different parts of Asia.
b. Through the same route Chinese pottery, Indian textiles, south East
Asian spices travelled to Europe and North
Africa.Christianmissionaries, pilgrims, and travellers also followed the
same route to explore the world
2. What problems were faced in transporting food over long distances
till 1870s?
Ans. a. animals were shipped and then slaughtered at the destination;
this took a lot of space.
b. In the long sea journey, animals died of sea sickness, lost weight, fell
ill, because of which meat became expensive.
3. How did US emerge as big economical power after during and after
world war I?
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Ans. a. USA did not take part in the war, it utilised the time for internal
development of the state.
b. it followed certain measures like Mass production.
c.Banned trade unions
d.System of hire purchase, encouraged consumer to buy goods at
affordable prices
4. Describe any impact of GED on India.
Ans. a. exports and imports halved.
b. Farmer suffered badly, as the colonial government refused to reduce
the revenue demands.
c. prices of most of the commodities halved.
5. Highlight the ways discovered by the indentured labourers for their
survival.
Ans. a. Many managed to escape into forests.
b. others sought individual and collective self expression by different
cultural forms.
eg. Workers from all races and religionstransformed Muharram into
riotous carnival Hosay.
6. The chutney music was popular in ____________
Ans. Trinidad and Guyana
7. The aim of Berlin Conference in 1885 was ______________
Ans. To complete the division of Africa among themselves
8. What changes were made by the European employees in the
inheritance laws in Africa?
Ans. Only one member of the family was allowed to inherit the land
9. How did the first world war led to economic boom?
Ans. It increased the demand and production of goods and also
generated employment.
9. Define the term Veto.
Ans. A Veto is the power to stop an official action, especially the
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enactment of legalisation. It is the right which empowers the officer to

refuse to give official permission for an action or proposal, when other
people have agreed to it.
10. Which movement was launched by Gandhiji during the Great
Depression 1929?
Ans. Civil Disobedience Movement
11. What were the “home charges”?
Ans. The interest payments on India’s external debt, pensions of British
officials In India and other payments were described as “home charges”.
12. What is “El Dorado” in South America famous for?
Ans. ‘El Dorado’ was an imaginary land of great wealth, the fabled city
of gold
13. What do you mean by the word “trade surplus”?
Ans. When the value of exports is higher than that of the imports, then it
is said to be trade surplus.
14. Why did most countries organise themselves into the Group of 77
during 1960s?
Ans. Because the developing countries did not benefit from the fast
economic growth experienced in 1950s and 1960s.
15. What were the factors of the ‘post war recovery’?
• The war led to an economic boom i.e a large increase in demand,
production and employment.
• It led to agricultural crisis
• Britain was burdened with debts from USA
• Demand for wheat shifted from Britain to Canada, America,
Australia
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS(3MARKS)
1. Explain the impact of the First World war on British economy.
Ans. a.Britain found it difficult to recapture its earlier position of
dominance in the Indian market and to compete with Japan
internationally.
b. Britain had borrowed huge sums of money from US banks as well as
the US public.So the end of the war, Britain was burdened with huge
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external debts.
c. At the same time, the government had reduced bloated war
expenditures to bring them into line with peace time revenues.These
developments led to huge losses- in 1921 one in every five British
workers was out of work.
2. How did the withdrawal of US loans during the phase of Great
Economic Depression affect the rest of the world.
Ans. a. During the GED, US took different measure like increase in tax ,
stop outside funding to Europe
b. US attempt to protect its economy in depression by doubling import
duties gave another severe blow to world trade
c. In Europe it led to failure some major banks and the collapse of
currencies.
d. In Latin America and elsewhere, it intensified the fall in agricultural
and raw material prices.
3. China became an attractive destination for investment by foreign
MNCs in the 19th and 20th centuries. ‘Justify the statement.
Ans. a. China was cut off from the post war world economy due to 1949
revolution. Her new economic policies brought her back into the world
economic fold.
b. The wages in China were relatively low. This attracted the MNCs to
have their destinations here.
c. Low cost structure of the Chinese economy was another feature that
led to the relocation of industry into the country.
4. Write a short note on Second World War.
Ans. a. The Second World War was fought between the Allies (Britain,
USA, Russia and France) and the Axis powers (Japan, Italy and
Germany).
b. It caused enormous destruction to life and property. 60 million people
were killed and more than 100 million injured.
c. In order to preserve economic stability, world peace and full
employment and trade in order in the industrial world, the post war
economic system was established.
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5. Describe the effects of Great Depression in India.

Ans
• Trade was affected, Imports and Exports halved
• Peasants and farmers suffered the more
• The colonial government refused to reduce revenue demands
• In Bengal jute export collapsed and prices declined below 60%
• India became an exporter of precious metals, notably gold
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS(5MARKS)
1Describe the role of technology in transformation of the world in
. 19th century.
Ans. a. Technology led to the improvements in transport .Faster railway,
lighter wagons and larger ships helped to move food quickly and
cheaply from production points to final markets.
b. Animals that were transported through sea often fell sick and died,
which led to hike in meat prices .The invention of refrigerated ships
transported frozen meat.
c. to increase food production and raw material from the colonies,
railway lines , irrigation canals and road systems were developed in the
colonies.
2How far is it correct say that “the First World War was the first
. modern Industrial war”? Explain.
Ans.a. The war involved the world’s leading industrial nations which
harnessed vast powers of industry into inflict the greatest possible
destruction on their enemies.
b. this war saw the use of machine guns, tanks, aircraft, U boats,
Submarines, chemical weapons on a massive scale.
c. all of these were products of modern large scale industry.
d. the scale of death and destruction was unthinkable before the
industrial age, without the industrial arms.
e. during war times, the industries were restructured to produce war-
related goods.
3Economists and politicians draw two key lessons from inter-war
. economic experiences. Explain.
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Ans. First:
a. An industrial society based on mass production cannot be sustained
without mass consumption.
b. there was a need for higher and stable income which depended on full
employment of the people.
Since market alone could not guarantee full employment, government
has to intervene and take steps to reduce the fluctuation in market
forces.
Second:
the second lesson is that the global economy is inter related
e. The goal of full employment can be achieved if government has
control over flow of goods, capital and labour.
4Explain the post war settlement and the formation of Bretton woods
. Institutions.
Ans.
• The Economists arrived at two conclusions in the post war
situation globally
• A.industrial society based on mass production be sustained
without mass production
• This is related to a country’s economic links to outside world
means, control of government on goods, capital and labour
• The bigger powers of the world met at United Nations Monetary
and Financial Conference in 1944 at Bretton Woods conference
in USA.
• This led to the establishment of the twin Institutions
IMF(international Monetary Fund and World Bank(International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development)
• The former to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its
member nations and the latter to finance post war reconstruction
• But the decisive role was played by the Western Industrial
Powers
• US has an effective right of Veto over IMF and WB decisions
• This system links national currencies and monetary system
• This system was based on fixed exchange rates
5What were the factors responsible for the beginning of
. globalisation?
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Ans.
• From1960s the rising costs of overseas involvements weakened
the US’s finances and competitive strength.
• US Dollar was no longer commanded confidence as world’s
principal currency.
• Collapse to system of fixed exchange rates
• Introduction to a system of floating exchange rates
• Developing countries shifted from international institutions to
west commercial banks for loans
• This created periodic debt crises in developing world.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS(4MARKS)
1Population growth form the late 28th century had increased the demand
. for food grains in Britain. As urban centres expanded and industry grew,
the demand for agricultural products went up, pushing up food grain
prices. Under pressure from landed groups, the government also
restricted the import of corn.
A. What was corn laws?
Ans. The laws allowing the government to restrict import of corn.
B. Who was unhappy with high food prices and forced the abolition of
the corn laws?
Ans: Industrialists, Urban dwellers
C.What happened after the Corn laws were scrapped?
. Ans. Food could be imported into Britain
2In Africa, in the 1890s a fast spreading disease of cattle plague or
. rinderpest had a terrifying impact on people’s livelihoods and the local
economy. This is a good example of the widespread European imperial
impact on colonised societies. It shows how in this era of conquest even
a disease affecting cattle reshaped the lives and fortunes of thousands of
people and their relations with the rest of the world.
A.When did Rinderpest arrived in Africa?
Ans. In the late 1880s
B. How did rinderpest come in Africa?
Ans. It was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed
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the Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in East Africa.

C.From which part in Africa did rinderpest enters and then moved to
which areas subsequently?
Ans. it entered from east and moved west, reached Africa’s Atlantic
coast and the Cape.
QUESTIONS TO PRACTICE
1Describe the causes responsible for the Great Depression?(1929-1930)
.
2What were the Corn laws? Why were the
. Corn laws abolished? What were its effects?

3Explain with examples how the pre modern world changed with the
. discovery of new sea routes of America.
4Why were the Europeans found it difficult to recruit labour in
. Africa? Describe the two methods they used to recruit and retain labour.
5Explain 5 measures adopted by America for post war recovery .
.
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CHAPTER - 4
THE AGE OF INDUSTRALISATION
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Key Concepts:

❖ An association of craftsmen or merchants following same craft to

protect the members interest and supervise the standard of the work.

❖ Tanning. Convert raw hide into leather by soaking in liquid

containing tannic acid.

❖ Food processing. Technique of chopping and mixing food for making

jam, juices, etc.

❖ Victorian Britain. Britain during the reign of Queen Victoria.

❖ Brewery. A place where beer etc. is brewed commercially. Brewing is

a process of infusion, boiling and fermentation.

❖ Vagrant. A person without a settled home or regular work.

❖ Bourgeois. The upper middle class.

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❖ Gomastha. An Indian word meaning an agent, a middle man between

the merchant and weavers.

❖ Stapler. A person who staples or sorts wool according to its fiber.

INDUSTRIALISATION:
Production of goods with the help of machines in factories. The first
industrialized Nation-Britain.
FEATURES:
Handmade goods to machine made goods in factories, cottage to factory,
large scale production, started in England in later parts of 18th Century. In
course of time, it affected all systems of production.
Before Industrial Revolution
Proto-Industrialisation:
❖ Production in 17th century, artisans worked for merchants to produce
goods, artisans took raw material from merchants for production. Their
cottages functioned as a factory.
❖ Association of producers, trained craft people maintained control over
production, restricted entry of new traders. This period saw the coming
of factories.
Coming up of factories:
❖ Early factories in England came up by the 1730s.
❖ First symbol of new era-cotton mill
❖ Many factories sprang up in England
❖ A series of inventions took place in the form of carding, twisting,
spinning and rolling.
The pace of Industrial change:
❖ Cotton and iron and steel industries were the most dynamic industries.
❖ New industries could not displace traditional ones.
❖ Technological changes occurred slowly.
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❖ Steam engine invented by James Watt had no buyers for years.

❖ New technologies were slow to be accepted.
Hand labor and stream power:
❖ In Victorian Britain there was no shortage of human labor.
❖ In many industries the demand for labor was seasonal.
❖ Range of products could be produced only with hand labor.
❖ There was a demand for intricate designs.
❖ Upper classes preferred things produced by hand.
Life of the worker:
❖ Abundance of labor affected the life of workers badly.
❖ Labour was seasonal.
❖ Fear of unemployment made workers hostile to new technology.
❖ Women labors protested against the introduction of the Spinning Jenny.
❖ Introduction of railways opened greater opportunities.
Industrialisation in the colonies:
❖ Textile industry was the center of industrialization in India.
Age of Indian textiles
❖ Finer varieties of cotton from India were exported.
❖ A vibrant sea trade operated through pre-colonial ports.
What happened to weavers?
❖ East India Company appointed “gomasthas” to collect supply from
weavers.
❖ Weavers lost bargaining power and lost lands for settling loans.
Gomasthas:
The Gomasthas were paid servants whose job was to supervise weavers,
collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.
❖ The aim of the East India Company behind appointing gomasthas was
to work out a system of management and control that would eliminate
competition, control costs and ensure regular supplies of cotton and
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silk.
❖ Soon there were clashes between the weavers and the gomasthas who
began ill-treating the weavers.
❖ They did not allow the company weavers to sell their produce to other
buyers. Once an order
was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material.
Weavers who had accepted loans from the company had to hand over
the cloth they produced to the gomasthas only.
❖ The weavers were forced to sell their goods to company’s officials.
When the American Civil War broke out and cotton supplies from the
US were cut off, Britain’s demand for raw cotton from India increased.
Manchester comes to India:
❖ By 1950s, India began to import Manchester cotton from Britain.
❖ With the rise in Manchester imports, Indian export and local market
declined.
❖ Supply of raw cotton in India decreased.
❖ Weavers were forced to buy cotton at high prices.
Factories come up:
❖ Industries were set up in different regions.
❖ First cotton mill came in Bombay in 1854.
❖ The first jute mill came up in Bengal in 1855.
❖ 1830s-1840s—Dwarakanath Tagore setup six-joint stock companies in
Bengal.
❖ Capital was accumulated through other trade networks.
❖ Till the First World War European managing agencies in fact
controlled large sectors of Indian industries.
Where did the workers come from?
• Most of the workers came from Indian villages.
Peculiarities of industrial growth:
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❖ Early Indian cotton mills made coarse cotton yam.

❖ During the First World War Manchester imports to India declined.
❖ Indian factories supplied goods for war needs.
Small scale industries predominated:
❖ Most of the Industries were located in Bengal and Bombay.
❖ A small portion of total industrial labor worked in factories.
❖ Use of fly shuttle increased handicraft.
Market for goods:
Advertisements helps in creating new consumers.
❖ When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put
labels on the cloth bundles, to make the place of manufacture and the
name of the company familiar to the buyer. When buyers saw ‘Made in
Manchester’, written in bold on the label, they felt confident to buy the
cloth.
❖ The labels carried images and were beautifully illustrated with images
of Indian gods and goddesses. The printed image of Krishna or
Saraswati was also intended to make the manufacture from a foreign
land, appear familiar to Indians.
❖ Manufacturers also printed calendars to popularize their products.
❖ When Indian manufacturers advertised, the nationalist message was
clear and loud. If you care for the nation,. then buy only ‘Indian’
products. Advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message
of Swadeshi.

MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS(1MARK)

1. Why did Manchester export to India decline after the First World
War?
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(a) People were busy fighting the war.

(b) Factories closed down due to security problem.
(c) Factories and mills were busy producing goods to fulfill the need
of army.
(d) Export trade was restricted by the government.
Answer: (c) Factories and mills were busy producing goods to fulfill
the need of army
2. Why were there frequent clashes between the gomastha and the
weavers?
(a) The weavers hated foreigners.
(b) The gomastha forced the weavers to sell goods at a dictated price.
(c) Gomasthas were outsiders without long term social link with the
village.
(d) None of the above.
Answer: (c) Factories and mills were busy producing goods to fulfill
the need of army
3. From which of the following trade did the early entrepreneurs
make a fortune?
(a) Textile trade(b) China trade
(c) Trade in tea(d) Industries
Answer:(b) China trade
4. In Victorian Britain the upper classes- aristocratic class and
bourgeoisie preferred handmade goods because:
(a) They were made from imported material.
(b) The handmade goods came to symbolize refinement and class.
(c) They were better finished.
(d) Only upper class could afford the expensive items.
Answer: (b) the handmade goods came to symbolize refinement and
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class
5. Which of the following innovations helped the weavers in
increasing productivity and compete with mill sector?
(a) Spinning jenny (b) Fly shuttle
(c) Cotton Gin (d) Roller
Answer: (b) Fly shuttle
6. Why couldn’t the merchants expand production within towns?
(a) The powerful guilds did not allow them to do so.
(b) New merchants were not competent enough to carry on
production work and trade.
(c) New merchants had inadequate capital.
(d) Competent weavers and artisans were not available in towns.
Answer: (a) The powerful guilds did not allow them to do so.
7. Manchester in England was well-known for ___________.
(a) Cotton production(b) Iron and Steel Production
(c) Textile production(d) None of the above
Answer:(c) Textile production
8. The person who got people from village, ensured them jobs,
helped them settle in cities and provided them money is times of
need was known as:
(a) Stapler(b) Fuller
(c) Gomastha(d) Jobber
Answer: (d)Jobber
9. Name the person who believed that India will develop through
westernisation and industrialisation
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a) Dwarkanath Tagore b) R.D Tata

c) Vasant Parkar d) None of the above
Answer: a) Dwarkanath Tagore.
1 The history of ___________ thus becomes simply a story of
0development, and the modern age appears like a wonderful time
.of technological progress.
a) Modern World b) Factory
c) Industrialisation d) pre-modern era
Answer: c) Industrialisation
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1 Why images of God and Goddess regularly appeared on these

labels?

a) to show approval for divinity

b) to make familiar among Indian people
c) both (a) and (b)
d) None of the above
Answer:c) both (a) and (b)

1 Which statement is true regarding the Pace of Industrial Change

2in Britain?
.1) The most dynamic industries in Britain were clearly cotton
and metals.
2) cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of
industrialisation up to the 1840s in Britain
3) After that the iron and steel industry led the way.
a) (1) and (2) is true and (3) is false
b) (1) and (3) is true and (2) is false
c) All of these statements is true
d) All of these statements is false
Answer. c) All of these statements is true.
1 How did the mill owners organize the recruitment of workers?
3Choose the correct answer from the list given below:
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.(a) They were recruited through tests/ examinations.

(b) Selection boards used to be set up.
(c) Owners employed through jobbers (very often the jobber was an
old trustworthy worker).
(d) Family members of the owners were recruited.
Answer: (c) Owners employed through jobbers(very often the jobber
was an old trustworthy worker).
1 . MATCH THE FOLLOWING
4
. olumn A Column B

(a) Gomasthas (i) Seth Hukumchand

(ii) Official who acted as

(b) Spinning Jenny
company’s agent

(c) Steam engine (iii) Richard Arkwright

(d) Cotton mill (iv) James Hargreaves

(e) First Indian jute

(v) James Watt
mill

A. (a)(i) (b)(iv) (c)(ii) (d)(iii) (e)(v)

B. (a)(ii) (b)(iv) (c)(v) (d)(iii) (e)(i)
C. (a)(iii) (b)(iv) (c)(ii) (d)(v) (e)(i)
D. (a)(iv) (b)(iii) (c)(ii) (d)(i) (e)(v)
Answer:B. (a)(ii) (b)(iv)(c)(v) (d)(iii) (e)(i)
1 In 20th century handloom cloth production expanded steadily
5because
.(a) handloom material was cheaper.
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(b) Indians preferred the handloom material.

(c) intricate design of handloom cloth could not easily be copied by
the mills.
(d) using handloom material created national feeling
Answer: (c) intricate design of handloom cloth could not easily be
copied by the mills
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS(2 MARKS)
1. What were trade guilds?
Answer: Associations of traders and merchants that trained crafts
people, maintained control over production and regulated prices..
2. What was the first symbol of the new era in England in the late
18th century?
Answer: Cotton became the first symbol of the new era in England in
the late 18th century.
3. Who improved upon the steam engine produced by Newcomen?
Answer: James Watt
4. Why was the East India Company keen on expanding textile
exports from India during the 1760’s?
Answer. Consolidation of the East India Company’s power after the
1760’s did not initially lead to a decline textile export from India.
British cotton industries have not yet expanded.
5. How did the cloth merchants develop a close relationship between
the towns and countryside in England?
Answer: i Cloth merchants purchased wool from a wool stapler and
carried it to the spinner.
ii. The yarn was spun and taken in subsequent stages of production to
weavers, fullers and then to dyers.
6. “Consumers are created through advertisement.” Explain.
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Answer:1. Advertisements make products appear desirable and

necessary. They try to mend the minds of people and create their
needs. They appear in newspapers, street walls, magazines and
expand the markets for goods and products.
7. Explain what is meant by proto-industrialisation.
Answer:
Proto-industrialisation is the phase of industrialisation that was not
based on the factory system. Before the coming of factories, there was
large-scale industrial production for an international market. This part
of industrial history is known as proto-indu.
8. How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of
cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers?
Answer:
They aimed at eliminating competition from other colonial powers,
controlling costs and ensuring regular supplies of cotton and silk
goods for Britain.
9. What was the advantage of Spinning Jenny?
Answer: Spinning Jenny speeded up the spinning process and
reduced labour demand. By turning one single wheel a worker could
set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at the
same time.
1 Between 1900 and 1940 which class of weavers were in a better
0position and why?
.Answer: Weavers who produced coarse cloth were in-a better
position because the coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its
demand fluctuated violently.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS(3MARKS)
1. Explain the main features of Proto – Industrialization?
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Ans. Main features of Proto Industrialization-

i. Production was not based on factories. Large-scale home-based
production for international market.
ii. Merchants move to country side and supplied money for artisans to
produce for international market. It provided alternative source of
income.
iii. Income from pro-industrial production supplemented their
shrinking income from. Helped in fuller use of their family labour
resources
2. . “Despite of stiff competition from machine made thread, the
Indian handloom production not only survived, but also saw a
steady growth in the 20th century”. Explain
Answer: i. Adopting technological changes by the weavers to
increase production without raising costs. Those who catered to the
rich always had a demand for their goods like Banarsi and Baluchari
Saris.
ii. Mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Example: Saris with
intricate borders, lungies and handkerchief.
iii. Handmade products came to symbolize refinement and class
3. Mention any three restrictions imposed by the British
government upon the Indian merchants in the 19th century.
Answer:
i. They were barred from trading with Europe in manufactured
goods.
ii. They had to export mostly raw materials and food grains, raw
cotton, opium, wheat and indigo required by the British.
iii. The space, within which Indian merchants could function, became
limited.
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4. How did the presence of Gomasthas in the villages create problem

for the cotton weavers? Explain.
Answer: There were clashes between weavers and Gomasthas in
many weaving villages. Weavers were regularly supervised by the
Gomasthas.
ii. The weavers were punished by Gomasthas for delay in supplies.
The weavers lost the space to bargain for price.
iii. They were unable to sell their products to different buyers.
5. Who were gomasthas? Why were they appointed? How did they
treat the weavers?
Answer:
i. The paid servants appointed by the East India Company to
supervise weavers are called gomasthas.
ii.The East India Company appointed them to establish a more direct
control over the weavers and to eliminate traders and brokers
connected with cloth trade.
iii.The gomasthas acted arrogantly and punished weavers for delays
in supply, often beating them. In many weaving villages there were
reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas as they often
marched into villages with sepoys and peons.
6. How did many Indian Entrepreneurs survive despite of tight
economic controls imposed by the British Government?
Answer: i. Many Indians became junior players in the trade with
China by providing finance, procuring supplies and shipping
consignments.
ii.Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma, Middle East and
East Africa and accumulated capital.
iii.Certain other commercial groups operated within India by carrying
goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds
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between cities and financing traders.

7. The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century.
Explain.
Answer: i.The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth
century on account of the growing power of European companies in
trade with India.
ii.They secured many concessions from local courts as well as the
monopoly rights to trade. This led to a decline of the old ports of
Surat and Hooghly from where local merchants had operated.
iii. Exports slowed and local banks here went bankrupt.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS:(4 MARKS)
1. Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow:
Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from
India dominated the international market in textiles. Coarser cottons
were produced in many countries, but the finer varieties often came
from India. Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from
Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia. Bales of fine
textiles were carried on camel back via the north-west frontier,
through mountain passes and across deserts. A vibrant sea trade
operated through the main pre-colonial ports. Surat on the Gujarat
coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports; Masulipatnam
on the Coromandel coast and Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with
Southeast Asian ports.A variety of Indian merchants and bankers
were involved in this network of export trade - financing production,
carrying goods and supplying exporters. Supply merchants linked the
port towns to the inland regions. They gave advances to weavers,
procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, and carried the
supply to the ports. At the port, the big shippers and export merchants
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had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the
supply merchants operating inland.
1.What are the two products dominated the international markets in
textiles before the age of machines?
Answer: Silk and cotton
2.Name the merchants who took goods from Punjab to Afghanistan?
Answer: Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to
Afghanistan.
3.Name any two ports played trade link with Southeast Asian ports?
Answer: Surat and Masulipatnam
4.What was the network of export trade?
Answer: At the port, the big shippers and export merchants had
brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply
merchants operating inland
3 Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow:
4
.

1. How new consumers are created?

Answer:Through advertisements new consumers are created.
2. Where do the advertisements appear?
Answer: It appears in newspaper, magazines, hoarding street walls.
3. What was the role played by advertisements?
Answer: It created an industrial age by expanding markets for
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products.
4. Advertisements shape the -------------- of the people.
Answer: minds
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS(5 MARKS)
1. How did the British market expanded their goods in India?
Answer: i. Advertisement of product – Advertisement make products
appear desirable and necessary. They try to shape the minds of people
and create new needs. During the industrial age, advertisements have
played a major role in expanding the market for products.
ii. Putting labels on the cloth’s bundles – The labels was needed to
make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar
to the buyer. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written
in bold on a label. They would feel confident about buying the cloths.
iii. Images of Indian Gods gave approval to the goods being sold.
Images of Krishna and Saraswati was intended to make the
manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to the
Indian People.
iv. Printing Calendars to popularizes their products unlike newspapers
and magazines, calendars were used even by people who could not
read. They were hung in the tea shops and in poor people’s homes,
just as much as in offices and in middle class houses.

2. What problems were faced by the Indian cotton weavers in the

19th century? Describe.
Answer: i. The Indian cotton weavers faced many problems in the
19th century. Their export collapsed.
ii. The local market shrank being flooded by the Manchester imports.
Produced by machines at lower costs, the Manchester cotton goods
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were so cheap that they attracted the buyers and the Indian textiles
could not compete with them
iii By 1860, Indian weavers faced a new problem. They could not get
sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. This happened
because a Civil War had broken out in America and the cotton
supplies from the US to Britain were cut off and Britain turned to
India.
iv. As raw cotton export from India increased, the price of raw cotton
shot up. Indian weavers were forced to buy raw cotton at a very high
price, so weaving did not remain profitable.
v. Factories in India also produced goods at a mass scale which
flooded the Indian markets. Thus, the Indian weavers faced a tough
time and it became difficult to survive.
3. Describe any three main reasons for the decline of textile exports
from India in the 19th century.
Answer: I. As cotton industries developed in England, industrial
groups began to pressurize the Government to impose import duties
on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain
without facing any competition from outside.
ii. At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company
to sell British manufactures in Indian market as well. Exports of
British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early 19th century.
iii. The export market for the Indian cotton weavers collapsed and the
local market shrank, being glutted with Manchester imports.
iv. The imported cotton goods were cheap and our weavers could not
compete with them.
v. When the American Civil War broke out the cotton supplies to
Britain from the US were cut off. As raw cotton export from India
increased, the price of raw cotton shot up. Weavers in India were
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starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices.

4. How did the First World War prove to be a boon to the Indian
Industries? Explain.
Answer:
I. The First World War proved to be a boon to Indian Industries. The
war created a dramatically new situation with British Mills busy with
war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports
into India declined.
ii.Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply to.
iii. As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply
war needs, jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots,
horse and mile saddles and a host of other items.
iv. New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. Many
new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer
hours.
v. Over the war years industrial production boomed, local
industrialists consolidated their position, substituting foreign
manufactures and capturing home markets.

5. Industrialisation in India was a mixed blessing.’ Justify the

statement.
Answer: It is true to say that industrialisation in India was a mixed
blessing because it had both positive and negative aspects as
mentioned below:
Positive aspects of industrialisation:
i. A large number of people got employment in factories. For
example, people from the United Provinces went to work in the
textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.
ii. During the First World War new factories were set up and old one
 P a g e | 125

ran multiple shifts. Many new workers were employed and everyone
was made to work longer hours.
iii. People started working in factories. There was migration of people
from rural to urban areas. There brokers who negotiated the price and
bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland was now
less pressure on agriculture.
Negative aspects of industrialisation: I. The condition of weavers was
affected badly.
ii. With the arrival of Manchester goods, the local market shrank.
There was decline in most of weaving region in India.
iii. The weavers could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good
quality.
BOARD EXPECTED QUESTIONS
1. Analyse the contribution of Dwarkanath Tagore in the field of
industrial development.
2. Highlight Any five points which enabled the handloom sector
score over machine made goods and face the competition.
3. Why did the industrial production increase in India during the
First World War?
4. Who were ‘gomasthas’? How did they become good partners of
the British management system?
5. Describe any three main reasons for the decline of textile exports
from India in the 19th century.
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CHAPTER :5

PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD

The First Printed Books

China, Japan and Korea developed the earliest kind of print technology, which
was a system of hand printing.
Print in China:-

• Print in Japan:

❖ Buddhist missionaries of China introduced hand -printing technology into

Japan around AD 768-770.
❖ The oldest Japanese book printed in AD 868 is the Buddhist ‘Diamond
Sutra’.
Print Comes to Europe
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Gutenberg and the Printing Press

❖ The first printed book with the new system was the Bible. With the
adaption of new technology the existing art of producing books by hand
was not entirely displaced.
❖ Books printed for the rich left blank space for decoration on the printed
page.
❖ In the hundred years between 1450 and 1550, printing presses were set up
in most countries of Europe. The shift from hand printing to mechanical
printing led to the print revolution.
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The Print Revolution and Its Impact

❖ It transformed the lives of people, changing their relationship to
information and knowledge, and with institutions and authorities.
❖ Markets were flooded with books reaching out to an ever-growing
readership
❖ Earlier, elites are only permitted to read books and common people used
to hear sacred texts readout.
❖ Printers started publishing popular ballads and folk tales illustrated with
pictures for those who did not read. Oral culture entered print and printed
material were orally transmitted.
The Reading Mania
❖ In most parts of Europe, literacy rates went up, through the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries.
❖ Schools and literacy spread in European countries due to which people
wanted production of more books.
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❖ Other forms of reading mainly based on entertainment began to reach

ordinary readers. Books were of various sizes, serving many different
purposes and interests.
❖ Journals and newspapers carried information related to wars, trade and
developments in other places. Isaac Newton discoveries were published
which influenced scientifically-minded readers.
The Nineteenth Century
❖ Large numbers of new readers among children, women and workers were
added to the mass literacy in Europe during the 19th century.
❖ From the late 19th century, primary education became compulsory.
❖ Women became important as readers as well as writers.
Further Innovations
❖ Press came to be made out of metal by the late eighteenth century.
❖ Printing technology saw a series of further innovations by the 19th
century.
❖ During that century, power-driven cylindrical press was perfected by
Richard M, which was particularly used for printing newspapers.
❖ The offset was developed which was capable of printing six colours at a
time. By the 20th century, electrically operated presses accelerated
printing operations followed by other series of development.
India and the World of Print
❖ India is a country rich in old tradition of handwritten manuscripts – in
Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, as well as in various vernacular languages.
These handwritten manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on
handmade paper.
Print Comes to India
❖ In the mid-sixteenth century, the first printing press came to Goa with
Portuguese missionaries. Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in
1579 at Cochin, and in 1713 the first Malayalam book was printed by
 P a g e | 130

them.
❖ The English press grew quite late in India even though the English East
India Company began to import presses from the late seventeenth
century.
❖ A weekly magazine named the Bengal Gazette was edited by James
Augustus Hickey.
❖ Religious Reform and Public Debates
❖ People started criticizing existing practices and campaigned for reform,
while others countered the arguments of reformers.
❖ Printed tracts and newspapers spread new ideas and shaped the nature of
the debate.
❖ In 1821, Rammohun Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi. In 1822, two
Persian newspapers published Jam-i-Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar.
❖ Gujarati newspaper, the Bombay Samachar, was established.
❖ The Deoband Seminary, founded in 1867, published thousands upon
thousands of fatwa’s telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves
in their everyday lives.Newspapers conveyed news from one place to

another, creating pan-Indian dentities.

New Forms of Publication
❖ In Europe, the novel, a literary firm, was developed to cater to the needs
of people who acquired Indian forms and styles.
❖ New literary forms entered the world of reading such as lyrics, short
stories, essays about social and political matters.
❖ New visual culture took shape by the end of the nineteenth century.
❖ Caricatures and cartoons were being published in journals and
newspapers, commenting on social and political issues by 1870s.
Women and Print
❖ Women’s reading increased enormously in middle-class homes. Schools
 P a g e | 131

were set up in cities for women. Journals also started carrying writings by
women and explained why women should be educated.
❖ In the early twentieth century, journals, written and edited by women,
became extremely popular.
Print and the Poor People
❖ Public libraries were set up mostly located in cities and towns. In the late
19th century, caste discrimination started coming up in many printed
tracts and essays.
❖ In 1938, Kashibaba wrote and published Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in
1938 to show the links between caste and class exploitation. In the 1930s,
Bangalore cotton millworkers set up libraries to educate themselves.
Print and Censorship
❖ The Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control press
freedom and in 1835, Governor-General Bentinck agreed to revise press
laws.
❖ Thomas Macaulay formulated new rules that restored the earlier freedom.
The freedom of press changed after the revolt of 1857.
❖ In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed, modelled on the Irish Press
Laws, which provided the government with extensive rights .
❖ Nationalist’s newspapers grew in numbers all over India.
 P a g e | 132

Keywords.
a. Calligraphy – art of beautiful writing
b. platen –A board which is pressed on to the back of paper to get impression
from the type.
c. Compositor – person who composes the text for printing
d. Galley – metal frame in which types are laid and the text composed
e. Ballad – historical account of folk tale in verse, usually sung or recited
f. Taverns – places where people gathered to drink alcohol, to be served food,
and to meet friends and exchange news
g. Protestant Reformation–movement to reform Catholic Church dominated by
Rome in 16th century.
h. Inquisition – a former Roman Catholic Court for identifying and punishing
heretics
i.Ulama – legal scholars of Islam and Sharia
 P a g e | 133

MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

1 The major producer of printed material in China was the_______
a) Britain USA and France b) India Britain and USA
c) China Japan and Korea d) India Japan and Britain
Answer- China Japan and Korea
2 The major producer of printed material in China was the
a) imperial state b) government owned process c) local publisher d)
none of these
Answer_ imperial state
3 Marco Polo was a great
a) artist b) scientist c) explorer d) scholar
Answer- explorer
4. Who was Martin Luther
a) social worker b) religious c) great scholar d) an
intellectual
Answer- great scholar
5. Inquisition is referred to as
a) Roman catholic belief b) Christian festival
c) Roman catholic court d) a popular Christian school
Answer _ Roman catholic court
6. Mark the option which is most suitable:
(a) Ifbothassertionandreasonaretrueandreasonisthecorrectexpla
nationofassertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Assertion:As literacy and schools spread in African countries,
the rewasavirtualreadingmania.
Reason : Churches of different denominations set
upschoolsinvillages,carryingliteracytotribal’s.
Ans:(d)Bothassertionandreasonarefalse.
 P a g e | 134

7. Marktheoptionwhichismostsuitable:
(a) Ifbothassertionandreasonaretrueandreasonisthecorrectexpla
nationofassertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason
isnotthecorrectexplanationofassertion.
(c) Ifassertionistruebutreasonisfalse.
Ifbothassertionandreasonarefalse
Assertion:Children became an important categoryofreaders.
Reason:Primaryeducationbecamecompulsoryfromthelatenineteent
hcentury.
Ans:(a)Bothassertionandreasonaretrueandreasonisthecorrectex
planationofassertion.

8. WhichofthefollowingcitiesbecamethehuboftheWesternstyle-
schoolcultureprinting?
(a)Berlin(b)Shanghai (c) Paris (d)Britain
Ans:(b)Shanghai
9. Whatwere PennyChapbooks?
(a)Ritualcalendars (b)Journals (c) Newspapers (d)Pocket-
sizedbooks
Ans:(d)Pocket-sizedbooks
10 WhichofthefollowingauthorsfromNewYorkhadperfectedthepower-
. drivencylindricalpress?
(a)RichardM.Hoe (b)GeorgeEliot (c) JaneAusten
(d)MartinLuthar
Ans:(a)RichardM.Hoe
11
.

The art of writing by hand -----------------

 P a g e | 135

a)Manuscripts b)Calligraphy c)Cuneiform script. d)Cretan and

Greek scripts
Ans: a)Manuscripts
12
.

Identify the personality.

a) JohannGutenberg b) MartinLutherc) Menocchio d)Marcopolo
Ans: a) JohannGutenberg
13
.

Identify the personality.

a) Rammohun Roy b)Lakshminath Bezbarua c)Kashibaba d)Bentinck
Ans:b)Lakshminath Bezbarua
 P a g e | 136

14
.

What is this print known as?

• a) Stencil. b) Seals. C)Ukiyo print d) Stone, clay and bronze
blocks.
Ans: C)Ukiyo print
15
.

This page is from the collections of Hafiz, a fourteenth century poet.

His collections are known as --------------.
a) Diwan b) Gita Govinda c) Rig veda d)None of the above
Ans: a) Diwan

16
.

Jikji of ---------------is among the world’s oldest books printed with

movable metal type.
(a) China b) India c) Japan d) Korea
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Ans: d) Korea

a)Hokegisho b)Diamond Sutra. c) Nihon Shoki d) the Etruscan

Gold Book
Ans:b) Diamond Sutra
17 In which of the two languages, 50 books were published in1674?
.
(a) Konkani and Kanada
(b) Malayalam and Manipuri
(c) Teluguand Tamil
(d) Oriyaand Bhojpuri

Ans:(a)Konkani and Kanada

18 In which of the following countries, the rates of literacy were very
. low till the 20th century?
(a)European countries (b)Asian countries
(c)American countries (d)Australian countries
Ans:(a)European countries
19 At which place,Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in
. 1579?
(e)Cuttack (b)Cochin
© Calcutta (d)Madras
Ans:(b)Cochin
20 Which of the following is/are some of the best-known women
. novelist during 19th century?
(a) Jane Austen (b)George Eliot
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(c) Bronte Sisters (d)All of these

Ans:(d)All of these
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS(2MARKS)
1. Name the Chinese traditional book which has folded and stitched at
the side?
Ans .Accordion book
2. Name the first edition of the Indian religious text published in
vernacular.
Ans: Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas was the first edition of the Indian
religious text published in vernacular.
3. Why did the Roman catholic Church impose control over publishers
and booksellers?
Ans. Troubled by the spread of heretic ideas and the effects of popular
readings and questioning of faith.
4. When was hand printing technology introduced in Japan?
Ans. Around 768 to 778AD
5. What were the new inventions that increased the circulation of printed
materials?
Answer:
i)With the growing demand for books, woodblock printing gradually
became more and more popular and was widely used in Europe to print
textiles, playing cards, and religious pictures with simple, brief texts.
ii)The breakthrough in printing technology occurred when Johann
Gutenberg developed the first printing press.
iii)The Olive Press provided the model for the printing press, and moulds
were used for casting the metal types for the letters and alphabet.
iv)The first book Gutenberg printed was Bible. As the number of printing
press grew, book production boomed.
v)The shift from hand printing to mechanical printing led to the print
 P a g e | 139

revolution.
(any two points)
6. The earliest kind of technology was a system of hand printing which
was developed in ________.’
Ans. China Japan and Korea
7. Give any three reasons favouring shift from hand printing to
mechanical printing in China?
Answer: i)By the 17th century, urban culture bloomed in China and the
use of print diversified. It was important for a shift from hand printing to
mechanical printing in China to take place. Print was no longer used just
by scholar-officials. Merchants used print in their everyday life to collect
trade information.
ii)Reading increasingly became a leisure activity. Rich women began to
read and many women began publishing their poetry and plays.
iii)In the late 19th century as Western powers established their outposts in
China, western printing techniques and mechanical presses were imported.
Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture catering to Western-style
schools.
8. What do you mean by Edo?
Ans. Edo was the earlier name of Tokyo
9. What were ballads?
Ans. Historical account of folktale in verse.
10 What was Billiotheque Bleue?
. Ans. i) Low price small books printed in France
.ii) Printed on poor quality paper and bound in cheap blue covers
11 What kind of books was available in India before the introduction of
. print culture?
Answer:
 P a g e | 140

i)Earlier, the books used to be handwritten either on palm leaves or

handmade paper. India has a tradition of handwritten manuscripts in
Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian as well as in various vernacular languages.
ii) Pages were sometimes beautifully illustrated. They would either be
pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure preservation.
12 Why Charles Metcalfe is called the ‘Liberator of the Press’ in India.
. Answer:
i)Charles Metcalfe was the Acting Governor General of India in 1835.
ii)He distinguished himself by liberating the Press in India and was
responsible for removing all the restrictions on the press in India.
13 What did Mercier proclaim about the power of print in bringing
. enlightenment and destroying the basis of despotism?
Answer:
Louise-Sebastien Mercier, a novelist in eighteenth-century France
declared, “The printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and
public opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away.”
14 Right for swaraj .Is a fight for liberty of speech liberty of press and
. Freedom of association. Why?
ans. i).The Government of India was seeking to crush the three powerful
vehicles of expressing and cultivating public opinion.
ii).The fight for Swaraj and for Khilafat means a fight for this threatened
freedom before all else.
15 Print popularized the ideas of The Enlightenment thinkers.Explain.
. a.Provided a critical commentary on tradition , superstition and despotism.
b.Thinkers argued for the rule of reason.
c.Demanded that everything be judged through application of reason and
rationality.
d.Writings of Voltaire and Rousseau were red Widely.
 P a g e | 141

e.Their writings where red through.New eyes.

f.Questioning,critical and rational thinking became popular.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS(3MARKS)
1. Explain the reasons for bringing in large number of new readers
among children, women and workers during the late 19th century.
Answer:
i)Compulsory primary education;
ii)women became important as readers;
iii)lending libraries became instrumental for educating white collar
workers, artisans and lower middle-class people;
iv)self-educated working novelist were women who defined a new type of
strong woman;
v)Best known novelist was who defined a new type of strong woman.
2. Why did some people in the 18th century Europe think that different
culture would bring enlightenment and end of despotism?
a.Many believed thatbooks could change the world.
b It would liberatesocietyfromdespotism and tyranny.
c. Louis, Sebastien.Mercier.Declaredthat.Printing press is the most
powerful engine of progress.
d .It would bring.Enlightenment and destroy.the basis ofdespotism
3. Explain any three features of hand written manuscripts before
the age of printing India.
Ans:InIndia,thereisrichandoldtraditionofhandwritten manuscripts in
different languages which were copied on palm leaves or on
handmadepapers.
i) These manuscripts were highly expensive,
fragileandneededcarefulhandling.
ii)
 P a g e | 142

Thesewerepreservedbypressingbetweenthewoodencoversorsewntogeth
er.
iii) Reading the manuscripts was not easy as theywere written in
different a style which limits itsuse.
4. Explainanythreereasonswhichcreatedalargenumberofnew readers
in the nineteenth century.
Ans:
i)Threereasonswhichcreatedalargenumberofnewreadersintheninetee
nthcenturywere:
ii)
Duringthisperiodtheliteracyincreasedwhichincreasedthenumberofreade
rsamongthechildren,womenandworkers.
iii) Primaryeducationwasmadecompulsoryandhence the children
became the important
sectionofreaders.Thepublishingindustriesstartedproducingtheschool
textbooks.Inthe year1857, a children’s press was set up in France
forpublishing the literature for children only whopublished the new
works along with the old fairyandfolktales.
iv)TechniqueoflendinglibrariestoeducatewhitecollarworkersinEuroped
uringthe19thcentury.
v) Women became the important readers as well aswriters. For women
readers especially there were penny magazines.
5. “By the end of 19th century a new visual culture
wastakingshape.”Explain.Ans:Itistruetostatethatbytheendof19thcent
urya new visual culture was taking shape. Lyrics, shortstories,
essays on social and political matters, visualimages, calendars,
caricatures and cartoons becamethe new forms of publications.
Raja Ravi Varma wasthefamouspainterinthe19thcenturyIndia.
These new forms of publications popularized
 P a g e | 143

theideasofmodernityandtradition,religionandpolitics,andsocietyandc
ulture.
6. Give reasons Block print came to Europe only after 1295.
a.In 1295.Marco Poloagreat explorer returns to Italy after many years of
exploration in China.
b.China already Knew the technology of woodblock printing.
c.Marco Polo brought this knowledge back with him.
d.Italians with this knowledge began producing books with blue wood
blocks.
e.Soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe.
7. How were magazines different from novels? Write
anythreedifferences.
i) Themagazineshadseveralstorieswhereasthenovelshadjustonestory.
ii) The magazines were periodical
publishedwhereasthenovelswereonetimepublication.
iii)Theremightbeseveralwritersofonemagazinebutthenovelshadonlyonea
uthor
8. Print played a significant role in awakening sentiments of nationalism
amongst the Indians’. Explain the statement with examples.
Answer:
There is no denying that print culture connected the different people and
communities and stimulated among them a spirit of togetherness, oneness
and nationalism.
Both Indian press and literature played a vital role in the growth of
nationalism in India. In the nineteenth century, a large quantity of national
literature was created which brought about a great revolution in the minds
of people and inspired them to fight against British imperialism.
The Indian press contributed in arousing national consciousness among the
 P a g e | 144

people of India. Many vernacular newspapers like the ‘Indian Mirror’,

‘Bombay Samachar’,
‘The Amrita Bazar Patrika’, ‘The Hindu/ ‘The Kesari’ and several others
had a great influence on the political life of the country.
A continuous flow of articles by national leaders and thinkers like
Gandhiji, Tagore, Tilak, etc. passed on ideas of a new free India to the
masses and prepared them for the national struggle.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS(5MARKS)

1. How had the earliest printing technology developed
intheworld?Explainwithexamples.
Ans:i)In the beginning the system of hand printing
wasdevelopedinChina,JapanandKorea.
ii) The wood block printing was developed in
China.Inthistechnologythebookswereprintedbyrubbingthepaperagainstt
hesurfaceofthewoodblocks.
iii) ThevolumeoftheprintincreasedinChinadueto the increase in the
number of candidates in thecivil services exam through which the
candidateswererecruitedinthehugebureaucraticsystem.
iv) 17th century urbanization in China also diversifiedthe use of print
in China. v) The scholar
officials,merchants,richwomen,wivesandcourtesansstartedtheuseof
print.
vi)
Thewesternprintingtechniquesandmechanicalpressesreachedtheoutpost
ofChinaandthusShanghaibecamethehubofthisnewprintculture.
2. Printingtechnologygavewomenachanceto
sharetheirfeelingswiththeworldoutside.”Supportthestatementwitha
 P a g e | 145

nyfiveexamples.
Ans:
i)7th century urbanization in China also diversified theuse of print in
China. The scholar officials, merchants,rich women, wives and
courtesans started the use ofprint. W o m e n became the important
readers as wellaswriters.
ii)Forwomenreadersespeciallytherewere penny magazines. These
magazines were basically
themanualsofproperbehaviourandhousekeeping.
iii) Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters and George Eliotwere some
famous women novelists. These
womennovelistsdefinedanewtypeofwomenwithwillstrength of
personality, determination and powerto think.
iv)Kailashbhashini Debi from Bengal, wroteabout the experiences of
the women such as howthey are imprisoned at home, ignorance,
forcedwork,unjusttreatmentathomeandsocietyetc.
v)TarabaiShindeandPanditaRamabaifromMaharashtra wrote about
the miserable lives ofthewidows.
vi)TheHindiprintingdiscussedtheissueslikewomen’seducation,wido
wremarriageandnationalmovementalongwiththehouseholdandfashio
nlessons.
vii)IstriDharmVicharwaspublishedby
RamChaddhaofPunjabtoteachwomen how tobecomeanobedientwife.
viii)The Khalsa Tract Society also wrote about thegood qualities of
women. It was basically in
theformofdialogues.TheBattalainthecentralCalcuttawasknownfor
the printing of the popular books includingthe religious as well as
obscene and scandalousliteratures.
3. How did a new reading public emerge with the printing
 P a g e | 146

press?Explain.
Ans:i)Theintroductionofprintingpressbroughtthefollowingchanges-
anewcultureofreadingemerged,costofthebookscamedown,reducedtheti
meandlabourengagedinpublishing,producedmultiplecopiesandthemarke
tgotfloodedwithbooks.
ii) Earlier,the society was divided into the oral culture and reading
culture. The common peoplehad the oral culture while only the rich
peoplehadthereadingculture,
iii) The common people heard the texts
collectivelywhichwerereadoutorrecited or narrated tothem.
iv) Thereadingculturewasonlylimited upto
theelitesandtheyonlyreadthebooksindividuallyandsilently.Thereasonbe
hindthisculturemaybethebookswereexpensive,producedlessinnumbers
and also the literacy rate was very low inmostoftheEuropeancountries.
v) To solve the problem of illiteracy as a bender inthe wider reach
of the printed books, the popularballads and folk tales beautifully
illustrated
withpictureswerepublishedwhichweresungandrecitedinthevillagega
theringsandthetavernsintowns.
vi) Hence the line separating the oral
cultureandthereadingculturestartedbecomingblurred.
4. “Printing press play important role in shaping the Indian Society of
the 19th century”. Analyze the statement.
i). The Portuguese missionaries brought the printing press to Goa in mid
16th century.
ii).Peopledebated. Interpreted and criticized the different religious beliefs
like “emulationMonotheism ‘, priesthood and idolatry.
iii). It spread the new ideas and also shamed the nature of debate.
iv). It gave opportunity to the people to participate in the public debates.
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v).Women's reading increased along the middle class.

vi). Husbands and fathers focused on women education.
vii). Small books were published and public libraries were set up.
viii).Availability,Accessibility, Affordability of books were made easier to
the poor people.
5. Explain the main features of the first printed Bible?
Ans i) About 180 copies of the Bible was printed and took 3 years to
produce them
ii) Printed in the new Gutenberg press with metal type
iii) Borders were carefully designed, painted and illuminated by hand.
iv) No two copies were the same and each copy was different
v) Colour was used within the letters in various places
CASE BASED QUESTIONS(4MARKS)
1. Print popularised the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers. Collectively,
their writings provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and
despotism. They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom, and
demanded that everything be judged through the application of reason and
rationality. They attacked the sacred authority of the Church and the
despotic power of the state, thus eroding the legitimacy of a social order
based contradiction. The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau were read
widely, and those who read these books saw the world through new eyes,
eyes that were questioning critical and rational.
1.1Who among the following published scientific discoveries?
Ans:IsaacNewton
1.2 What is despotism?
Ans:A system of governance in which absolute power is exercised by an
individual, unregulated by legal and constitutional checks.
1.3 The revolution brought by the Print Culture in terms of spreading
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ideas is said to be one of the reasons for __________.

Ans:French Revolution
1.4 Name the two philosophers of France?
Ans:Voltaire and Rousseau
2. Women became important as readers as well as writers. Penny magazines
were specially meant for women, as were manuals teaching proper
behaviour and housekeeping. When novels began to be written in the
nineteenth century, women were seen as important readers. Some of the
best known novelist was women: Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, George
Eliot. Their writings became important in defining a new type of women:
A person with will, strength of personality, determination and the power to
think.
2.1 What type of magazines was meant for women?
Ans: Penny magazines
2.2 Name two best women novelist
Ans: Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, George Eliot
2.3 Women became important as _____and _____.
Ans: Readers, Writers
2.4How did women writers define a new type of women?
Ans: A person with will, strength of personality, determination and the
power to think.
writers
QUESTIONS TO PRACTICE
1. Explain with examples the role of print culture in the bringing of the
French revolution.
2. ExplaintheeffectsofprintcultureinthereligioussphereinearlymodernEuro
pe
3. What was the attitude of the liberal and conservative Indians towards
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women’s reading? How did women like Kailashbhashini Debi respond to

this in their writings?
4. Describewood-blockprinting.
5. Evaluate the impact of print technology on the poor people in India.
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GEOGRAPHY

CHAPTER-1
RESOURCES AND DEVELPOMENT
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KEY CONCEPTS:
Resources:
❖ Resources are everything available in the environment which can be used
to satisfy human needs provided; it is technologically accessible,
economically feasible and culturally acceptable.
❖ Human beings interact with nature through technology and create
institutions to accelerate their economic development.

❖ Resources are a function of human activities. Human beings themselves

are essential components of resources.
❖ They transform material available in our environment into resources and
use them.

Classification of Resources:
❖ On the basis of Origin – biotic and abiotic.
❖ On the basis of Exhaustibility – renewable and non-renewable.
❖ On the basis of Ownership– individual, community, national and
international.
❖ On the basis of Status of Development – potential, developed stock and
reserves.
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Development of Resource:
❖ Depletion of resources : For satisfying the greed of a few individuals.
❖ Accumulation of resources: Divided the society into two segments i.e.
haves and have nots or rich and poor.
❖ Indiscriminate exploitation: Global ecological crises such as, global
warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land
degradation
Resource Planning:
❖ Resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of
life.
❖ Sustainable existence is a component of sustainable development.

Conservation of Resources:
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❖ Then irrational consumption and over-utilisation of resources may lead to

socio-economic and environmental problems.
❖ To overcome this problems resource conservation at various level is
important.
Land Resources:
❖ Land is natural resource of utmost importance and supports natural
vegetation, wild life, human life, economic activities, and transport and
communication systems.
❖ In India 43 per cent of the land area is plain, 30 per cent Mountains and
about 27 per cent of the area of the country is the plateau region.
Categories of Land use pattern: ·

Land Degradation and Conservation Measures:

Land Degradation:
❖ It is caused by the Mining
❖ Over grazing
❖ Over irrigation
❖ Water logging
❖ Formation of dust which prevents infiltration of water, etc.
Conservation of Land Degradation:
Some of the ways are –
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❖ Afforestation and
❖ Proper management of grazing
❖ Planting of shelter belts of plants
❖ Control on over grazing and
❖ stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes etc.
Soil as a Resource: Soil is the most important renewable natural resource and
is a living system.
Classification of Soils:
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Alluvial Soils:Old alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar).contain

adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime.
Black Soil:Well-known for their capacity to hold moisture. rich in soil
nutrients, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash.
Red and Yellow Soils: Reddish colour due to diffusion of iron. It looks yellow
when it occurs in a hydrated form
Laterite Soil: Intenseleaching due to heavy rain.
Arid Soils: Sandy in texture and saline in nature.
Forest Soils:They are loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the
upper slopes.
Soil Erosion:
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❖ It is the denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down.

❖ The processes of soil formation and erosion go on simultaneously and
generally there is a balance between the two.
Various Types of Soil Erosion:
❖ Sheet Erosion: Sometimes water flows as a sheet over large areas down
a slope which wash away the top soil.
❖ Wind Erosion:Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land.
❖ Wrong ploughing: Soil erosion is also caused due to defective methods
of farming
Soil Conservation:
❖ Terrace cultivation:Steps can be cut on the slopes to make terraces. This
restricts erosion.
❖ Strip cropping: Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are
left to grow between the crops. This breaks the force of the wind.
❖ Planting of shelter belts:The planting of trees in rows to create shelter
also breaks the force of the wind and restricts soil erosion. Shelter belts
have helped in the stabilisation of sand dunes and deserts.
❖ Contour ploughing:By ploughing along the contour lines, water will not
run down the slopes.
MULTIPILE CHOICE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
1. Land left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year
is called ___________.
(a) culturable wasteland (b) current fallow land
(c) wasteland (d) none of the above
Ans: current fallow land
2. What percentage of our land should be under forest cover according
to the National ForestPolicy?
(a) 33% (b) 22.5% (c) 31% (d) 30%
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Ans:33%
3. India’s territorial water extends up to a distance of-
(a) 12km (b) 12 nautical miles (c) 19.2 miles (d) 200 nautical miles
Ans:12 nautical miles
4. Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area
is known as-
(a) Net sown area(b) Forest cover (c) Waste land (d) Gross cropped area
Ans: Gross cropped area
5. In which of the following states mining gas caused severe land
degradation?
(a) Gujarat (b) Jharkhand (c) Kerala (d) Uttaranchal
Ans:Jharkhand
6. Which of the following is not important for soil formation?
(a) Relief (b) Parent Rock (c) Climate (d) Duration of day
7. Soil is formed by the process of -
(a) Denudation (b) Deposition (c) Weathering (d) all the above
Ans: (c) Weathering
8. ‘There is enough for everybody’s need but not for anybody’s greed’.
Who said this?
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru (b) Brundtland Commission
(c) Gandhiji (d) All of the above
Ans: Gandhiji
9. Land that is left uncultivated for more than five agricultural years is
called-
(a) Pasture land(b) Culturable waste land
(c) Barren land (d) fallow land
Ans: fallow land
10 The most widespread relief feature of India is-
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. (a) Mountains (b) Forests (c) Plains (d) Plateaus

Ans:Plains
11 Which one of the following statements is true about the term
. resources?
(a) Resources are all the things that are found in nature.
(b) They are free gifts of nature.
(c) They are the functions of human activities.
(d) Things which cannot be used to fulfill our needs.
Ans:Resources are all the things that are found in nature
12 Which one of the following is an example of cultivable waste land?
. (a) Uncultivable land (b) Barren wasteland
(c) Current fallow land (d) Gross cropped area
Uncultivable land
13 What is the arrangement of soil in different layers or horizons known
. as?
(a) Soil composition (b) Soil erosion (c) Soil profile (d) Soil texture
Ans:Soil profile
14 Which one of the following is a renewable resource?
. (a) Coal (b) Petroleum (c) Solar energy (d) Fossil fuel
Ans:Solar energy
15 Which one of the following does not check land degradation?
. (a) Control on overgrazing (b) Creating shelter belts
(c) Deforestation (d) Afforestation
Deforestation
16 The process of transformation of things available in our environment
. involves an interactiverelationship between ______________.
(a) nature and technology (b) nature, technology and institutions
(c) environment and nature (d) environment and technology
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Ans: (b) nature, technology and institutions

17 The processes of _______ and________, go on simultaneously and
. generally there is a balance between two.
(a) denudation and erosion (b) soil formation and erosion
(c) soil formation and denudation (d) climatic conditions and soil erosion
Ans:soil formation and erosion
18 What was the main contribution of the Brundtland Commission
Report, 1987?
(a) Sustainable development as means for resource conservation
(b) Advocated resource conservation for the first time
(c) Presented Gandhian philosophy
(d) All the above
Ans:Sustainable development as means for resource conservation
19 What is the land used for grazing cattle and livestock known as?
. (a) Forest (b) Barren land (c) Pasture (d) Fallow land
Ans:Pasture
20 Which of the following regions in India possesses rich reserves of
. minerals and fossil fuels?
(a) Plains (b) Mountains (c) Plateaus (d) Deserts
Ans:Plateaus
21 Laterite has been derived from the Greek word Later which means-
. (a) Brick (b) Rock (c) Stone (d) Mountain
Ans:Brick
22 This soil is ranged from red to brown in colour and is generally sandy
. in texture and saline in nature. Identify the soil
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(a)Laterite soil (b)Arid soil (c)Black soil(d) Red and yellow soil
Ans:Laterite soil
23 This soil is found in the plateaus of Maharashtra, this soil is well
known for their capacity to hold moisture and made of extremely fine
particles. Identify the soil

(a) Alluvial soil (b)Black soil (c)Forest soil (d) Laterite soil
Ans:Black soil
24 This soil range from red to brown in colour.They are generally sandy
in texture and saline in nature.Identify the soil.

(a)Forest soil(b) Laterite soil(c)Arid soil(d)Red and yellow soil

Ans:Arid soil
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25
.

What is the percentage of net sown area in 2014-15?

(a)46.26 % (b)45.5% (c) 8.7% (d) 4.71%
Ans: (b)45.5%

26 In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a

. statement of reason. Mark the correct choice as :
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the
correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not
the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Assertion : Controlling on mining activities doesn’t control land
degradation.
Reason : In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,
deforestation has occurred due to overgrazing, not mining
Ans : (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
27 In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a
. statement of reason. Mark the correct choice as :
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(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the
correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not
the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Assertion : Land is a natural resource of utmost importance.
Reason : Land can be used for various purposes.
Ans : (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the
correct explanation of assertion.
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2Marks)
1. What do you understand by Resource?
Ans: Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy
our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible
and culturally acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource’
2 . Where and when was the first International Earth Summit held?
Ans:The first International Earth Summit was held at Rio de Janeiro, in
Brazil,1992.
3. What is resource planning?
Judicious use of resources is known as resource planning.
4. What gives red and yellow colour to red and yellow soil?
Ans: Red and yellow soil develops a reddish colour due to diffusion of
iron in crystalline andmetamorphic rocks. It looks yellow when it occurs in
a hydrated form.
5. Name the natural forces which lead to soil erosion.
The natural forces which lead to soil erosion are wind, glacier and water.
6. What are badlands?
Ans:Due to the formation of gullies, the land becomes unfit for cultivation
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and is known asbadland.

7. What is sustainable development?
Ans:Sustainable economic development means ‘development should take
place without
damaging the environment and development in the present should not
compromise with the needs of the future generations’.
8. Which are the factors that determine the use of land?
Ans:The factors are topography, climate, soil types, population, density,
technological capability and culture and traditions.
9. Mention some human activities which have contributed significantly in
land degradation.
Ans: Some human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining
and quarrying have contributed significantly in land degradation.
10 What are ravines?
. Ans:The land that becomes unfit for cultivation is known as bad land. In
the Chambal basin such lands are called ravines.
11 What is contour ploughing?
. Ans:Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water
down the slopes.
12 What are the contributions of shelter belts?
Ans:(i)Tothe stabilisation of sand dunes
(ii)Instabilising the desert in western India.
13 According to their age how are alluvial soils classified?
. Ans:(i) Old alluvial (Bangar) and (ii) new alluvial (Khadar).
14 Give the two factors that determine soil fertility.
. Ans:i)Soil fertility depends on is composition. Sandy soil is not suitable
for agriculture as they do not retain water which the plant roots need for
survival.
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ii)The ideal soils contain a mixture of sand and clay.

(iii) The humus content determines soil fertility. Organic farm yard
manures improve the humus content.
15 What are the problems faced due to mismanagement of resources?
. Ans: (i) Over utilization of resources leads to their depletion.
(ii) Over utilization of the resources leads to environment degradation.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3MARKS)
1. Why is it essential to have resource planning? Explain with reasons.
Ans:
(i) Development of resources or resource development implies not only
exploitation, but also preservation and reuse. In case of natural resources,
at the time of using them, their nature, type and the size of their reserve
should be considered. These should not be used indiscriminately.
Therefore, an equitable distribution of resources is necessary for a
sustained quality of life and global peace. The resources must not be put to
wrong use. This may lead to their depletion.
(ii)Some resources like coal and petroleum are available in limited
quantity. If they are continued to be used at the present rate, they would not
be left for the future generations.
(iii)Accumulation of resources in a few hands has also restricted equitable
access to the resources.
2. Explain the three stages of Resource Planning in India.
Ans:
(i)Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the
country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative
estimation and measurement of resources.
(ii)Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology,
skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.
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(iii)Matching the resource development plans with overall national

development plans.
3. What are the different types of soil erosion?
Ans:
The following are different types of soil erosion:
(i)Gully Erosion: The running water cuts through the clayey soils and
makes deep channels as gullies and makes land unfit for cultivation and is
known as bad land.
(ii)Sheet Erosion: Sometimes water flows as a sheet over large areas
down a slope. In such cases, the top soil is washed away. This is known as
sheet erosion.
(iii)Wind Erosion: When the top fertile layer of soil gets eroded by the
wind then it is called as wind erosion. Planting trees can help to reduce soil
erosion by wind.
4. Explain any three human activities which are mainly responsible for
land degradation in India.
Ans:
(i)Mining: Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete
leaving deep scars and traces of over burdening.
(ii)Deforestation: In states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh
and Orissa deforestation due to mining have caused severe land
degradation.
(iii)Overgrazing: In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and
Maharashtra overgrazing is the main reason for land degradation.
(iv)Over-irrigation: In the states of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar
Pradesh, over-irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water
logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
(v)The mineral processing: like grinding of limestone for cement industry
generate dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of
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water into soil after it settles down on the land. Thus industrial effluents as
waste have become a major source of land and water pollution in many
parts of the country.
5. Classify alluvial soils on the basis of their age. Write two characteristics of
each.
According to their age, alluvial soils are of two types: Bangar and Khadar.
Bangar Khadhar
i) It is old alluvial soil. (i) It is new alluvial soil.
(ii) It has higher concentration of (ii) It has more fine particles.
‘kankar’ nodules.
(iii) It is coarser and is found in the (iii) It is more fertile than
old river terraces. ‘Bangar’ and is found in
flood plains.
6. Name two states having high net sown area and two states having low
net sown area. Give two reasons for each.
Ans:
Punjab and Haryana are two states, which have more than 80% of their
total area as
Net Sown Area .
(i)They are agriculturally rich States because of favourable climatic
conditions for the growth of crops and levelled fertile nature of land.
(ii)Irrigation facilities are well-developed here.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5MARKS)
1. Write the characteristics of regur soils (black soils).
Ans:
(i) They are made up of extremely fine, i.e. clayey material.
(ii)They have capacity to hold moisture that makes them ideal for growing
cotton.
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(iii)They are rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium,

potash and lime.
(iv)These soils are generally poor in phosphoric contents.
(v)They develop deep cracks during dry hot weather, which helps in the
proper aeration of soil.
(vi)These soils are sticky when wet and difficult to work unless tilled
immediately after the first shower.
2. Write any five human activities which have caused land degradation.
Ans :
(i)Deforestation
(ii)Overgrazing
(iii)Mining activities — mining sites are abandoned after excavation
leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening.
(iv)Mineral processing produces large quantities of dust in the atmosphere,
which on settling down on land, retards the process of infiltration of water
into the soil.
(v)Over-irrigation leads to waterlogging which increases salinity and
alkalinity in the soil.
(vi)Industrial effluents — such wastes cause land and water pollution.
3. Suggest Measures for conservation of soil.

(i)Terrace cultivation: Steps can be cut on the slopes to make terraces.

This restricts erosion.
(ii)Strip cropping:Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are
left to grow between the crops. This breaks the force of the wind.
(iii)Planting of shelter belts: The planting of trees in rows to create shelter
also breaks the force of the wind and restricts soil erosion.Shelter belts
have helped in the stabilisation of sand dunes and deserts.
(iv)Contour ploughing: By ploughing along the contour lines, water will
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not run down the slopes.

(v) Avoid deforestation. cutting of trees to be avoided
CASE BASED QUESTIONS(4 MARKS)
1. Read the given extract and answer following questions:
Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources. It
has importance in a country like India, which has enormous diversity in the
availability of resources. There are regions which are rich in certain types
of resources but are deficient in some other resources. There are some
regions which can be considered self sufficient in terms of the availability
of resources and there are some regions which have acute shortage of some
vital resources. For example, the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and
Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits. Arunachal Pradesh
has abundance of water resources but lacks in infrastructural development.
The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind energy
but lacks in water resources. The cold desert of Ladakh is relatively
isolated from the rest of the country. It has very rich cultural heritage but it
is deficient in water, infrastructure and some vital minerals. This calls for
balanced resource planning at the national, state, regional and local levels.
1.1 Name the states which have coal deposits.(1)
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh.
1.2. Which regions in India have deficient and abundance of water
resources?(1)
The cold desert of Ladakh have deficientof water resources and Arunachal
Pradesh has abundance of water resources.
1.3.” Resources are unequally distributed. “Justify the statement. (2)
There are regions which are rich in certain types of resources but are
deficient in some other resources. There are some regions which can be
considered self sufficient in terms of the availability of resources and there
are some regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources.
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2. Read the given extract and answer following questions.

The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is
described as soil erosion. The processes of soil formation and erosion go
on simultaneously and generally there is a balance between the two.
Sometimes, this balance is disturbed due to human activities like
deforestation, over-grazing, construction and mining etc., while natural
forces like wind, glacier and water lead to soil erosion. The running water
cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies. The land
becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land. In the Chambal
basin such lands are called ravines. Sometimes water flows as a sheet over
large areas down a slope. In such cases the top soil is washed away. This is
known as sheet erosion. Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land
known as wind erosion. Soil erosion is also caused due to defective
methods of farming. Ploughing in a wrong way i.e. up and down the slope
form channels for the quick flow of water leading to soil erosion.
1.1. What are ravines?(1)
The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land. In the
Chambal basin such lands are called ravines.
1.2. Mention the natural factors which cause for soil erosion?(1)
Wind, glacier and water lead to soil erosion.
1.3. What is soil erosion? How Soil erosion is also caused due to
defective methods of farming? (2)
Removal of top layer of soil. Ploughing in a wrong way i.e. up and down
the slope form channels for the quick flow of water leading to soil erosion.
QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE
1. In India, some regions are rich in certain types of resources but
deficient in some other resources”. Do you agree with the statement?
Support your answer with any three examples.
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2. What is Agenda 21? List its two principles.

3. Explain any three human activities responsible for land degradation
in India.
4. ‘Land is a natural resource of utmost importance’. Justify the statement
with appropriate arguments.
5. Mention any two human activities which are responsible for the process
of soil erosion. Explain the two types of soil erosion mostly observed
in India?
MAP SKILLS Major soil types.
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REVISION QUESTION
1 Give one difference between renewable and non – renewable
resources .
2 Give one example of non –renewable resources ?
3 What are resources which are found in a region but have not been
utilised called ?
4 Which resources are surveyed and determined on the basis of their
quantity and quality for utilisation ?
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5 Give examples of abiotic resources ?

6 What is agenda 21? List its two principles .
7 What is meant by the term “resource”? list the types of resources
classified on the basis of the ownership.
8 Distinguish between the renewable and non0renewable resources .
9 Distinguish between stock and potential resource . Give one
example of each
10 Give examples of biotic resources .
11 Which relief features of India has 30 percent of he total surface
area of the country ?
12 Which cold desert is relatively isolated from the rest of the country
?
13 Differentiate between stock and reverse stating two points of
difference .
14 Why is it essential to have resource planning ? explain any three
resources .
15 What are the three stages of resource planning in India .
16 “In India , some regions are rich in certain types of resources but
deficient in some other resources .” Do you agree with the
statement ? support your answer with any three examples .
17 Which regions of India have well developed terrace farming ?
18 Which soil types is made up of lava flows?
19 In which states has mining caused severe land degradations?
20 What is the percentage share of plains in the total land area?
21 Define the following
i) current fallow land
ii) other than current fallow
iii) culturable waste land
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22 Distinguish between red soil and laterite soil stating any three
points of distinction
23 Describe any five distinct characteristics of Arid soils .
24 What is the main use of land degradation in punjab ?
25 In which states is black soil found ?
26 Which soil is ideal for growing cotton ?
27 In which states overgrazing is responsible for land degradation ?
28 Distinguish between Khadar and Bangar soils?
29 Which is the main cause of land degradation in Gujarat ,Rajasthan
and MadhyaPradesh ?How can it be checked ? explain
30 Why is soil considered as a resource ?Explain with five arguments
31 In which states laterite soil is found ?
32 Which soil type is the result of intense leaching due to heavy
rainfall ?
33 Name the land with deep channels that is unfit for cultivation ?
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CHAPTER: 2
FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURES
Biodiversity or Biological Diversity:
❖ It is immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species, diverse in form
and function but closely integrated in a system through multiple network
of interdependencies.
Flora and Fauna in India:
❖ India is one of the world’s richest countries in terms of its vast array of
biological diversity.
❖ These diverse flora and fauna are so well integrated in our daily life that
we take these for granted. But, lately, they are under great stress mainly
due to insensitivity to our environment.
USES OF FORESTS:

Reasons for Depletion of Flora and Fauna:

❖ Habitat destruction, hunting, poaching, over-exploitation, environmental
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pollution, poisoning and forest fires are factors.

❖ Other causes of environmental destruction are unequal access, inequitable
consumption of resources and differential sharing of responsibility for
environmental well-being.
Socio-Cultural Impact of Loss of Forest:
❖ The biological loss is strongly correlated with the loss of cultural
diversity. · Such losses have increasingly marginalised and impoverished
many indigenous and other forest dependent communities.
❖ Forest communities directly depend on various components of the forest
and wildlife for food, drink, medicine, culture, spirituality, etc.
Conservation of Forest and Wildlife in India:
❖ Conservation preserves the ecological diversity and our life support
systems – water, air and soil.
❖ It also preserves the genetic diversity of plants and animals for better
growth of species and breeding.

Steps Taken to Protect and Conserve Wildlife:

❖ Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972: It has various provisions for protecting
habitats. An all India list of protected species was also published.
❖ The thrust of the programme was towards protecting the remaining
population of certain endangered species by banning hunting, giving legal
protection to their habitats, and restricting trade in wildlife.
❖ The central government also announced several projects for protecting
specific animals, which were gravely threatened, including the tiger, the
one-horned rhinoceros, etc.
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❖ The plants were also added to the list for the first time in 1991.

Types and Distribution of Forest and Wildlife Resources:

❖ In India, much of its forest and wildlife resources are either owned or
managed by the government through the Forest Department or other
government departments. These are classified under the following
categories:
· Reserved Forest:
❖ These are regarded as the most valuable as far as the conservation of
forest and wildlife resources are concerned. It covers more than half of
the total forest land.
· Protected Forests:
❖ It covers almost one-third of the total forest area and as declared by the
Forest Department.
❖ These forest are land protected from any further depletion.
· Unclassed Forests:
❖ These are other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and
private individuals and communities.
❖ Reserved and Protected Forests are also referred to as permanent forest
estates maintained for the purpose of producing timber and other forest
produce, and for protective reasons. The largest area under permanent
forests is in Madhya Pradesh.

Community and Conservation of Forest:

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQ)

1 The Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal has been threatened about the
loss of habitat of many species due to
(a) Industrial development (b) Agricultural expansion
(c) Port activities (d) Mining
ANSWER:Mining
2 Substantial parts of the tribal belts in north eastern India, have been
deforested by:
(a)Shifting cultivation (b) Mining
(c) Infrastructure development (d) None of the above
ANSWER:Shifting cultivation
3 Which one of the following states has the largest area under
permanent forests?
a) Bihar (b) Kerala (c) Madhya Pradesh (d) Uttar Pradesh
ANSWER: Madhya Pradesh
4 Expand JFM
(a)Joint forest management (b) Joint formation management
(c)Junior forest method (d) None of the above
ANSWER:(a)Joint forest mana gement
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5 WhichNationalParkisdedicatedtopreservationofone-
hornedrhinoceros?
(a)BandhavgarhNationalPark (b)BuxaWildlifeReserve
(c)KazirangaNationalPark (d)Alloftheabove
ANSWER:(c)Kaziranga NationalPark
6 Thediversefloraandfaunaoftheplanetareundergreatthreatmainly
dueto:
(a)Global Warming (b)Lack of water
availability
(c)Insensitivityto ourenvironment (d)Increasingpollution
ANSWER: Insensitivity to our environment
7 Which one of the following is a great achievement of the Chipko
Movement?
(a)Plains of UttarPradesh (b)Punjab
(c) Haryana (d)Uttarakhand
ANSWER:Uttarakhand
8 In which year was Indian Wildlife(Protection Act) introduced?
(a)1980 (b)1982
(c) 1972 (d)1992
ANSWER:1972
9 In which of the following states, a very high percentage of its forests is
managed by local communities?
(a) Jammu and Kashmir(b) Arunachal Pradesh
(c) Andhra Pradesh(d) Himachal Pradesh
ANSWER:Arunachal Pradesh
10 In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a
. statement of reason. Mark the correct choice as :
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the
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correct explanation of assertion.

(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Assertion : Neglect of our environment has led to the destruction
and extinction of many species of animals and plant life.
Reason : Decreasing Forest cover area is a major reason of destruction
of species.
Ans : (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the
correct explanation of assertion.
VERYSHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS )
1 What are permanent forests?
Reserved and protected forests are also referred to as permanent forest
estates maintained for the purpose of producing timber and other forest
produce.
2 Which are the states have a large percentages of reserved forests of its
total forest area?
Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
West Bengal, and Maharashtra.
These are large percentages of reserved forests of its total forest area.
3 What is the main objective of theChipko Movement?
The Chipko Movement in the Himalayas is to resist deforestation.
4 “In many areas, villagers themselves are protecting habitats and
explicitly rejecting government involvement.” Brief with an example.
The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have
declared 1,200 hectares of forest as the BhairodevDakav ‘Sonchuri’,
declaring their own set of rules and regulations which do not allow hunting,
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and are protecting the wildlife against any outside encroachments.

5 What is Biodiversity?
It is animmensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species, diverse in form
and function but closely integrated in a system through multiple network of
interdependencies
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 MARKS )
1 How are forest resources classified?
(i) Reserved Forests: More than half of the total forest land has been
declared reserved forests. Reserved forests are regarded as the most
valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources are
concerned.
(ii) Protected Forests: Almost one-third of the total forest area is protected
forest, as declared by the Forest Department. This forest land is protected
from any further depletion.
(iii) Unclassed Forests: These are other forests and wastelands belonging to
both government and private individuals and communities.
2 “The conservation projects are now focusing on biodiversity rather
than on a few of its components”. Discuss.
(i)Increasingly, even insects are beginning to find a place in conservation
planning.
(ii)In the notification under Wildlife Act of 1980 and 1986, several
hundred butterflies, moths, beetles, and one dragonfly have been added to
the list of protected species.
(iii)In 1991, for the first time plants were also added to the list, starting
with six species.
3 “Joint forest management (JFM) programme furnishes a good
example for involving local communities in the management and
restoration of degraded forests”. Explain.
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(i)The programme has been in formal existence since 1988 when the state
of Odisha passed the first resolution for joint forest management.
(ii)JFM depends on the formation of local (village) institutions that
undertake protection activities mostly on degraded forest land managed by
the forest department.
(iii)In return, the members of these communities are entitled to
intermediary benefits like non- timber forest produces and share in the
timber harvested by ‘successful protection’
COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS (FOUR MARKS)
1 Read the extract given and answer the following:
Sacred groves - a wealth of diverse and rare species
Nature worship is an age old tribal belief based on the premise that all
creations of nature have to be protected. Such beliefs have preserved
several virgin forests in pristine form called Sacred Groves (the forests of
God and Goddesses). These patches of forest or parts of large forests have
been left untouched by the local people and any interference with them is
banned. Certain societies revere a particular tree which they have preserved
from time immemorial. The Mundas and the Santhal of Chota Nagpur
region worship mahua (Bassialatifolia) and kadamba
(Anthocaphaluscadamba) trees, and the tribals of Odisha and Bihar
worship the tamarind (Tamarindusindica) and mango (Mangiferaindica)
trees during weddings. To many of us, peepal and banyan trees are
considered sacred. Indian society comprises several cultures, each with its
own set of traditional methods of conserving nature and its creations.
Sacred qualities are often ascribed to springs, mountain peaks, plants and
animals which are closely protected. You will find troops of macaques and
langurs around many temples. They are fed daily and treated as a part of
temple devotees. In and around Bishnoi villages in Rajasthan, herds of
blackbuck, (chinkara), nilgai and peacocks can be seen as an integral part
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of the community and nobody harms them.

1.1 Which are trees worshiped by the Mundas and the Santhal of
Chota Nagpur region? (1)
Mahua (Bassialatifolia) and kadamba (Anthocaphaluscadamba) trees.
1.2Name two sacred trees (1)
Peepal and banyan trees.
1.3suggest two traditional methods to conserve forests and wildlife
resources.(2)
(i)Sacred qualities are often ascribed to springs, mountain peaks, plants and
animals which are closely protected.
(ii) In and around Bishnoi villages in Rajasthan, herds of blackbuck,
(chinkara), nilgai and peacocks can be seen as an integral part of the
community and nobody harms them.
2. Read the extract given and answer the followings:
Project Tiger
Tiger is one of the key wildlife species in the faunal web. In 1973, the
authorities realised that the tiger population had dwindled to 1,827 from an
estimated 55,000 at the turn of the century. The major threats to tiger
population are numerous, such as poaching for trade, shrinking habitat,
depletion of prey base species, growing human population, etc. The trade
of tiger skins and the use of their bones in traditional medicines, especially
in the Asian countries left the tiger population on the verge of extinction.
Since India and Nepal provide habitat to about two-thirds of the surviving
tiger population in the world, these two nations became prime targets for
poaching and illegal trading. “Project Tiger”, one of the well publicised
wildlife campaigns in the world, was launched in 1973. Tiger conservation
has been viewed not only as an effort to save an endangered species, but
with equal importance as a means of preserving biotypes of sizeable
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magnitude. Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand, Sunderbans National

Park in West Bengal, Bandhavgarh National Park in Madhya Pradesh,
Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary in Rajasthan, Manas Tiger Reserve in Assam
and Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala are some of the tiger reserves of India.
2.1 When and why was the “Project Tiger” launched?(1)
In 1973, to protect the tiger as it is an endangered species.
2.2 Name any two tiger reserves of India.(1)
Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand, Sunderbans National Park in West
Bengal, Bandhavgarh National Park in Madhya Pradesh, Sariska Wildlife
Sanctuary in Rajasthan, Manas Tiger Reserve in Assam and Periyar Tiger
Reserve in Kerala.

2.3 How are the tigers in threat?(2)

The major threats to tiger population are, such as poaching for trade,
shrinking habitat, depletion of prey base species, growing human
population, etc

LONG ANSWER QUESTION (FIVE MARKS )

1. How does the biological loss of forest and wild life correlate with loss of
cultural diversity?
(i)The biological loss is strongly correlated with the loss of cultural
diversity. Such losses have increasingly marginalised and impoverished
many indigenous and other forest-dependent communities, who directly
depend on various components of the forest and wildlife for food, drink,
medicine, culture, spirituality, etc.
(ii)Within the poor, women are affected more than men.
(iii)In many societies, women bear the major responsibility of collection of
fuel, fodder, water and other basic subsistence needs. As these resources
are depleted, the drudgery of women increases.
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(iv)The indirect impact of degradation such as severe drought or

deforestation-induced floods, etc. also hits the poor the hardest.
(v) Poverty in these cases is a direct outcome of environmental destruction.
2. What has been the contribution of the Indian wildlife Act in protecting
habitats in India?
(i)The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented in 1972, with
various provisions for protecting habitats. An allIndia list of protected
species was also published.
(ii) The thrust of the programme was towards protecting the remaining
population of certain endangered species by banning hunting, giving legal
protection to their habitats, and restricting trade in wildlife.
(iii) Subsequently, central and many state governments established national
parks and wildlife sanctuaries about which you have already studied.
(iv)The central government also announced several projects for protecting
specific animals, which were gravely threatened, including the tiger, the
onehorned rhinoceros, the Kashmir stag or hangul, three types of
crocodiles – fresh water crocodile, saltwater crocodile and the Gharial, the
Asiatic lion, and others.
(v)Most recently, the Indian elephant, black buck (chinkara), the great
Indian bustard (godawan) and the snow leopard, etc. have been given full
or partial legal protection against hunting and trade throughout India.
QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE
1. What are the Main objectives of JFM?
2. Write a short note on the Indian Wildlife and its objectives?
3. Write a note on reserved forests.
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CHAPTER -3
WATER RESOURCES
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Fresh water:

❖ 96.5 per cent of the total volume of world’s water is estimated to exist as
oceans and only 2.5 per cent exists as fresh water. 70 per cent of the fresh
water occurs as ice sheets and glaciers in Antarctica,

❖ Greenland and the mountainous regions of the world. Less than 30 per
cent is stored as groundwater in the world’s acquirers.

❖ Fresh water is mainly obtained from surface run off and ground water.
This is continually being renewed and recharged through the hydrological
cycle.

❖ All the water moves within the hydrological cycle making water a
renewable resource.
Three fresh water sources are:
Precipitation—from rainfall; Surface water—in rivers, lakes, etc.; Ground
water—water stored in underground acquirers which gets recharged by rainfall.
Water scarcity:
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❖ Water scarcity means shortage of water.

❖ It is usually associated with regions having low rainfall or drought prone

areas.
There are many other reasons which lead to scarcity of water:

Large growing population;

❖ In the agricultural sector, water resources are being over-exploited to

expand irrigated areas and dry- season agriculture;

❖ More water required for irrigation purposes to facilitate higher food

production, i. e., for doing multiple cropping and for HYV seeds;

❖ There is greater demand for water with growing urbanization and

industrialization;
An unequal access to water among different social groups;

❖ The quality of water is deteriorating, i.e., getting polluted by domestic

and industrial wastes, chemical fertilizers and pesticides used in
agriculture;

❖ Excessive use of water by industries which also require water to generate

hydro-electric power to run them; and Over exploitation of water in the
urban areas.
Adverse effects of over-exploitation of ground water resources:
❖ Pumping out more water from under the ground may lead to falling ground
water levels.
❖ It will adversely affect water availability.
❖ This, in turn, will affect our agriculture and food security of the people.
❖ Impoverishment of water resources may adversely affect the ecological
cycle.
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Main causes of water pollution:

❖ Domestic wastes, especially urban sewers;

❖ industrial wastes are disposed off in the water without proper

treatment; chemical effluents from industries and from agricultural
sector;

❖ Human activities, e.g., religious rituals and immersing of idols, etc. in

the water also pollute water.
Measures for water conservation:
❖ Do not overdraw the ground water, recharge it by techniques like
rainwater harvesting; tapping rainwater in reservoirs, watershed
development programmes, etc.
❖ Avoid wastage of water at all levels and do not pollute the water.
❖ Adopting water conserving techniques of irrigation, e.g., drip irrigation
and sprinklers etc., especially in dry areas.
A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards
the flow, creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment. A dam is the reservoir
and not the whole structure.
Multipurpose river valley projects —’The Temples of Modem India’:

❖ Jawahar Lai Nehru pro-claimed that multipurpose projects are ‘The

Temples of Modem India’, because they were thought of as the vehicle
that would lead the nation to development and progress.

❖ He believed that these projects with their integrated water resource

management approach would integrate development of agriculture and
the village economy with rapid industrialization and growth of the urban
economy.
Advantages:
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❖ They bring water to those areas which suffer from water scarcity and also
provide water for irrigation;
❖ These projects generate electricity for industries and our homes;
❖ They help in controlling floods;
❖ These projects can be used for recreation, inland navigation and fish
breeding.
Disadavantages:
❖ Damming of rivers affects their natural flow causing poor sediment flow;
❖ Excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir;
❖ Lack of sediments results in (a) rockier stream bed and (b) poorer habitat
for the rivers aquatic life;
❖ The reservoirs submerge the existing vegetation and soil, leading to its
decomposition over time;
❖ They affect the fertility levels of the soil;
❖ cause large scale displacement of local communities.
Traditional rainwater harvesting methods practiced in different parts of
the country:
❖ In mountainous areas ‘Guls’ and ‘Kuls’ the diversion channels were built
for agriculture.
❖ ‘Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ was commonly practiced to store drinking
water, especially in Rajasthan.
❖ Inundation channels for irrigation were developed in the flood plains of
West Bengal.
❖ In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain
fed storage structures, e.g., ‘Khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other
parts of Rajasthan.
❖ In semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi
and Banner, all the houses had underground tanks or ‘tankas’ built inside
the house for storing drinking water..
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‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’:

❖ Narmada Bachao Andolan or Save Narmada Movement is an NGO that

mobilized tribal people, farmers, environmentalists and human rights
activists against the Sardar Sarovar Dam being built across the Narmada
river in Gujarat.
❖ The movement originally focused on environmental issues related to
submerging of trees under the dam water.
❖ Recently its aim has been to enable the displaced poor people to get full
rehabilitation facilities from the government.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS(1MARK)
1. Ocean contains _______________ volume of water
(a)90% (b)75% (c) 96.5% (d)98%
Answer: 96.5%
2. Whichoptionsaretruefordams?
(a)Theycheckthesedimentflowinrivers.
(b)Damshavehelpedprovideamplewaterforagriculture.
(c)DamshavesolvedproblemsofdroughtinCentralIndia.
(d)Damshavehelpedinpowergeneration.
Answer:(b)Damshavehelpedprovideamplewaterforagriculture.
3. Which is not a source of fresh water?
(a) Glaciers and ice sheets(b) Groundwater
(c) Surface run off(d) Oceans
Answer: Oceans
4. Hirakud Dam is constructed on the river:
(a) Ganga(b) Manjira
(c) Manas(d) Mahanadi
Answer: Mahanadi
5. Water of Bhakra Nangal Project is being used mainly for:
(a) hydel power and irrigation(b) fish breeding and navigation
(c) industrial use(d) flood control
Answer: Hydel power and irrigation
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6. In Western Rajasthan today plenty of water is available due to:

(a) rooftop water harvesting(b) perennial Rajasthan Canal
(c) construction of Tankas(d) none of the above
Answer: Rooftop water Harvesting
7. _________ is the first state in India which has made rooftop rainwater
harvesting structures compulsory to all the houses across the state.
a) Karnatakab) Tamil Naduc) Maharashtrad) Andhra Pradesh
Answer: Tamil Nadu
8. A 200-year-old system of tapping stream and spring water by using
bamboo pipes is prevalent in the state of ________.
a) Meghalayab) Tripurac) Assamd) Arunachal Pradesh
Answer: a) Meghalaya
9.

Identify the dam in the picture.

(a) Tehri dam (b) Salal (c)BhakraNangal (d)Hirakud Dam
Answer:Hirakud Dam
10. Inthefollowingquestions,astatementofassertionisfollowedbyastatement
ofreason.Markthecorrectchoice as:
(a)IfBothassertionandreasonaretrueandreasonisthecorrectexpla
nationofassertion.
(b)IfBothassertionandreasonaretruebutreasonisnotthecorrectex
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planationofassertion.
(c)IfAssertionistruebutreasonisfalse.
(d)IfBoth assertionand reason arefalse.
Assertion:
Theavailabilityofwaterresourcesvariesoverspaceandtime.
Reason: Availabilityofwaterresourceshelpsinstoringwater.
Answer: (c)Assertionistruebutreasonisfalse.

11. Inthefollowingquestions,astatementofassertionisfollowedbyastatement
ofreason.Markthecorrectchoice as :
(a)IfBothassertionandreasonaretrueandreasonisthecorrectexpla
nationofassertion.
(b)IfBothassertionandreasonaretruebutreasonisnotthecorrectex
planationofassertion.
(c)IfAssertionistruebutreasonisfalse.
(d)IfBoth assertionand reason arefalse.
Assertion: Growing Population is the main reason
forwaterscarcity.
Reason:
Irrigationfromtubewellsandcanalsisresponsibleforwaterscarcity.
Answer:(c)Assertionistruebutreasonisfalse.
12. Whichof the following remote backward
villageinMysore,Karnatakainstalledhouseholdrooftoprainwater
harvestingsystem?
Gendathur (b)Vanasthalipuram (c)Chilkunda
(d)Kallahalli
Answer:(a)Gendathur
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
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1. What is a dam?
Answer: A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or
retards the flow often creating a reservoir.
2. Why was the Narmada BachaoAndolan started?
Answer: Andolan focused on environmental issue, rehabilitation of
displaced people against the building of sardar sarovardam.
3. What can be the viable alternative to dams?
Answer: Water harvesting system
4. A 200 years old system of tapping stream and spring water prevalent
in Meghalaya is known as _____________________.
Answer: bamboo drip irrigation
5. Why are multi-purpose river valley projects called the temples of
modern India?
Answer: Economic prosperity – agriculture, urbanization, promotion of
tourism. Integrate the development of agriculture and the village economy
with rapid industrialization.
7. State any two sources from which freshwater can be obtained under
the hydrological cycle.
Answer:Precipitation.Ground water.
8. Why multi-purpose projects and large dams have been opposed?
State one reason.
Answer:
1. These projects and dams have been opposed because they lead to the
large-scale displacement of local people and communities.
2.They have to give up their land and livelihood and their meager access
to resource.
9. which state governments have raised objections over the diversion of
more water and
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where?
Answer:
1. Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh governments have raised objections
regarding the diversion of more water of Koyna by the Maharashtra
government for a multi-purpose project.
2.The reason was that this would reduce downstream flow in their states
with adverse consequences for agriculture and industry.
10. Who gets benefits from multi-purpose projects? State any two
sections of society.
Answer:
1. Land owners
2.Large farmers
3Industrialists.
11. Name any two multipurpose projects of India. State four objectives of
multipurpose projects.
Answer:Bhakra-Nangal Project in the Satluj-Beas River basin.
1. Hirakud Project in the Mahanadi basin.
Four objectives of multipurpose projects are as given below:
Electricity generation
1. Irrigation
2. Flood control
3. Inland navigation
4. Fish breeding. (Any 2)
12. Which methods were used in arid and semi-arid regions for
irrigation?
Answer:1. In arid and semi-arid regions,
2. agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that
allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in
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Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.

13. In flood plains of west Bengal people developed ________________ to
irrigate their field .
Ans: inundation channels
14. Name two social movements which were against the
multipurpose projects.
Ans:NarmadaBachaoAndolan andTehri DamAndolan.
15. WhydidJawaharlalNehruproclaimdamsasthe‘temples of modern
India’ ? Explain any two reasons.
Ans :They eliminate or reduce flooding.
Provide water for agriculture.
Provide water for human and industrialconsumption.
Provide hydroelectricity for houses and industries.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)
1. Why is it important to conserve and manage our water resources?
Give any three reasons.
Answer:To safeguard ourselves from health hazards : Polluted water is
not good for health. It may cause various kinds of water borne diseases.
Water polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides
and fertilisers makes it hazardous for human use.
To ensure food security: Sufficient water is required for growing crops
to meet the food requirement in the country. Shortage of water may lead
to condition of drought and failure of crops.
To prevent degradation of our natural ecosystems: Over exploitation
and mismanagement of water resources will impoverish this resource and
ause ecological crisis that may have profound impact on our lives.
2. How was the water conserved in ancient India? Give some examples
in support of your answer.
Answer:
The water was conserved in ancient India by constructing sophisticated
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hydraulic structures like dams built of stone rubble, reservoirs or lakes,

embankments and canals for irrigation.
Some of the hydraulic structures in ancient India were as follows: In
the first century B.C., Sringaverapura near Allahabad, had sophisticated
water harvesting system channelling the flood water of the river Ganga.
During the reign of Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation
systems were extensively built.
1. Irrigation works have been found in many places viz., Kalinga
(Orissa), Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh), Bennur (Karnataka)
and Kolhapur (Maharashtra).
2. In the 11th century, Bhopal Lake was built. It was one of the largest
artificial lakes of its time.
3. Describe the classification of dams on the basis of their structure and
materials usedand height.
Answer:
Based on structure and the materials used, dams are classified as timber
dams, embankment dams or masonry dams.
According to the height, dams can be categorised as large dams and major
dams alternatively as low dams, medium height dams and high dams.
4. What are the causes of water scarcity in available areas?
Answer:
1.This scarcity may be due to bad quality of water.
2. Lately, there has been a growing concern that even if there is ample
water to meet the needs of the people, much of it may be polluted by
domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides and fertilisers used
in agriculture, thus, making it hazardous for human use.
5. What were the different methods of traditional rain-water
harvesting?
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Answer:
1.There existed an extraordinary tradition of water-harvesting system.
People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and
developed wide ranging techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater,
river water and flood water in keeping with the local ecological conditions
and their water needs.
2. In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the
‘guls’or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agriculture.
‘3. Rooftop rain water harvesting’was commonly practised to store
drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan. In the flood plains of Bengal,
people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields. In arid an
semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage
structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the
‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.
6. Write a note on the traditional methods of rain water harvesting in
western Himalayas , Bengal and Rajasthan ?
Answer: 1.In hills and mountainous regions , people built diversion
channels like the guls or kuls of the western Himalayas for agriculture.
2.In the flood plains of Bengal people developed inundations channels to
irrigate their fields ...
3. In rajasthan – the tankas were part of the well- developed rooftop
rainwater harvesting system and were built inside the main house of the
courtyard. they were connected to the sloping roofs of the house through a
pipe.
7. What are the social consequences of building big dams?
Answer:
1.Big dam projects cause large scale displacement of people. The
displaced people have to give up their homes and their lands.
2. The displaced people do not get the compensation they are promised by
 P a g e | 198

the government and are put to a lot of hardship..

3. The advantages of the dam, such as better irrigation facilities, electricity
and industrialisation are enjoyed by others, were as the displaced people
are left defenceless.
4.The dams have caused conflict between people who have been displaced
and those who have benefited.
5. Tribal people and farmers are involved in the Narmada BachaoAndolan
and Tehri Dam Andolan seeking justice for displacement.
8. What is a multi-purpose project? Name any one and give 2
contributions of thatproject.
Answer: Multi-purpose projects comprises of one or more dams erected to
contain the free flow of water, storage of water in artificially created
reservoirs, power house for generation of Hydro-electricity and feeder
canals for irrigation.
. For example, in the Sutluj-Beas River basin, the Bhakra – Nangal project
water is being used both for hydel power production and irrigation.
Similarly, the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates
conservation of water with flood control. (any relevant points)
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5MARKS)
1. What is the situation regarding water scarcity in post independent
India?
Answer:
1. Post-independent India witnessed intensive industrialisation and
urbanisation, creating vast opportunities for us.
2. Today, large industrial houses are as common place as the industrial
units of many MNCs(Multinational Corporations).
3.The ever-increasing number of industries has made matters worse by
exerting pressure on existing freshwater resources. Industries, apart from
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being heavy users of water, also require power to run them. Much of this
energy comes from hydroelectric power.
4.. Today, in India hydroelectric power contributes approximately 22 per
cent of the total electricity produced. Moreover, multiplying urban centres
with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have not only added
to water and energy requirements but have further aggravated the
problem.
5.. If you look into the housing societies or colonies in the cities, you
would find that most of these have their own groundwater pumping
devices to meet their water needs.
2. Give some facts and figures about water in the world.
Answer:
Some facts and figures about water are given below:
1. 96.5 per cent of the total volume of world’s water exists as oceans.
2. 2.5 per cent of the total volume of world’s water exists as freshwater.
70 per cent of the fresh water occurs as ice-sheets and glaciers in
Antarctica, Greenland and the mountainous
regions of the world. Only less than 30 per cent is stored as
groundwater in the world’s aquifers.
3. The total renewable water resources of India are estimated at 1,897
sq. km per annum.
4. India receives nearly 4 per cent of the global precipitation and ranks
133 in the world r in terms of water availability per person per annum.
5. By 2025, it is predicted that large parts of India will join countries or
regions having absolute water scarcity
3. Describe the factors that are responsible for the various objections
against the multi-purpose projects.
Answer:
The factors that are responsible for the various objections against the
 P a g e | 200

various multi-purpose projects are as given below:

1. Failure of the projects to achieve their objectives.
2. Some dams that were constructed to control floods were responsible
for the floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir.
3. Generally, big dams are not successful in controlling flood at the time
of heavy and excessive rainfall because in such cases the release of
water from dams aggravated the flood situation. This has happened in
Maharashtra and Gujarat in 2006. The floods have not only devastated
life and property but also caused extensive soil erosion.
4. Sedimentation deprived flood plains of silt, a natural fertiliser and was
responsible for land degradation.
5. Multi-purpose projects induce earthquakes, cause water-borne
diseases and pests and pollution resulting from excessive use of water.
4. How is rainwater harvesting carried out in semi-arid regions of
Rajasthan ? Explain.
ANSWER: -1) Rainwater harvesting is a technique of increasing the
recharge of groundwater by capturing and storing rainwater by
constructing structures, such as dug wells, percolation pits, check dams.
(2) Keeping into view the disadvantages and rising resistance against the
multi-purpose projects, water harvesting system is considered a viable
alternative both socio-economically and environmentally.
(3) Ancient Times:
1. In ancient India, along with the sophisticated hydraulic structures,
there existed an extraordinary tradition of water-harvesting system.
2. People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types.
3. They had developed wide ranging techniques to harvest rainwater,
groundwater, river water and flood water in keeping with the local
ecological conditions and their water needs.
4. In hilly and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like
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the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the western Himalayas for agriculture. Rooftop

rainwater harvesting wras commonly practised to store drinking
water.
5. In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels
to irrigate their fields.
6. In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into
rain fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten
the soil like the ‘Khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of
Rajasthan.
7. In Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses had
underground tanks for storing drinking water.
5. Write the main causes of water pollution.
Answer:
Water gets polluted by:
1. Domestic wastes, especially urban sewers.
2. Industrial wastes are disposed off in the water without proper
treatment.
3. Chemical effluents from industries and from agricultural sector.
4. Pesticides and fertilisers used in agriculture may get washed into
rivers by rain-water and may pollute the water by enriching it with
minerals.
5. Many human activities, e.g., religious rituals and immersing of idols,
etc. in the water.
6. How intensive industrialisation and urbanisation have posed a great
pressure on existing fresh water resources in India? Explain with two
examples for each.
Answer:
Intensive industrialisation and urbanisation have put greater pressure on
existing fresh water resources. With the ever growing number of
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industries, the demand for water has grown tremendously:

1. Industries are heavy users of fresh water as water is required for
cooling the machines as well as for the processing of goods.
2. Also the machines run on the power supplied by the hydel power
plants.
3. 22 percent of the total electricity is hydro-electric power.
4. Rapid urbanisation has led to expansion of industries which increased
the requirement of water.
5. The untreated industrial effluents which are discharged into water
bodies are polluting the water and making it hazardous for human
consumption. This is responsible for creating water scarcity.
On the other hand, multiplying urban centres with:
Large urban populations andurban lifestyles have not only added to water
and energy requirements but have further aggravated the problem by over-
drawing the groundwater by using their own groundwater pumping
devices for meeting their water needs for domestic purposes such as
cleaning,cooking,washing,etc.
Thus, water resources are being over-exploited which has caused their
depletion in several cities.
7. What is the need for conservation of water resources?
Answer:
Our water resources are limited and our requirements are increasing day
by day. The water resources are unevenly distributed.
1. Most of our resources especially in the cities and urban areas are
polluted and unsuitable for drinking and other purposes.
2. To safeguard ourselves from health hazards.
3. We need to conserve water for the continuation of our livelihoods and
to prevent degradation of our natural ecosystem. To ensure food
security and for continuation of our livelihoods.
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4. For productive activities of the nation.

5. To prevent degradation of our natural ecosystem.
8. Write some measures adopted for conservation of water resources.
Answer:
Do not overdraw the ground water, recharge the ground water by
techniques like rainwater harvesting.
1. Avoid wastage of water at all levels.
2. Do not pollute the water.
3. Increasing the water resources by tapping the rainwater in reservoirs,
watershed development programmes, etc.
4. Adopting water conserving techniques of irrigation, e.g., drip
irrigation and sprinklers etc., especially in dry areas. Sufficient water
percolation facilities should be increased to help in raising the level of
the water table
CASE BASED QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)
1. Read the passage below and answer the following questions: -
Multi-purpose projects, launched after independence with their
integrated water resources management approach, were thought of as the
vehicle, that would lead the nation to development and progress,
overcoming the handicap of its colonial past. Jawaharlal Nehru proudly
proclaimed the dams as the; temples of modern India; the reason being
that it would integrate development of agriculture and the village
economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy.
Q1. What are dams?
Ans:- A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or
retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake. “Dam’ refer to the
reservoir rather than the structure.
Q2. How do dams help in conserving and managing water?
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Ans:- Dams are built not just for irrigation but for electricity generation,
water supply for domestic and industrial uses, flood control, recreation,
inland navigation and fish breeding.
• Hence, dams are now referred to as multi-purpose project where the
many uses of the impounded water are integrated with one another.
• For example, in the Sutluj- Beas river basin the Bhakra-Nangal
projects water is being used both for hydel power production and
irrigation.
Q3. Why did Jawaharlal Nehru proclaim dams as ‘Temples of
modern India’?
Ans:- Jawaharlal Nehru Proclaimed dams as ‘ temples of modern India
because it would integrate development of agriculture and the village
economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy.
2. Read the passage below and answer the following questions:
Given the abundance and renewability of water, it is difficult to imagine
that we may suffer from water scarcity. The moment we speak of water
shortages, we immediately associate it with regions having low rainfall or
those that are drought prone. We instantaneously visualise the deserts of
Rajasthan and women balancing many ‘ Matkas’(earthen pots) used for
collecting and storing water and travelling long distances to get water.
Q1. Is it possible that an area or region may have ample water
resources but is still facing water scarcity?
Ans:- Yes, It is possible that an area or region may have ample water
resources but is still facing water scarcity. Many our cities are such
examples. Water scarcity may be an our come of large and growing
population and consequent greater demands for water, and unequal access
to it.
A large population means more water not only for domestic use but also
to produce more food.
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Hence, to facilitate higher food grain production water resources are being
over exploited to expand irrigated areas and dry-season agriculture.
Q2. What is the main cause of water scarcity?
Ans:- The main cause of water scarcity are over exploitation, excessive
use and unequal access to water among different- social groups.
Q3. Name any two hydraulic structures is ancient India.
Ans:- Two Hydraulic structures in ancient India:-
• In the first century B.C., Sringaverapura near Allahabad had
sophisticated water harvesting system channelling the flood water
of the river Ganga.
• Dams and lakes built during the time of Chandragupta Maurya.

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

1. Explain the working of underground tanks as a partof roof top
rainwater harvesting system practised inRajasthan.
2. What is Bamboo Drip Irrigation? Mention any
twofeaturesofit.
MAP QUESTIONS
WaterResources(LocatingandLabelling)
Dams:
1.Salal 2.BhakraNan al 3.Tehri 4.RanaPratapSagar
5.SardarSarovar 6.Hirakud 7.NagarjunaSagar
8.Tungabhadra
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CHAPTER-4
AGRICULTURE
Agriculture-It is an economic activity related to crops, animal
rearing and fishing
India is an agriculturally important country –
❖ Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural activities
❖ Produces most of the food
❖ Produces raw material for various industries (Textile, Food Processing,
Dairy, Sugar, Vegetable Oil, Tea, Coffee, Leather Goods)
❖ Some agricultural products exported.( tea, coffee, spices, etc.)
TYPES OF FARMING
Cultivation methods have changed significantly - depending upon the
characteristics of
❖ Physical environment,
❖ Technological know-how
❖ Socio-cultural practices.

TYPES OF FARMING IN INDIA
PrimitivesubsistenceFarming Intensive Subsistence
❖ Agriculture is practised
on small patches of
land
❖ Primitive tools like
hoe, dao and digging
sticksare used.
❖ Family/community
labour
❖ Farming depends upon
monsoon, natural
fertility of the soil and
suitability of other
environmental
conditions
❖ ‘Slash and burn’
agriculture
P a g e | 208
Commercial
Farming
❖ Practiced in areas ❖ Cultivation on large
of high tracts of land for
population commercial
pressure on land. purposes
❖ It is labour- ❖ Use of higher doses
intensive farming, of modern inputs,
❖ High doses of ❖ e.g. high yielding
biochemical variety (HYV) seeds,
inputs and chemical fertilisers,
irrigation are used insecticides and
for obtaining pesticides in order to
higher production obtain higher
productivity.
❖ Plantation farming
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Why enormous pressure on agricultural land in India:

❖ ‘Right of inheritance’ leading to the division of land - land-holding size
uneconomical - take maximum output from the limited land - in the
absence of alternative source of livelihood.
❖ ‘Slash And Burn’ Agriculture –
❖ Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops
❖ When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch
of land for cultivation.
❖ Naturally replenishes the fertility of the soil through natural processes;
❖ land productivity is low as the farmer does not use fertilisers or other
modern inputs.
❖ It is known by different names in different parts of the country.
The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one
region to another. Give example
❖ Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, ( farm sizes , extensive
irrigation facilities, high yielding varieties
❖ in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop (farm sizes are small, relies on rainfall ,
traditional varieties of seed.
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CROPPING PATTERN
The Kharif Season The Rabi Season The Zaid Season
• grown with the • Sown in winter from • there is a short
onset of October to December season during
monsoon in and harvested in the summer
different parts of summer from April to months
India. June. • Important
• Harvesting • Crops: wheat, barley, Crops-
Season : peas, gram and watermelon,
September to mustard.. muskmelon,
October • grown in large parts cucumber, &
• Sowing Season: of India,states from other vegetables
May to July. the north and and fodder
• Important northwestern parts crops.
Crops: paddy, such as Punjab, Sugarcane takes
maize, jowar, Haryana, Himachal almost a year to
bajra, tur (arhar), Pradesh, Jammu and grow
 P a g e | 211

moong, urad, Kashmir, Uttarakhand

cotton, jute, and Uttar Pradesh
groundnut and ,
soyabean.
 P a g e | 212

MAJOR CROPS
SL.N CROP GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTI Other points
O CONDITIONS ON
1 RICE • it is a kharif crop o plains of Development of
cereal /Food which requires north dense network of
Crop high o north- canal irrigation and
• temperature, eastern tubewells have made
(above 25°C) and India, it possible to grow
• high humidity o coastal rice in areas of less

• annual rainfall areas rainfall

above 100 cm. o the

In the areas of less deltaic

rainfall, it grows with the regions.

help of irrigation
2 WHEAT • This rabi crop The major • two important
cereal /Food requires a cool wheat- wheat-
crop growing season producing growing zones
• a bright sunshine states are in the country
at the time of Punjab, –
ripening. Haryana, Uttar I. the Ganga-
• requires 50 to 75 Pradesh, Bihar Satluj plains
cm of annual , Rajasthan and in the north-
rainfall evenly- parts of west
distributed over Madhya II. black soil
the growing Pradesh region of the
season. Deccan.

3 MILLETS • Jowar, bajra and Jowar - • very high

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ragi(coarse grains) Maharashtra, nutritional

• rain-fed crop Karnataka, value
mostly grown in Andhra • rich in iron,
the moist areas Pradesh and calcium, other
which hardly Madhya micro
needs irrigation Pradesh nutrients and
• Bajra grows well Bajra - roughage.
on sandy soils and Rajasthan,
shallow black soil. Uttar Pradesh,
• Ragi is acrop of Maharashtra,
dry regions and Gujarat and
grows well on red, Haryana
black, sandy, ragi -
loamy and shallow Karnataka,
black soils. Tamil Nadu,
Himachal
Pradesh,
Uttarakhand,
Sikkim,
Jharkhand and
Arunachal
Pradesh.
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4 MAIZE • a kharif crop Karnataka, • both as food

• temperature Uttar Pradesh, and fodder
between 21°C to Bihar, Andhra • maize is
27°C Pradesh, grown in rabi
• grows well in old Telangana and season also.
alluvial soil Madhya Use of modern
Pradesh inputs such as
HYV seeds,
fertilisers and
irrigation have
contributed to
the increasing
production of
maize.
5 PULSES • need less moisture Madhya • India is the
(tur (arhar), and survive even Pradesh, Uttar largest
urad, moong, in dry conditions Pradesh, producer as
masur, peas • leguminous crops, Rajasthan, well as the
and gram) all these crops Maharashtra consumer of
except arhar. and Karnataka pulses
• major source
of protein in
a vegetarian
diet.
• these are
mostly grown
in rotation
with other
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crops as it
helps in
restoring soil
fertility by
fixing
nitrogen
from the air
FOOD CROPS OTHER THAN GRAINS
6 SUGARCAN • It is a tropical as Uttar Pradesh, • It is the main
E well as a Sub Maharashtra, source of
tropical crop. Karnataka, sugar, gur
• It grows well in Tamil Nadu, (jaggary),
hot and humid Andhra khandsari and
climate Pradesh, molasses.
• temperature of Telangana, • needs manual
21°C to 27°C Bihar, Punjab labour from
• annual rainfall and Haryana sowing to
between harvesting.
75cm.and100cm
• Irrigation in low
rainfall areas
7 OIL SEEDS • kharif crop - Groundnut
(groundnut, Groundnut, Gujarat was • edible and
mustard, Sesamum the largest used as
coconut, • rabi crops - producer cooking
sesamum (til), Linseed and Andhra mediums
soyabean, mustard Pradesh and • used as raw
castor seeds, • both as rabi and Tamil Nadu material in the
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cotton seeds, kharif crop - 2 nd largest production of

linseed and Castor seed producer of soap,
sunflower) in the world cosmetics and
rape seed - ointments
production
India was third
largest
producer

8 TEA • grows well in Assam, hills of Labour intensive

tropical and sub- Darjeeling industry.
tropical climates and Jalpaiguri requires abundant,
• deep and fertile districts, West cheap and skilled
well-drained soil, Bengal, Tamil labour
• rich in humus and Nadu and
organic matter . Kerala.

• require warm and Himachal

moist frost-free Pradesh,

climate allthrough Uttarakhand,

the year Meghalaya,

• Frequent showers Andhra

evenly distributed Pradesh and

over the year Tripura

ensure continuous
growth of tender
leaves.
9 COFFEE Coffee is a tropical plant Karnataka, Indian coffee is
which is also grown in Kerala and known in the world
 P a g e | 217

semi-tropical climate. Tamil Nadu for its good quality.

The coffee tree requires The Arabica variety
heat, humidity and initially brought
abundant rainfall. from Yemen is
produced in the
country

10 HORTICUL tropical and temperate Mangoes - lichi and guava of

TURE fruits Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and
CROPS Andhra Bihar,
Pradesh, pineapples of
Telangana, Meghalaya,
Uttar Pradesh grapes of Andhra
and West Pradesh, Telangana
Bengal and Maharashtra
oranges - apples, pears,
Nagpur and apricots and
Cherrapunjee walnuts of Jammu
(Meghalaya) and Kashmir and
bananas of Himachal Pradesh
Kerala, Vegetables
Mizoram, pea, cauliflower,
Maharashtra onion, cabbage,
and Tamil tomato, brinjal and
Nadu potato.
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NON-FOOD CROPS

11 RUBBER • It is an equatorial Kerala, important industrial

crop, but under TamilNadu, raw material.
special conditions, Karnataka and
it is also grown in Andaman and
tropical and sub- Nicobarislands
tropical areas. and Garo hills
• It requires moist of Meghalaya.
and humid climate
• Rainfall of more
than 200 cm.
• temperature above
25°C
FIBRE CROPS(cotton,Jute,hemp,Natural silk)
12 COTTON • Cotton grows well Maharashtra, Silk -Rearing of silk
in black cotton Gujarat, worms for the
• It requires high Madhya production of silk
temperature, Pradesh, fibre is known as
• Light rainfall or Karnataka, sericulture
irrigation, Andhra

• 210 frost-free days Pradesh,

• bright sun-shine Telangana,

for its growth TamilNadu,

• . It is a kharif crop Punjab,

Haryana and
• requires 6 to 8
Uttar Pradesh
months to mature.

13 JUTE • Grows on well- West Bengal, ➢ used in

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(Golden Fibre) drained fertile Bihar, making gunny

soils in the flood Assam,Odisha bags, mats,
plains where soils and Meghalaya ropes, yarn,
are renewed every carpets and
year other artefacts.
• . High temperature ➢ Due to its high
is required during cost, it is
the time of growth losing market
to synthetic
fibres and
packing
materials,
particularly
the nylon.

Technological and Institutional Reforms

Technological Reforms:
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❖ The Persian wheel has now been replaced by the water plough by the
tiller and harrow drawn by tractors, bullock carts by trucks.
❖ The Green Revolution
❖ use of package technology
❖ the White Revolution (Operation Flood
❖ All weather roads and faster means of communications have been
introduced.
❖ Flooding of fields are now been replaced by drip irrigation and use of
sprinkles.
❖ Chemical fertilizers, bio-fertilizers, HYV and early maturing quality
seeds have been developed.
Institutional Reforms:
❖ Government abolished the zamindari system
❖ Consolidation of small land holdings.
❖ establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks for
providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest
❖ ‘Land reform
❖ Widespread use of radio and television for providing knowledge to
formers in new and improved techniques and special weather bulletins
have been introduced.
❖ a comprehensive land development programme was initiated
❖ Minimum support price(MSP) for various crops ensures minimum price
for the crop grown by the farmers.
❖ Kisan Credit Card (KCC) and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme
(PAIS) are some schemes introduced by the government for the benefit of
farmers.
❖ Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and
disease,
❖ to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.
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THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA’S EFFORT - TO MODERNISE

AGRICULTURE.
❖ Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR),
❖ agricultural universities,
❖ veterinary services
❖ animal breeding centres,
❖ horticulture development,
❖ research and development in the field of meteorology and weather
forecast, etc.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
1. Which of the following are plantation crops?
(a) Rice and maize (b) Wheat and pulses
(c) Tea, coffee, banana and sugarcane (d) None of the above
Answer:
2. The main food crop of Kharif season is:
(a) Mustard (b) Pulses (c) Rice (d) Wheat
Ans:(c) Rice
3. Type of millet rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and
roughage is ____
(a) Bajra (b) Rajma (c) Jowar (d) Ragi
Answer: (d) Ragi
4. A short season between the rabi and kharif season is known as:
(a) Aus (b) Boro (c) Zaid (d) None of the above
Answer: -(c) Zaid
5. Intensive subsistence farming is practiced in area of _______.
(a) High population (b) low population (c) deserts (d) thick
forests
Answer: (a) High population
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Specialised cultivation of fruits and vegetables is called

(a) Agriculture (b) Horticulture (c) Sericulture (d)
Pisciculture
Answer: (b)
6. Punjab and Haryana grow rice mainly due to
(a) Availability of cheap labour.
(b) Development of canals irrigation and tube wells.
(c) Fertile soil.
(d) Development of transport network.
Answer: (b) Development of canals irrigation and tube wells
7. India is the largest producer and consumer of ______________ in
the world.
(a) Pulses (b) Sugarcane (c) Spices (d) Wheat
Answer: (a) Pulses
8. Match the columns:
Column A Column B
(a) Leading producer of Maize (i) Kerala

(b) Leading rice producing (ii) Karnataka

state
(iii) West
(c) Leading sugarcane Bengal
producing state

9. Identify the crop .

a)Ragi (b) wheat (c)maize (d)cotton
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Ans:(d)cotton
10. .Identify the crop.

a)Rice b) Sugarcane c) Jute d) Bamboo

Ans: Sugarcane
11. Identify the crop

(a)wheat (b)Rice (c )Sugarcane (d)bajra

Ans:(b)Rice
12. Identify the activity done in the image
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a)ploughing (b)harvesting (c) watering

(d)sowing Ans:(a)ploughing
13. Assertion (A): Agriculture is not an old economic activity
Reason (R): Farming varies from subsistence to commercial type.

(A) If both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the
correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(B) If both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not
the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(D) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are false.
Answer: (D) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are false.
14. Assertion (A) : Tea cultivation, is a labour – intensive industry.
Reason (R): Cultivation can be done throughout the year .Tea bushes
require warm and moist frost- free climate
Answer: (B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A)
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2Mark)
1. What are agro-based industries? Name any two.
Answer:
Agro-based industries are based on agricultural raw materials.
The examples are cotton
textile and jute.
2. State any one feature of
primitive subsistence
agriculture.
Answer:
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Primitive subsistence agriculture is practiced on small patches of

land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, Dao and digging sticks
and family/community labour.
3. What are the different names of ‘slash and bum’ agriculture in
different countries? Name any two.
Answer:
• Mexico – Milpa
• Venzuela – Conuco
• Brazil – Roca
• Central Africa -Masole
• Indonesia – Ladang
• Vietnam – Ray
4. Write 2 features of Indian agriculture.
Answer:
(i) Two-thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural
activities.
(ii) Agriculture is a primary activity, which produces most of the
food that we consume.
(iii) Besides food grains, it also produces raw material for various
industries.
5. What is plantation agriculture?
Answer: a. Plantation farming is bush or tree farming
b. The British introduced it in the nineteenth century.
c. It is a single crop farming of rubber, tea, coffee, cocoa,
spices, coconut and fruits like apples, grapes, oranges etc.
6. How is maize used? In which season is it grown? Describe briefly
the soil, temperature required for the production of maize. Name 4
major maize producing states of India.
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Answer:
(1) It is used as food as well as fodder.
(2) It is a Kharif crop, but in some states, like Bihar, its grown in Rabi
season.
(3) It requires temperature between 21 c to 27c, grows well in alluvial
soil.
7. How will the change in the cropping pattern affect the Indian
Economy?
Answer:
(1) Change in the cropping pattern, for example from cereals to high
value-crops will mean that India will have to import food.
(2) If India imports cereals while exporting high value commodities, it
will be following successful economies like Italy, Israel and Chile.
8. Which crop is known as golden fiber? Describe the geographical
requirements for its growth, and name the major states producing
it.
Answer:
(1) Jute is known as the golden fiber.
Geographical requirements: –
(a) Well drained fertile soils in the flood plains where soils are renewed
every year.
(b) High temperature during the time of growth.
9. What type of country is India -“Agricultural or industrial? Why?
Give one reason.
Ans:India is an agricultural country because two-
thirds of its population is engaged in agricultural
activities. Agriculture is a primary activity, which
produces most of the food for people.
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10. What are the growing conditions required for the main staple
food crop of India? Mention the main growing regions.
Ans : Growing conditions required for rice:
a) High temperature (above 25°C). It is a Kharif crop.
b) High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
c) Main growing regions: Northern plains, northeastern India,
Coastal areas, deltaic plains and river valleys.
SHORT ANSWER BASED QUESTIONS (3MARK)
1. Distinguish between: Rabi and Kharif Crops.
Kharif crops Rabi Crops
Cultivation begins with the on set Cultivation begins with the
of monsoons in May. withdrawal of monsoons in
October.
Sowing of seeds is done in June Sowing of seeds is done in
or early July. October- November.
Crops are harvested in Crops are harvested in April-
September- October. May.
2. Distinguish between Tea and Coffee Cultivation.
Tea Coffee
It requires warm and moist-free It requires hot and humid climate
climate

The British introduced it. The Arabic variety was brought

It requires 200C to 300C
temperatures.
It is grown in Assam, West
Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
from Yemen
It requires 150C to 280C
temperature.
It is grown on hills around
Nilgiris, Karnataka, Kerala, and
Tamil Nadu.
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Name the major challenges faced by the Indian farmers today?

Ans: (1) Though the production of oil seeds and pulses is rising but the
population is growing at a greater pace.
(2) The production of pulses and oil seals is subject to fluctuation and
market speculations.
(3) They need HYV seeds for high productivity, assured irrigation and
chemical fertilizers, which are costly, and India farmers cannot afford
them.
3. What are the implications of growing population on Indian farming?
Answer:
Following are the implications of growing population on farming:
(1)Almost every step has been taken to increase food production and
now there is very little scope for increasing it further.
(2)India’s population is increasing at an alarming rate. Whatever has
been advised so far in food production would soon be neutralized by
this ever growing population.
4. Why subsistence agriculture is still practiced in certain parts of the
country? Give reasons.
Answer:
Subsistence agriculture is still practiced in certain parts of the country
due to the reasons as mentioned below :
1. Small pieces of land: In some parts of the country, the

farmers have only small patches of land where they do

farming with the help of primitive tools like hoe, Dao and
digging sticks, and family labour.
2. Poverty: Small farmers are poor. They cannot use fertilisers

and high yielding variety of seeds.

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5. What do you mean by three agricultural seasons of India?

Answer:
Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and
harvested in summer from April to June. Some of the important rabi
crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard
Kharif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon in different parts of
the country and these are harvested in September-October. Important
crops grown during this season are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur
(arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean
In between the rabi and the kharif seasons, there is a short season during
the summer months known as the Zaid season. Some of the crops
produced during ‘zaid’ are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber,
vegetables and fodder crops. Sugarcane takes almost a year to grow.
LONG ANSWER BASED QUESTIONS (5 Mark)
1. How is ‘slash and bum’ agriculture practiced? What are its main
features? How is it known in different parts of the country?
Answer:
The ‘slash and burn’ agriculture is practiced as mentioned below :
(1) Under this system, farmers clear a patch of land and produce
cereals and other food Crops to sustain their family.
(2) As the fertility of the soil decreases, the land is abandoned.
(3) The farmers move to new areas and clear a fresh patch of land for
cultivation.
(4) It is known as ‘shifting agriculture’.
(5) The shifting of farmers to new area allows nature to replenish the
fertility of the soil Through natural processes.
(6) 6. As farmers do not use fertilizers and high yielding variety of
seeds, the land productivity is Low.
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It is known in different parts of the country and the world as

follows:
1. Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland -Jhumming

2. Manipur – Pamlou _

3. Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, Andaman and Nicobar

Islands — Dipa
4. Madhya Pradesh – Bewar or Dahiya

5. Andhra Pradesh – Podu or Penda

6. Orissa – Pama Dabi or Roman or Bringa

7. Western Ghats – Kumari

8. South-eastern Rajasthan — Valre or Walter

9. Himalayan belt – Khil

10. harkhand – Kuruwa

2. What is the ‘right of inheritance’? What

are its consequences?
Answer: Under the ‘right of inheritance’ the land is divided among
successive generations. Its consequences are as mentioned below:
1. Land-holding size becomes small and uneconomical.

2. The farmers take maximum output from the limited land in the

absence of alternative source of livelihood. There is enormous

pressure on agricultural land.
3. It is practiced on large patches of land.

4. High yielding variety seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides

and pesticides are used to obtain higher productivity.

5. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tube

wells have made possible to grow rice a commercial crop – in

areas of less rainfall as Punjab and Haryana.
6. Wheat, cotton, rice are grown on commercial basis.

7. Plantation is also a type of commercial farming. In India tea,

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coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc. are plantation crops

3. What is commercial farming? Describe its main features.
Answer:
In commercial farming crops are grown and animals are reared for sale
in the market, which is for commercial purposes.
Main features of commercial farming are as mentioned below :
1. It is practiced on large patches of land.
2. High yielding variety seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides
and pesticides are used to obtain higher productivity.
3. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tube wells
have made possible to grow rice a commercial crop – in areas of
less rainfall as Punjab and Haryana.
4. Wheat, cotton, rice are grown on commercial basis.
5. Plantation is also a type of commercial farming. In India tea,
coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc. are plantation crops.
4. Enlist the various institutional reform programs introduced by the
government in the interest of farmers.
Answer:
I. In the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land development
programme was initiated, which included both institutional and
technical reforms.
II. Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and
disease.
III. Establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks
for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were
some important steps in this direction.
IV. Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme
(PAIS) are some other schemes introduced by the Government of India
for the benefit of the farmers.
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V. Special weather bulletins and agricultural programs for farmers were

introduced on the radio and television.
VI. The government also announces minimum support price,
remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the
exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS (4 MARKS QUESTIONS)
1. READ THE PASSAGE AND ANSWER THE FOLLWING
This type of farming is still practiced in few pockets of India. Primitive
subsistence agriculture is practiced on small patches of land with the
help of primitive tools like hoe, Dao and digging sticks, and family/
community labour. This type of farming depends upon monsoon,
natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental
conditions to the crops grown. It is slash and burn’ agriculture. Farmers
clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain
their family. When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and
clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation. This type of shifting allows
Nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural processes;
land productivity in this type of agriculture is low as the farmer does
not use fertilisers or other modern inputs. It is known by different
names in different parts of the country.
Questions 1.1 Name few primitive tools.
Answer- Hoe, Dao and digging sticks.
Question1. 2. Primitive subsistence farming depends on what
factors?
Answer- This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural
fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to
the crops grown.
Question 1.3. Write one benefits of Slash and burn agriculture.
Answer- This type of shifting allows Nature to replenish the fertility of
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the soil through natural processes.

2. READ THE PASSAGE AND ANSWER THE FOLLWING
Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and
harvested in summer from April to June. Some of the important rabi
crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard. Though, these crops
are grown in large parts of India, states from the north and north-
western parts such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and
Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh are important for the
production of wheat and other rabi crops. Availability of precipitation
during winter months due to the western temperate cyclones helps in
the success of these crops. However, the success of the green revolution
in Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan has
also been an important factor in the growth of the abovementioned rabi
crops. Kharif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon in different
parts of the country and these are harvested in September-October.
Important crops grown during this season are paddy, maize, jowar,
bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean.
Some of the most important rice growing regions are Assam, West
Bengal, coastal regions of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil
Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra, particularly the (Konkan coast) along
with Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Recently, paddy has also become an
important crop of Punjab and Haryana. In states like Assam, West
Bengal and Odisha, three crops of paddy are grown in a year. These are
Aus, Aman and Boro.
Questions 1. In which months Rabi crops are sown?
Answer- Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December.
Question1.2 Name important rice growing areas?
Answer- Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Odisha, Andhra
Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra, particularly
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the (Konkan coast).

Question 1.3 How do Rabi crops get irrigation during winter?
Answer- . Availability of precipitation during winter months due to the
western temperate cyclones helps in the success of these crops
QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE:
1.“Wheat and rice farming in India are fairly different from each
other”. Support the statement with five suitable examples.
A. Explain Rubber cultivation in India under the following
heads: B . Importance
C. Geographical conditions C. Producing states.
3. What is intensive subsistence farming? Write three features of
intensive farming.

4. What are the soil type, climatic conditions and rainfall

conditions required for the cultivation of tea? Write two states of
India where tea grows.
MAP QUESTIONS
A .Major areas of Rice and Wheat.
B. Largest / Major producer states of Sugarcane, Tea, Coffee, Rubber,
Cotton and Jute

.
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Major areas of Rice

WHEAT:
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CHAPTER -5
MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

❖ Minerals are indispensable part of our lives.

Our life is very comfortable today because we are able to use many
different type of minerals. In every walk of life.

❖ Mineral is a homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a

Definable internal structure.
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Occurrence of minerals

Classification of minerals
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MINERAL RESOURCES OF INDIA

❖ India is rich in many valuable mineral resources. However, these are not
evenly distributed.
❖ The peninsular rocks contain most of the metallic minerals and coal and
mica and Gujarat and Assam have good deposits of petroleum.

Distribution of major minerals in India.

Iron ore
❖ India is rich in this ferrous mineral. India has good deposits of both ores
of ironmagnetite and hematite.
❖ Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a high content or iron up to70%.
❖ Hematite has 50-60% iron content.
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❖ Odisha is the leading producer of iron ore followed by Jharkhand,

Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and other states.
Manganese
❖ Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-
manganese alloy.
❖ It is also used the manufacturing of bleaching powder, insecticides and
paints.
Non-ferrous Minerals
❖ India is not endowed with good deposits of non-ferrous minerals. We are
deficient in certain type of non-ferrous minerals like gold and silver.
❖ Anyhow there are considerable deposits of copper and bauxite.
Copper
❖ Copper is highly useful in electrical and electronic industry. It is a good
conductor of electricity.
❖ India is deficient in its production.
Bauxite
❖ Bauxite is the ore of aluminium. It is extremely light at the same time it
has strength like iron.
❖ So it ideally suited to aircraft industry. Major bauxite mines of India are
located in Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Odisha.
Non-metallic minerals
❖ Mica is one of the important non-metallic minerals. India has rich
deposits of mica.
❖ It is made up of a series of plates or leaves.
❖ Jharkhand is the leading producer of m ca. Rajasthan and Andhra
Pradesh also have good deposits of mica.
Rock Minerals
❖ Limestone is the most important rock mineral found in India.
❖ It is found in association with rocks composed of calcium carbonates and
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calcium and magnesium carbonate.

❖ It is the basic raw material for cement industry.

Energy Resources
❖ Traditionally we are using firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum,
natural gas, and electricity for energy.
❖ These are called conventional sources.
❖ Non- conventional sources include solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas
and atomic energy.
Coal
❖ Coal is formed due to the compression of plant material over millions of
years.
Petroleum
❖ It is a nodal industry for synthetic textile, fertilizer and chemical
industries. Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated
with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formation of the tertiary age.
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Natural Gas
❖ It is an important clean energy resources. It is used as a source of energy
as well as an industrial raw material in the petro chemical industry.
❖ It is an eco-friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide emissions.
Electricity
❖ Electricity is generated mainly through two ways-by running water-
Hydro electricity and by burning fossil fuels-thermal power.
❖ Thermal electricity is generated by using coal, petroleum and natural gas.
 P a g e | 243

Conservation of energy resources

❖ We have to use public transport systems instead of individual vehicles.
❖ Switch off electricity when not in use, use power saving devices and use of
non-conventional sources of energy

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1. Gold, silver and platinum are examples of ______.
a) Ferrous minerals b) Non-ferrous minerals
c) Precious minerals d) Non-metallic minerals
Answer: (c)
2. Cobalt is an example of _____ mineral.
a) Ferrous minerals b) Non-ferrous minerals
c) Energy minerals d) Non-metallic minerals
Answer: (a)
3. Sandstone and Mica are examples of _______.
a) Non-metallic minerals b) Energy minerals
c) Non-ferrous minerals d) Ferrous minerals
Answer: Option (a)
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4. Coal and Natural Gas are examples of ______ minerals.

a) Non-metallic b) Energy
c) Ferrous d) Non-ferrous Answer: Option (b)
5. ________ provides a strong base for the development of
metallurgical industries.
a) Ferrous minerals b) Non-ferrous minerals
c) Energy minerals d) Precious minerals
Answer: Option (a)
6. Coal mining in Jowai and Cherapunjee is done by family
members in the form of a long narrow tunnel, known as
_________ mining.
a) Rathole b) Opencast mining
c) Underground mining d) None of the above
Answer: Option (a)
7. Sedimentary rocks on the western and eastern flanks of the
peninsula, in Gujarat and _________ have most of the
petroleum deposits.
a) Madhya Pradesh b) Telangana
c) Assam d) Maharashtra
Answer: option (c)
8. Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of
iron up to _______.
a) 70 percent b) 50 percent
c) 40 percent d) 30 percent
Answer: Option (a)
9. Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt lies in ________ and
________.
a) Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh b) Chhattisgarh and
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Maharashtra
c) Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh d) Madhya Pradesh and
Odisha Answer: Option (b)
10. Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru belt in
Karnataka has large
reserves of _______.
a) Iron ore b) Copper
c) Uranium d) Granite
Answer: Option (a)
11. _________ is the largest producer of manganese ores in
India.
a) Jharkhan b) Odisha
c) Madhya Pradesh d) West Bengal Answer: Option (b)
12. ) In which of the following locations Mica deposits are not
found?
a) Ajmer b) Beawar
c) Hazaribagh d) Katni Answer: Option (d)
13. ________ is the oldest oil-producing state of India.
a) Gujarat b) Tamil Nadu
c) Assam d) Maharashtra
Answer: Option (c)
14. In the following questions, a statement of assertion is
followed by a statement of reason. Mark the correct
choice as :

a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is

the correct explanation of assertion.

b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is

not the correct explanation of assertion.
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c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.

d) If Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion : Mining activity is often called a “Killer
Industry”.
Reason : Mining helps in agriculture.
Ans : (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
15.

What kind of pollution is found due to generation of dust in

mining areas from the picture?
(a)land (b)water (c)Air
(d)noise Ans:Air
16. Identify from the picture which mineral is being mined?

(a) coal (b)Iron (c)petroleum

(d) Bauxite Ans:coal
17. Identify from the image what kind of energy is produced?
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(a) solar (b) Thermal (c)Tidal

(d)Wind Ans:Wind
18.
MANGANESE PRODUCTION
AREAS
ODISHA 16
MADHYAPRADES 33
33
MAHARASTRA 27

KARNATAKA 12
ANDHRAPRADESH 10

Production of Manganese showing state-wise share in per

cent, 2018–19
Which is the largest producing state of Manganese?
(a) Maharashtra (b) Karnataka
(c) Madhya Pradesh (d) Odissa
Ans: Madhya Pradesh
Very Short Answer Type Questions [2 MARKS]
1. Why is there a wide range of colors, hardness, crystal forms,
luster and density found in minerals?
A wide range of colours, hardness, crystal forms, lusture and
density is found in minerals because a particular mineral is
formed from a certain combination of elements and depends
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upon the physical and chemical conditions under which the

material forms.
How do minerals occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals occur in the cracks,
crevices, faults or joints.
The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger ones are
called lodes
How do minerals occur in sedimentary rocks?
In sedimentary rocks, minerals occur in beds or layers. They are
deposited in horizontal stratas.
How are Gobar gas plants beneficial to the farmers?
Gobar gas plants are beneficial to the farmers because they
provide energy and improved quality of manure.
Why does aluminum metal have great importance?
Aluminum metal has great importance because it combines the
strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also
with good conductivity and great malleability. It can be used as a
substitute for steel.
How is iron ore transported from Kudremukh mines to a
port near Mangalore?
From Kudremukh mines to a port near Mangalore, the iron ore is
transported as slurry through a pipeline.
How does mining affect the health of miners?
Mining produces dust and noxious fumes, which are inhaled by
the miners. It makes them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases.
Which rock consists of single mineral only?
Limestone consists of single mineral.
How do minerals occur in sedimentary rocks?
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Minerals in sedimentary rocks occur in beds or layers. They are

accumulated and concentrated in horizontal strata, for example
coal.
What are the two types of minerals according to occurrence
in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in
cracks, cervices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are
called veins while the larger are called lodes.
Short Answer Type Questions [3 MARKS]
How is the mining activity injurious to the health of the miners
and environment? Explain.
Mining activity is injurious to the health of miners due to the
following reasons.
❖ Inhalation of poisonous gases and dust make them
vulnerable to pulmonary diseases.
❖ The risk of collapse of mine roofs may risk the life of
miners.
❖ Inundation and fires in coalmines are a constant threat to
the miners.
The following points show how mining affects the
environment.
• It results in contamination of water.
• Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of land
and soil.
• It results in air and water pollution.
• In the present day energy crisis, what steps will you like to
take for saving energy?
We can save the energy by the following ways.
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• Switching off the electrical appliances when not in use

• Use of energy efficient devices like CFC bulbs and
appliances
• Carpooling or use of public transport instead of private
vehicles
• Use of alternate sources of energy (non-
conventional/renewable sources) solar energy.
• It is the cleanest form of energy available free of cost.
• It minimises dependence of rural households on firewood
and dung cakes.
What are the two main ways of generating electricity? How
are they different from each other? Explain.
Electricity is generated:

a) By running water which drives hydro turbines to generate

hydroelectricity.
b) By burning fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas
to drive turbines to produce thermal power.
c) They are different from each other in the sense that
hydroelectricity is generated by water, which is a
renewable source, whereas thermal electricity is generated
using non-renewable fossil fuels.
How can solar energy solve the energy problem to some
extent in India? Give your opinion.
Solar energy can solve the energy problem in India to some
extent in the following ways:
India is a tropical country and it has enormous possibilities of
tapping
Describe any three features of ferrous minerals found in
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India.
Three features of ferrous minerals are as follows.
• Ferrous minerals account for about three-fourths of the
total value of the production of metallic minerals.
• They provide the base for the development of metallurgical
industries.
• India is rich in ferrous minerals and exports substantial
quantities after meeting the local demands.
How can biogas solve the energy problem mainly in rural
India? Give your suggestions.
Biogas is produced from shrubs, farm waste, animal and human
waste mainly for domestic consumption in rural areas.
It can solve the energy problem in rural India in the
following ways.
• Decomposition of organic matter yields gas, which has
higher thermal efficiency than kerosene, dung cake and
charcoal.
• It provides the farmers with energy and improved quality
of manure.
• It prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of
fuel coal and cow dung cakes.
Why is energy required for all activities? How can energy be
generated?
Energy is required for all our activities. It is needed to cook, to
provide heat and light, to propel vehicles, and to drive
machinery. Energy can be generated from conventional and non-
conventional sources. Conventional resources include fire wood,
cattle dung cake, fuel minerals like coal, petroleum etc. Non-
conventional resources include solar, wind, tidal, atomic energy,
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etc.
Name the non-metallic mineral which can split easily into
thin sheets. Mention its uses.
Mica can easily split into thin sheets. It has excellent di-electric
strength, low- power loss factor, insulating properties and
resistance to high voltage.
The following are the uses of mica.
❖ It is used in electronics and electric industries as insulators.
❖ It is used in paints.
❖ It is used in toothpaste and cosmetics to give them shiny
appearance.
Classify energy resources into two categories. Give two
examples of each category.
Energy resources can be classified into the following categories.
(a) Conventional sources—firewood, coal and petroleum
(b) non-conventional sources—Solar energy, wind power and
tidal energy
9. Which is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India?
Mention its different forms.
The most abundantly available fossil fuel in India is coal. Coal is
used as a domestic
fuel for generation of thermal power and to supply energy to
industries.
The following points show the importance of different types
of coal.
• Lignite: It is a low-grade brown coal, which is soft and has
a high moisture content. It is used for generation of
electricity.
• Bituminous: The most popular variety of commercial and
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metallurgical coal is bituminous. It is formed due to high

temperature deep in the interior. It has a special value in
smelting of iron in blast furnaces.
• Anthracite: The highest quality of hard coal is known as
Anthracite. It has the highest content of carbon and is
mainly used for power generation in metallurgy.
Explain any three factors affecting the economic viability of
a reserve of minerals.
Factors affecting the economic viability of a reserve of
mineral are:
❖ Concentration of mineral in an ore
❖ How easily can the mineral be extracted?
❖ Closeness to the market.
Explain any three values which inspire us to conserve our
energy resources.
Three values which inspire us to conserve our energy resources
are as follows:
• Consciousness towards environment and its protection is
required. Excess and careless use of resources will degrade
the environment. Use of renewable power resources will
address global issues of pollution.
• We should adopt a responsible attitude towards the use of
power resources as they are in limited quantity. Wise use of
these resources can be the only remedy.
We have to be accountable towards future generation. We
should adopt sustainable development so as to preserve the
resources for use by our generations to come.
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Why is solar energy fast becoming popular in rural and

remote areas of India? Explain.
Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas
of India because of the following reasons.
• It is one of the best forms of non-conventional sources of
energy.
• It is not very expensive to install photovoltaic technology
which converts solar light into solar energy.
• Tapping solar energy will reduce the dependence of dung
cakes and will provide adequate manure for agriculture.
In the present day energy crisis, what steps will you like to
take for saving energy?
We can save the energy by the following ways.
• Switching off the electrical appliances when not in use
• Use of energy efficient devices like CFC bulbs and
appliances
• Carpooling or use of public transport instead of private
vehicles.
• Use of alternate sources of energy (non-
conventional/renewable sources)
How is the mining activity injurious to the health of the
miners and environment? Explain.
Mining activity is injurious to the health of miners due to the
following reasons.
❖ Inhalation of poisonous gases and dust make them
vulnerable to pulmonary diseases.
❖ The risk of collapse of mine roofs may risk the life
of miners.
❖ Inundation and fires in coalmines are a constant
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threat to the miners.

The following points show how mining affects the
environment.
❖ It results in contamination of water.
❖ Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of
land and soil.
❖ It results in air and water pollution.
How can solar energy solve the energy problem to some
extent in India? Give your opinion.
Ans:Solar energy can solve the energy problem in India to some
extent in the following ways:
• India is a tropical country and it has enormous possibilities
of tapping solar energy.
• It is the cleanest form of energy available free of cost.
• It minimizes dependence of rural households on firewood
and dung cakes.
Describe any three features of ferrous minerals found in
India.
Ans:Three features of ferrous minerals are as follows.
• Ferrous minerals account for about three-fourths of the
total value of the production of metallic minerals.
• They provide the base for the development of metallurgical
industries.
• India is rich in ferrous minerals and exports substantial
quantities after meeting the local demands.
How can biogas solve the energy problem mainly in rural
India? Give your suggestions.
Biogas is produced from shrubs, farm waste, animal and human
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waste mainly for domestic consumption in rural areas. It can

solve the energy problem in rural India in the following
ways.
• Decomposition of organic matter yields gas, which has
higher thermal efficiency than kerosene, dung cake and
charcoal.
• It provides the farmers with energy and improved quality
of manure.
• It prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of
fuel coal and cow dung cakes.
Mention any three major iron-ore belts in India. Write any
three characteristics of the southermost iron-ore belt.
Ans:The three major iron-ore belts in India are:
• Orissa-Jharkhand belt.
• Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt
• Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru belt
• Maharashtra-Goa belt
The three characteristics of the southern-most belt, Ballari-
Chitradurga- Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru belt, are as
follows.
• It has large reserves of iron ore.
• The Khudremukh mines, located in the Western Ghats of
Karnataka, are a hundred per cent export unit.
• Khudremukh deposits are one of the largest mines in the
world.
What is the use of manganese? Name the largest manganese-
ore producing state in India.
Ans:Odisha is the largest producer of manganese in India.
Four uses of manganese are as follows:
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• Manganese is used in manufacture of steel and ferro-

manganese alloy.
• It is used in manufacturing bleaching powder.
• It is a raw material in manufacturing insecticides.
• It is also used in making paints.
Classify energy resources into two categories. Give two
examples of each.
Ans:Energy resources can be classified into the following
categories.
(a) Conventional sources—firewood, coal and petroleum
(b) Non-conventional sources—Solar energy, wind power and
tidal energy
How is solar energy becoming popular in rural and remote
areas of India? Explain.
Ans: Solar energy is becoming popular in rural and remote
areas of India because of the following reasons:
• It has reduced the dependence of rural households on
firewood and dung cakes.
• It has been able to reduce environment pollution to a great
extent.
• Dung cakes used earlier are now utilized for increasing
fertility of the soil.
• Being abundant in nature it is available all through the
year.
• Moreover tapping of solar energy is not expensive and thus
is preferred by all. It can be stored and used later.
‘We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use
of our limited energy resources.’ Support the statement with
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three examples.
Ans:We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious
use of our limited energy resources because of the following
reasons.
• They are non-renewable, once consumed we will not be
able to get them back.
• Energy is required for all our activities—to cook, to
provide light and heat, to drive vehicles and machinery, so,
it should be used judiciously.
• Keeping in mind the needs of our future generation, we
have to adopt the policy of sustainable development.
Long Answer Type Questions [5 MARKS]
Highlight the importance of petroleum. Explain the
occurrence of petroleum in India.
Ans:The importance of petroleum is as follows:
• It provides fuel for heating and lighting.
• It provides lubricants for machinery and raw materials for
many manufacturing industries.
• Petroleum refineries act as a ‘nodal industry’ for synthetic
textiles, fertilizer and chemical industries. (any two)
The occurrence of petroleum in India:
• Most of the petroleum in India is found in anticlines and
fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age.
• In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where
oil is trapped in the crest of the up fold.
• The oil-bearing layer is porous limestone or sandstone
through which oil may flow. The oil is prevented from
sinking or rising by intervening non-porous layers.
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Explain the importance of conservation of minerals.

Highlight any three measures to conserve them.
Ans: Minerals conservation is essential because:
• Minerals are non-renewable or finite in nature.
• The rate of formation of minerals is very slow in
comparison to the rate of consumption. The geological
processes of mineral formation takes place over millions of
years.
• They are valuable and short-lived possessions of a country.
Continued extraction leads to increasing costs as they are
taken from greater depths along with decrease in quality.
The following are the three methods of conserving minerals.
• Minerals have to be used in a planned and sustainable
manner.
• Improved technologies should be evolved to make use of
low-grade ores at low costs.
• Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other
substitutes would help in the conservation of minerals.
• Using better mining methods will also help to reduce
wastage.
Minerals are indispensable part of our lives.’ Support the
statement with examples.
Ans:Minerals are indispensable part of our lives. The
statement can be supported giving the following examples.
• Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a towering
building or a big ship, all are made from minerals. The
railways lines and the tarmac (paving) of the roads, our
implements and machinery too are made of minerals.
• Cars, buses, trains, aero planes manufactured from
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minerals are run by power resources derived from the

earth.
• Even the food we eat contains minerals. Although our
minerals intake represents only about 0.3% of our total
intake of nutrients, they are so potent and so important that
without them we would not be able to utilise the other
99.7% of foodstuffs.
• Human beings have used minerals for their livelihood,
decoration, festivities, religious and ceremonial sites. In
short, all living things need minerals. Life processes cannot
occur without minerals.
• Minerals like coal, petroleum, etc. are important sources of
industrial and domestic energy. It is because of these
energy resources that the wheel of development is moving.
Why is it necessary to conserve mineral resources? Suggest
any four ways to conserve mineral resources.
Minerals conservation is essential because:
• Minerals are non-renewable or finite in nature.
• The rate of formation of minerals is very slow in
comparison to the rate of consumption. The geological
processes of mineral formation takes place over millions of
years.
• They are valuable and short-lived possessions of a
country. Continued extraction leads to increasing costs as
they are taken from greater depths along with decrease in
quality.
The following are the three methods of conserving minerals.
• Minerals have to be used in a planned and sustainable
manner.
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• Improved technologies should be evolved to make use of

low grade ores at low costs.
• Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other
substitutes would help in the conservation of minerals.
• Using better mining methods will also help to reduce
wastage .
Why is there a pressing need to use renewable energy
resources in India? Explain any five reasons.
Ans:The given statement can be justified by the following
arguments.
• Increased consumption of energy resources has increased
our dependence on fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.
• There are uncertainties about the energy supplies in future
because of their potential shortages.
• Use of non-renewable sources have serious consequences
on the growth of national economy as they are getting
expensive day by day.
• Above all, non-renewable sources pose a great threat in the
form of pollution and other environmental issues.
• Solar, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material
can thus, be proved advantageous in long run.
How is energy a basic requirement for the economic
development of the country? Explain with examples.
Energy is a basic requirement for the economic development of
a country in the following ways.
• Every sector of the national economy—agriculture,
industry, transport, commercial and domestic—needs
inputs of energy.
• The economic development plans implemented since
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independence require increasing amounts of energy to

remain operational.
• Energy is used for all activities. To provide light and heat,
to propel vehicles and drive machinery in industries.
• For example, coal provides a large percentage of energy for
country’s economic needs, supply energy to industries as
well as for domestic use.
• Also, natural gas is an important clean energy resource
found in association with petroleum. It is used as a source
of energy as an industrial raw material in Petro-chemical
industry.
Why is conservation of minerals essential? Explain any four
measures to conserve minerals
Mineral conservation is essential because:
• Minerals are non-renewable or finite in nature.
• The rate of formation of minerals is very slow in
comparison to the rate of consumption. The geological
processes of mineral formation takes place over millions of
years.
• They are valuable and short-lived possessions of a country.
Continued extraction leads to increasing costs as they are
taken from greater depths along with decrease in quality.
The following are the three methods of conserving minerals.
• Minerals have to be used in a planned and sustainable
manner.
• Improved technologies should be evolved to make use of
low grade ores at low costs.
• Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other
substitutes would help in the conservation of minerals.
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• Using better mining methods will also help to reduce

wastage.
Why is there a pressing need for using renewable energy
resources in India? Explain any five reasons.
The given statement can be justified by the following
arguments.
• Increased consumption of energy resources has increased
our dependence on fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.
• There are uncertainties about the energy supplies in future
because of their potential shortages.
• Use of non-renewable sources have serious consequences
on the growth of national economy as they are getting
expensive day by day.
• Above all, non-renewable sources pose a great threat in the
form of pollution and other environmental issues.
• Solar, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material
can thus, be proved advantageous in long run.
Which state is the largest producer of manganese in India?
Mention any four uses of manganese.
Odisha is the largest producer of manganese in India.
Four uses of manganese are as follows:
• Manganese is used in manufacture of steel and ferro-
manganese alloy.
• It is used in manufacturing bleaching powder.
• It is a raw material in manufacturing insecticides.
It is also used in making paints.
‘Minerals are unevenly distributed in India.’ Explain with
three examples.
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Minerals are unevenly distributed in India. This can be explained

by giving the following examples.
• Peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves of coal,
metallic minerals, mica and other non-metallic minerals.
• Sedimentary rocks on the western and eastern sides of the
peninsula in Gujarat and Assam have rich petroleum
deposits.
• Rajasthan, together with the peninsular region, has
reserves of non-ferrous minerals.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS
1 READ THE EXTRACT GIVEN AND ANSWER THE
FOLLOWINGS:
Energy is a basic requirement for economic development.
Every sector of the national economy – agriculture, industry,
transport, commercial and domestic – needs inputs of energy.
The economic development plans implemented since
Independence necessarily required increasing amounts of energy
to remain operational. As a result, consumption of energy in all
forms has been steadily rising all over the country. In this
background, there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable
path of energy development. Promotion of energy conservation
and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin
planks of sustainable energy. India is presently one of the least
energy efficient countries in the world. We have to adopt a
cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energy
resources. For example, as concerned citizens we can do our bit
by using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles;
switching off electricity when not in use, using power-saving
devices and using non-conventional sources of energy. After all,
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“energy saved is energy produced”.

Q 1. Which sectors need inputs of energy?
Every sector of the national economy – agriculture, industry,
transport, commercial and domestic – needs inputs of energy.
2. What are the twin planks of sustainable energy?
Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of
renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable
energy
3. As concerned citizens of India, what measures we could
take to prevent our energy resources?
As concerned citizens we can do our bit by using public
transport systems instead of individual vehicles; switching off
electricity when not in use, using power-saving devices and
using non-conventional sources of energy.
READ THE EXTRACT GIVEN AND ANSWER THE
FOLLOWINGS:
Energy is basic requirement for economic development. The
growing consumption of energy has resulted in the country
becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal,
oil, and gas. Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential
shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy
supply in future, which in turn has serious repercussions on the
growth of the national economy. Moreover, increasing use of
fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems. Hence,
there is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources like
solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste
material. These are called nonconventional energy sources. India
is blessed with an abundance of sunlight, water, wind, and
biomass. It has the largest programmes for the development of
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these renewable energy resources.

1. What are non-conventional energy sources?
Solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste
material.
2. What is causing serious environmental problems?
Increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental
problems
3. Why there is a pressing need to use renewable energy?
Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have
raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in
future, which in turn has serious repercussions on the growth
of the national economy. Moreover, increasing use of fossil
fuels also causes serious environmental problems. Hence,
there is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources like
solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste
material.
4. Which of the example of fossil fuels?
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas.

READ THE EXTRACT GIVEN AND ANSWER THE

FOLLOWINGS:
Toothpaste cleans your teeth. abrasive minerals like silica,
limestone, aluminum oxide and various phosphate minerals do
the cleaning. Fluoride which is used to reduce cavities, comes
from a mineral; norite. Most toothpaste are made white with
titanium oxide, which comes from minerals called rutile,
limonite and anatine. The sparkle in some toothpastes comes
from mica. The toothbrush and tube
Q 1. How are toothpaste made white and where does it come
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from?
Most toothpaste are made white with titanium oxide, which
comes from minerals called rutile, limonite and anatine
2. What is used to reduce cavities and where does it come
from?
Fluoride which is used to reduce cavities, comes from a mineral
uorite.
3. What are toothbrush and tube made up of?
The sparkle in some toothpastes comes from mica. The
toothbrush and tube
4. What cleans our teeth and by which minerals?
Toothpaste cleans your teeth. abrasive minerals like silica,
limestone, aluminum oxide and various phosphate minerals do
the cleaning .
MAP QUESTIONS
A. Iron Ore mines
1. Mayurbhanj (Orissa)
2.Durg (Chhattisgarh)
3.Bailadila (Chhattisgharh)
4. Bellary(Karnataka)
5. Kudremukh(Karnataka)
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B.
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COAL MINES
1. Raniganj (West Bengal) 2. Bokaro (Jharkhand) 3. Talcher (Orissa) 4. Neyveli (Tamil
Nadu
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CHAPTER 6
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
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Manufacturing

❖ It is the Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw

materials to more valuable products.

❖ People employed in the secondary activities manufacture the primary

materials into finished goods such as the workers employed in steel
factories, car, breweries, etc.

❖ The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of

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manufacturing industries.
Importance of Manufacturing: ·

❖ Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture and reduce the

heavy dependence of people on agricultural income

❖ Providing jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

❖ · Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of

unemployment and poverty from India.

❖ It is aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing

industries in tribal and backward areas.
Relation between Agriculture and Industry:·-

❖ The agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by

raising its productivity.·

❖ The industries depends on agriculture for raw materials and sell their
products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides,
plastic and PVC pipes, tools, etc.
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: Industry – Market
Linkage
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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

1. Tools, implements, fertilisers, tractors, etc. are supplied by:
(a) government (b) industry
(c) people (d) none of these
Ans : (b) industry
2. Which one of the following organizations is responsible for the
marketing of steel of the Public Sector Undertaking?
(a) TISCO (b) IISCO
(c) BHEL (d) SAIL
Ans : (d) SAIL
Which of the following country is the largest producer of jute in the
3. world?
(a) India (b) Pakistan
(c) Bangladesh (d) Nepal
Ans : (c) Bangladesh
4. Iron and steel industry is an example of which industry?
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(a) Basic industry

(b) Mineral based industry
(c) Both of the above
(d) None of these
Ans : (c) Both of the above
5. Industries cause ......... pollution.
(a) land (b) water
(c) air (d) noise
Ans : (c) air
6. Which of the following is a mineral based product?
(a) WoolIen (b) Tea
(c) Cotton (d) Cement
Ans : (d) Cement
7. Which one of the following is manufactured at Salem?
(a) Steel (b) Cotton
(c) Aluminum (d) Copper
Ans : (a) Steel
8. In what ratio are iron ore, coking coal and limestone required to
make steel?
(a) 4 : 2 : 1
(b) 4 : 1 : 2
(c) 4 : 3 : 1
(d) 4 : 3 : 2
Ans: (a) 4 : 2 : 1
9. Most of the integrated steel plants in India are located in
(a) Malwa Plateau
(b) Bundelkhand Plateau
(c) Meghalaya Plateau
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(d) Chotanagpur Plateau

Ans: (d) Chotanagpur Plateau
10 In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a
. statement of reason. Mark the correct choice as :
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the
correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Assertion : The economic strength of the country is measured
by the development of manufacturing industries.
Reason : India’s prosperity lies in diversifying its manufacturing
industries,
Ans : (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not
the correct explanation of assertion.
11 In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a
. statement of reason. Mark the correct choice as :
(a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the
correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Assertion : Chemical industries are lagging behind in India.
Reason : Only small scale industries are present and growth of
this industry is very less comparatively.
Ans : (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
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12
.

Fill the column.

(a) Joint sector (b) Basic or key industries (c) secondary sector (d)
Individual sector
Ans: (a) Joint sector
13
.

Name the industry process?

(a)sugar (b)copper (c)Jute (d)cotton
Ans(d)cotton
14
.

Identify the industry.

(a)Strip coasting aluminum mill (b)coal mine

(c) chemical industry (d) Fertilizer Industry
Ans: (a)Strip coasting aluminum mill
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15
.

Identify the product in this factory.

(a) Cables (b) cotton machines (c) Automobiles (d) computers

Ans(:(a) cables
16
.

Identify the picture. (a)nuclear plant (b)thermal plant

(c)solar plant (d)none of the above
Ans(b) thermal plant
17 Complete the following table:
. Some industries are Give two examples
based on source of raw
materials
A:?
B:?
a. A-fertilizers ,B-Chemicals
b. A-electricals B-Electronics
c. A-Sugar B- iron and steel
d. none of these
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ans.c. A-Sugar B-iron and steel

18 Column A Column B
. a.leading centre of i.Mumbai
automobile industry
b.A software technology ii.Gurgaon
park
c.Software technology iii.Bhubaneshwar
park in Kerala
d.A leading centre of iv.Thiruvananthapuram
cotton textile industry
A.a-iv,b-ii,c-iii,d-i
B.a-iv,b-iii,c-i,d-ii
C.a-ii,b-iii,c-iv,d-i
D. a-ii,b-iii,c-iv,d-i
Ans.a-ii,b-iii,c-iv,d-i

19 Matrix match :choose the best option:

Column A Column B
a.cotton textile 1.Bokaro
b.iron and steel plants 2.Surat
c.software parks 3.Russian Collaboration
d.Bhilai steel plant 4.Noida
A.a-4,b-2,c-1,d-3
B.a-2,b-1,c-4,d-3
C.a-2.b-4,c-1.d-3
D.a-4,b-3,c-1,d-2
Ans.Ba-2,b-1,c-4,d-3
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20 Analyse the table and answer:

. Year Production (in metric
tonnes per annum)
2010-11 68.62
2011-12 75.70
2012-13 81.68
2013-14 87.67
2014-15 92.16
2015-16 91.00
2016-17 101.3

Why the per capita consumption of steel is so low in in India?

(a)High costs and limited availability of coking coal.
(b)Low productivity of labour.
(c)Disrupted supply of electricity
(d)All of the above.
21

Identify the image

(a)Water management plant (b) Nuclear power reactor
(c)Refinery (d) Sewage plant
Ans.d. Sewage plant
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYP E OF QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
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1. Why is the iron and steel industry called the basic industry?
It precedes heavy machines and tools.
On it depends on several large, medium, small and cottage industries.
2. Write 2 important features of aluminium?
It is light and resistant to corrosion. Good conductor of heat
3. Name the 2 agro based industries of India?
Textile industry and Sugar industry
4. Give examples of the following:
(i)Manufacturing industries (ii) Argo based industries (iii)mineral based
industries (iv) small scale industries , (v) large scale industries
Ans:

5. What is manufacturing?
Ans : Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw
material to more valuable products is called as manufacturing
6. What is agglomeration economies?
Ans : Many industries that tend to come together to make use of the
advantages offered by the urban centers like markets and services are
known as agglomeration economies.
7. What are light industries?Give examples.
Ans: Industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods are
called light industries.
Example: Industries manufacturing sewing machine and electric fans.
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8. Name two most important sugar producing states of India.

Ans:Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra.
9. Name three human inputs that control location of industries.
Ans:Human inputs that control location of industries is:1. Labour 2. Market
3. Transport facilities.
10 Mention the industries on the basis of ownership.
. Ans
Category Examples
1. Public Sector BHEL, SAIL,
Industries etc
2. Private Sector Tata Steel,
Industries Bajaj Auto
Ltd.
3. Joint Sector Oil India Ltd.
Industries
4. Cooperative Sector Sugar
Industries Industry in
Maharashtra.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE OF QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)
1. “Agriculture gives boost to the industrial sector.” Support the
statement with arguments.
Ans :
i. Agriculture gives boost to the industrial sector:
ii. Agriculture provides raw material to industries.
iii. Agriculture provides market for industrial
products.
iv. Agriculture helps boost new industrial products.
v. The industries such as cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar
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and edible oil, etc., are based on agricultural raw materials.

2. Why has the Chota Nagpur Region maximum concentration of
iron and steel industries? Explain any three.
Ans : Factors responsible for concentration of iron and steel
industries in Chhota Nagpur Plateau:
a) Low cost of iron-ore
b) High grade raw material in proximity.
c) Cheap labour.
d) Vast growth potential in the home market.
e) Good transport connectivity.
f) Availability of water resources.
3. Classify industries on the basis of their main role. How are they
different from each other?
Ans : According to their main role:
a) Basic or key industries which supply their products or raw
materials to manufacture other goods e.g., Iron and steel and
copper smelting, aluminium smelting.
b) Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by
consumers-sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc,
4. What is the importance of the Information Technology sector for
the Indian economy? Explain.
Ans :The importance of IT sector is as follows:
a) It has provided employment to over one million people.
b) This industry is said to be a major foreign exchange earner.
c) It has helped in the growth of the service sector.
d) It provides employment to innumerable men and women.
5. “Environmental degradation has been seen everywhere.”
Explain any three values that can help to prevent
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environment degradation.
Ans :Steps to minimise environmental degradation:
a) Optimum utilisation of equipments, adopting latest
techniques.
b) Upgrading existing equipments.
c) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilization.
d) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance.
e) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond
management, water recycling system and liquid waste
management.
6. “The textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy.”
Explain with examples.
Answer:
a.It contributes 14 per cent to industrial production.
b.It generates employment for 35 million persons.
c.It earns foreign exchange which is 24.6 per cent of the total earnings.
d.It contributes 4 per cent towards GDP.
e.It is self-reliant and complete in the value chain e., raw material to the
highest value added products
LONG ANSWER TYPE OF QUESTIONS(5 MARKS)
1. Why is the economic strength of a country measured by the
development of manufacturing industries? Explain with
examples.
Answer :
The economic strength of a country is measured by the
development of manufacturing industries. Manufacturing sector is
considered the backbone of development in general and economic
development in particular mainly because:
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a) Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising

agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy, but
also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural
income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary
sector.
b) Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of
unemployment and poverty from our country.
c) It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by
establishing industries in tribal and backwards areas.
d) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce,
and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
e) Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety
of furnished goods of higher value are prosperous
2. Explain any five measures to control industrial pollution in India.
Ans :Five ways to reduce industrial pollution are listed below:
a) Restructuring the manufacturing processes to reduce or
eliminate pollutants, through a process called pollution
prevention.Creating cooling ponds, which are man¬made and
are designed to cool the heated waters from industries by
evaporation, condensation and radiation.
b) Filtration of sewage in water treatment plants attached to
industries.
c) Instructing industries to be set-up far from residential areas.
d) Backing the constitutional provisions by a number of laws-acts,
rules, and notifications.
3. How do industries pollute water? Suggest any two measures to
control water pollution.
Ans : Most important are the industrial effluents that are discharged
into rivers. They are both organic and inorganic. Coal, dyes,
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pesticides, fertilisers, plastic are some common pollutants of water.

Industrial wastes containing toxic metals pollute the water.
Suggestions to control water pollution:
a) Water should be reused and recycled to maximise its usage.
b) Rainwater should be harvested to meet water requirements.
c) Hot water and effluents should be treated before releasing in
river and ponds.
d) Overdrawing of groundwater reserves by industry where there is
a threat to ground water resources also need to be regulated
legally.
4. Explain the pro-active approach adopted by the National
Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the
natural environment and resources.
Answer :
The pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power
Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the natural environment:
a) Optimum utilisation of equipment, adopting latest techniques
and upgrading existing equipment.
b) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
c) Green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing
the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.
d) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond
management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste
management.
e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database
management for all its power stations.
5. Evaluate the factors which are responsible for the location of jute
industry in West Bengal.
Answer:
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Factors for the concentration of jute mills in West Bengal:

a) Proximity of the jute producing areas.
b) Inexpensive water transport.
c) Abundant water.
d) Cheap and skilled labour.
e) Port facilities.
f) Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking and
insurance facilities,
CASE BASED QUESTIONS(4 MARKS)
1. Read the passage given and answer the questions
India stands second as a world producer of sugar but occupies the first
place in the production of gur and khandsari. The raw material used in this
industry is bulky, and in haulage its sucrose content reduces. The mills are
located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. Sixty per
cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. This industry is seasonal in
nature so, it is ideally suited to the cooperative sector. In recent years,
there is a tendency for the mills to shift and concentrate in the southern
and western states, especially in Maharashtra, This is because the cane
produced here has a higher sucrose content. The cooler climate also
ensures a longer crushing season. Moreover, the cooperatives are more
successful in these states
1.1 Why there is a tendency for the sugar mills to shift and
concentrate in the southern and western states?
Ans: This is because the cane produced here has a higher sucrose content
The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season. Moreover, the
cooperatives are more successful in these states.
.2 Mention the largest concentration of sugar mills.
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11.3What is the raw material used in the above mentioned industry?

Ans:Sugarcane Ans: Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
1.4 What type of industry is sugar?
Seasonal, it is ideally suited to the cooperative sector
2. Read the passage given and answer the questions
NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO
certification for EMS (Environment Management System) 14001. The
corporation has a proactive approach for preserving the natural
environment and resources like water, oil and gas and fuels in places
where it is setting up power plants.
2.1 What is the full form of NTPC?
National Thermal power corporation
2.2 What does the organization aims at?
Preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil and gas
and fuels .
.3 Expand EMS
Environment Management System.
2.4 Give an example of this power station
Ramagundam plant(any thermal plant)
QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE
1. Explain any three factors responsible for the location of cotton textile
industry in Mumbai and Ahmadabad
2. Why is iron and steel industry called a basic industry? Explain
3. India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world.
Yet we are not able to perform to our full potential.” Suggest and
explain any three measures to get full potential
4. Examine the impact of liberalisation on automobile industry of India
5. Describe the main features of chemical industry in India.
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MAP QUESTIONS
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CHAPTER-7
LIFELINE OF NATIONAL ECONOMY
❖ The modes of transportation and communication like railways, airways,
waterways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema, internet, etc are
contributing to India’s socio-economic progress by linking India with the
world.

Transport in India

❖ The movement of goods and services from supply locations to Demand

locations is termed as transportation.
❖ The efficient Means of transportation is a necessary condition for fast
development of a country.
❖ There are different means of transport through which movement of these
goods and services is done over three important domains of the earth i.e.,
land,waterandair.
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Classification of Roads on the basis of Material:

❖ Metalled Roads, made of Cement, all Weather Road
❖ Unmetalled Roads not usable in Rainy Season.
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Railways: -
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COMMUNICATION:
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Roadways
India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to about
54.7 lakh km. The growing importance of road transport over rail transport is
mentioned below:
❖ The construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines.
❖ Roads can cover more geographically harder locations that cannot be
done by the railways.
❖ Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and can be easily built-in
traverse mountains such as the Himalayas.
❖ Road transport is economical.
❖ It also provides door-to-door service .
❖ Road transport provides links between railway stations, air and seaports.

In India, roads are classified in the following six classes according to their
capacity.
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Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways

❖ Golden Quadrilateral is a network of Highways connecting India’s four
top metropolitan cities, namely Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai. These
highway projects are being implemented by the National Highway
Authority of India
National Highways (NHAI).
❖ The National highways are a network of trunk roads that are laid and
maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD). The
historical Sher-Shah Suri
❖ Marg is called National Highway No.1, between Delhi and Amritsar.
State Highways
❖ Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are
known as State Highways.
❖ These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public
Works Department (PWD).
District Roads
❖ These roads connect the district headquarters with other places of the
district.
❖ These roads are maintained by the Zila Parishad.
Other Roads
❖ Rural roads, which link rural areas and villages with towns, are classified
under this category.
❖ These roads received special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen
Sadak Yojana.
Border Roads
Border Roads Organisation constructs and maintains roads in the bordering
areas of the country.
❖ This organisation was established in 1960 for the development of the
roads of strategic importance in the northern and north-eastern border
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areas.
Roads can also be classified on the basis of the type of material used for
their construction such as:
❖ Metalled roads may be made of cement, concrete or even bitumen of
coal. These are all-weather roads.
❖ Unmetalled roads go out of use in the rainy season.
Railways
❖ Railways are the principal mode of transportation for carrying huge loads
and bulky goods for long and short distances in India.
❖ Railways have become more important in India’s economy. However, rail
transport suffers from certain problems as well, which are mentioned
below:
❖ Construction of bridges is required across rivers’ wide beds for lying
down the railway lines.
❖ In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracks are laid
through low hills, gaps or tunnels.
❖ Himalayan mountainous regions are also unfavourable for the
construction of railway lines due to the highest elevation points in the
surface, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities.
It is difficult to lay railway lines on sandy plains.
Pipelines

❖ Pipeline network uses pipes, usually underground, to transport and

distribute fluids.

❖ These are used to transport water, crude oil, petroleum products and
Natural gas, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants. Solids can also be
transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry.
There are 3 important networks of pipeline transportation in the country.

❖ From oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh)

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❖ From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab

❖ From Hazira in Gujarat to Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh

Waterways

❖ Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. They are most suitable
for carrying heavy and bulky goods. It is a fuel-efficient and
environment-friendly mode of transport.
The National Waterways in India are:

❖ N.W. No.1 – The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km).

❖ N.W. No.2 – The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri

(891km).

❖ N.W. No.3 – The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (Kottapurma-Kollam,

Udyogamandal and Champakkara canals-205 km).

❖ N.W. No.4 – Specified stretches of Godavari and Krishna rivers along

with Kakinada Puducherry stretch of canals (1078 km).

❖ N.W. No.5 – Specified stretches of river Brahmani along with Matai

river, delta channels of Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers and East Coast
Canal (588 km). Inland waterways in India are Mandavi, Zuari and
Cumberjua, Sunderbans, Barak and backwaters of Kerala through which
transportation takes place.
Major Sea Ports

❖ India’s trade with foreign countries is carried from the ports. There are 2
major and 200 notified non-majors (minor/intermediate) ports in India.
Here is the list of major ports in India:

❖ Kandla in Kachchh was the first port to be developed after independence.

It is also known as the Deendayal Port.
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❖ Mumbai is the biggest port with a spacious natural and well-sheltered

harbour.

❖ Marmagao port (Goa) is the premier iron ore exporting port of India.
Mangalore port, located in Karnataka caters to the export of iron ore. Kochchi
is the extreme south-western port, located at the entrance of a
lagoon.

❖ Tuticorin port is situated at the extreme south-east.

❖ Chennai is one of the oldest artificial ports of India.

❖ Visakhapatnam is the deepest landlocked and well-protected port

❖ Paradwip port located in Odisha, specialises in the export of iron ore.

❖ Kolkata is an inland riverine port.

❖ Haldia port was developed as a subsidiary port, in order to relieve

growing pressure on the Kolkata port.
Communication

❖ The major means of communication in India are television, radio, press,

films, etc.

❖ The Indian postal network is the largest in the world. It handles parcels as
well as personal written communications.

❖ First-class mail is airlifted between stations covering both land and air.

❖ Second-class mail includes book packets, registered newspapers and

periodicals. They are carried by surface mail, covering land and water
International Trade

❖ The exchange of goods among people, states and countries is referred to

as trade.
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❖ Trade between two countries is called international trade. It is

considered as the economic barometer for a country.

❖ Export and import are the components of trade. The balance of trade of a
country is the difference between its export and import.

❖ When the value of export exceeds the value of imports, it is called

a favourable balance of trade.

❖ If the value of imports exceeds the value of exports, it is termed as

an unfavourable balance of trade.
Tourism as a Trade
More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry.
Tourism in India:

❖ Promotes national integration .

❖ Provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits

❖ Helps in the development of international understanding about Indian

culture and heritage.

❖ Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco tourism, adventure
tourism, cultural tourism, medical tourism and business tourism.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following extreme locations are connected by the east
- west corridor?
(a) Mumbai - Nagpur (b) Mumbai and Kolkata (c) Silchar and
Porbandar (d) Nagpur and Siliguri
Ans. (c) Silchar and Porbandar
2. Which mode of transport reduces trans - shipment losses and
delay?
(a ) Railways (b) Pipelines (d) Waterways (c)
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Roadways
Ans. (b) Pipelines
3. Which one of the following States is not connected by H.V.J.
pipeline?
(a) Madhya Pradesh (b) Gujarat (c) Maharashtra (d) Uttar
Pradesh
Ans. (c) Maharashtra
4. Which one of the following ports is the deepest land - locked and
well protected port along east coast?
(a) Chennai (b) Paradwip (c) Visakhapatnam (d)
Tuticorin
Ans . (c) Visakhapatnam
5. Which one of the following is the oldest port of the eastern coast of
India?
(a) Kolkata (b) Visakhapatnam (c) Tuticorin (d) Chennai
Ans. (d) Chennai
6. Countries like Nepal and Bhutan are called:
(a) Coastal countries (b) gulf countries
(c) landlocked countries (d) none of these
Ans. (c) landlocked countries
7. Which one of the following ports is a tidal port?
(a) Mumbai (b) New Mangalore port (c) Visakhapatnam (d)
Kandla
Ans. (d) Kandla
8. What is the major objective of the Super Highways?
(a) To reduce time and distance between mega cities
(b) To compete with the railways in India None of these
(c) To break interstate barriers for the development of
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(d) None of these

Ans. (a) to reduce time and distance between mega cities
9. Border Roads Organisation (BRO) was established in
(a) 1965 (b) 1955 (c) 1970 (d) 1960
Ans. (d) 1960
National Waterway No.02 is between Sadiya to _________
(a) Dhubri (b) Haldia (c) Udyogamandal (d) Champakkara
Ans. (a) Dhubri
10. Identify the means of transportation from the picture.

(a)Subways (b)pipelines (c)Highways (d) flyover

Ans: Highways
11. 12. Identify the picture

(a) Sea port (b) airport (c) inland waterways (d) harbour
Ans: Sea port
12. In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a
statement of reason. Mark the correct choice as :
a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the
correct explanation of assertion.
b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
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correct explanation of assertion.

c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.
d) If Both assertion and reason are false.
Assertion: Tourism promotes national integration.
Reason: Millions of people are directly engaged in tourism
industry.
Ans: (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
correct explanation of assertion.
13. In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a
statement of reason. Mark the correct choice as :
Statement of reason. Mark the correct choice as :

a) If Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the

correct explanation of assertion.

b) If Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
correct explanation of assertion.

c) If Assertion is true but reason is false.

d) If Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Trade is considered as the economic barometer of the
country.
Reason : Trading helps largely in developing countries like India.
Advancement of trade is an index to its economic prosperity.
Ans : (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the
correct explanation of assertion.
Very Short Answer Type Questions(2 MARKS)

1. Why is tourism considered as a trade?

Answer: (i) Foreign tourist’s arrival in the country contributing to
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foreign exchange.

a) (ii) Many people are directly engaged in the tourism industry.

(iii) Tourism provides support to local handicrafts.
(iv) Tourists visit India for medical tourism, eco-tourism, adventure
tourism, cultural tourism and business tourism
(v) Any other relevant point.
(Any two points)
2. Why is there the need for transport system? Mention any one
reason.
Answer: The movement of goods and products from the supply
locations to demand locations (markets) necessitates the need for
transport.
3. Which are the different types of transport?
Answer: The transport can be classified into land, water and, air
transport.
Mention two types of airways.
Answer: Domestic Airways and International Airways.
4. What is road density?
Answer: The length of road per 100 sq. km of area is known as density
of roads.
5. When and where the first train steamed off in India?
Ans: In India, the first train steamed off from Mumbai to Thane in
1853, covering a distance of 34km.
6. The northern plains provide favourable conditions for the growth
of the railways. Mention any two.
Answer:
Vast level land.
High population density.
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7. Why railway track is laid with difficulty in Rajasthan?

Answer: It is difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of
Rajasthan.
8. What is the use of pipelines transport?
Answer: Pipelines are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum
products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to refineries,
fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants.
9. Which port was the first port developed after independence and
why?
Answer: Kandla in Kachchh was the first port developed after
independence to ease the volume of trade on Mumbai port in the wake
of loss of Karachi port of Pakistan after the Partition.
Short Answer Type Questions (3 Marks)
1. 1. Efficient means of transport are pre requisites for fast
development of the country. Support
the statement with examples.
Answer:
(i) For carrying passengers and things from one place to another.
(ii) Raw material can reach factories faster.
(iii) The movement of the finished goods from their supply locations to
demand locations necessitates
the need for transport.
(iv) Mobility of labour force also increases.
(v) Some people are engaged in facilitating the movements are known
as traders who make
the products come to the consumers by transportation.
(vi) Today, the world has been converted into a large village with the
help of efficient &fast-moving transport.
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2. Distribution of roads is not uniform in India. Support the statement

with examples.
Answer:
i. Density of roads uneven in all states.
ii. Kerala has high road density whereas Jammu Kashmir has very low
density of roads.
iii. About half of the total roads are unmetalled.
iv. Road network is not inadequate in India.
v. National Highways are inadequate.
3. Advancement of international Trade of a country is an index to its
economic prosperity.
Support the statement with examples.
Ans:
i. It is considered as the economic barometer of a country.
ii. Export and import are the components of a trade.
iii. When the value of export exceeds than value of import it is called
favourable balance of trade.
iv. International trade helps in earning foreign exchange.
v. India has trade relations with all major trading blocks of the world.
4. The Indian postal network is the largest in the world. Support the
statement with examples.
Answer:
i. It handles parcels as well as personal written communications.
ii. First class mails are air lifted between stations covering both Land
and air.
iii. Second class mail are carried by surface mail by land and water
transport.
iv. For quick delivery of mails, six channels are introduced.
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5. The pace of change in the communication sector has been rapid in

modern Times. Support the statement with examples.
Ans:Long distance communication is far easier without physical
movement of the communicator or receiver.
6. Why was Jawaharlal Nehru port developed?
Ans – Jawaharlal Nehru port is a subsidiary port mainly developed to
decongest the port of Mumbai and serve as a hub port for this region
Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks)
1. Roadways have an edge over the Railways.’’ Justify the statement.
Ans:Roadways have an edge over railways.
i. Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway liens.
ii. Road can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating
topography.
iii. Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can
traverse m ountains such as the Himalayas.
iv. Road transport economical in transpiration of few persons and
relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances.
v. It also provides door-to-door service, thus the cost of loading and
unloading is much lower.
vi. Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport
such as they provide a link between railway stations, air and ports.
2. Describe the role of mass communication in India.
Answer:
(i) Mass communication provides entertainment.
(ii) Creates awareness among people about various national
programmes and policies. It includes
radio, television, newspapers, magazines,books and films.
(iii) All India Radio (Akashwani) broadcasts a variety of programmes in
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national, regional and local languages.

3. Describe the benefits of Roadways.
Answer:
(i) Roads need less capital than the railways.
(ii) Road transport provides door-to-door service.
(iii) The road transport provides flexible service to men and materials.
(iv) Road transport is useful in small distances.
(v) Road transport is helpful in production of perishable goods as it
facilitates the distributionof perishable goods from point of production
to point of consumption.
(vi) Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can
traverse mountains such as the Himalayas.
(iv) Doordarshan broadcasts programmes of entertainment, educational,
sports, etc. for people of different age groups.
(v) India publishes a large number of newspapers and periodicals
annually
(vi) Newspapers are published in about 100 languages and dialects to
create awareness among people in different parts of the country.
(vii) India produces short films; video feature films and video short
films.
(viii) Mass media creates awareness among people on various socio-
economic and political issues.
4. . Describe the physical and economic factors that influence the
distribution pattern of the
Indian railways network.
Answer:
i. Northern Plain: Development due to level land, high population
density and rich agricultural
recourses.
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ii. Peninsular region and the Himalayan region; It is a hilly terrain. The
railway tracks are laid through low hills, gap or tunnels.
iii. Deserts of Rajasthan: It is very difficult to lay railway lines due to
sandy plain of western Rajasthan.
iv. Development not suitable in the Swamps of Gujarat, forested tracts
of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Jharkhand.
v. The contiguous stretch of Sahyadri could be crossed only through
gaps or passes.
vi. Although the Konkan railway along west coast has been developed
but it has also faced a number of problems such as sinking of track in
some stretches and landslides.
vii. Railways, being the principle of mode of transportation for freight
and passengers in India make it possible to conduct multifarious
activities like business, sightseeing, pilgrimage etc.
5. ‘‘Advancement of international trade of a country is an index to its
prosperity.’’ Support the statement with suitable examples.
Answer:
Advancement of international trade means, a country is getting involved
in trade with more and more foreign countries. This means that the
value of exports exceeds the value of imports. It is called favourable
balance of trade. For example- the developed countries. The following
points justify that advancement to international trade is an index of
prosperity:
1. Opening up of an economy to international trade facilitates import
and export. Following comparative advantage enables the economy to
produce more output than what was possible with its own resources.
2. The coming up of MNCs add to the employment opportunities in the
country.
3. The country also benefits from the technological and production
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efficiency brought by the MNCs.

4. Foreign trade enables a country to earn foreign exchange.
5. Foreign investment helps to accelerate the process of growth and
development in the country.
Thus, we can say that international trade paces up the process of growth
and development in the country, thereby; it can be seen as an index of
prosperity of the country.
6. Highlight the significance of pipelines as the means of
transportation, with the help of suitable examples.
Answer:
Significance of Pipelines:
i. Use for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas
from field to refineries.
ii. Solids can also be transported when converted into slurry.
iii. Inland locations of the refineries.
iv. Initial cost of laying is high but subsequent running cost is minimal.
v. It rules out trans-shipment losses or delays.
vi. Example- From oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur, Gas Pipeline
from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in UP.
7. Highlight any five major problems faced by road transport in
India.
Answer:Problems faced by the Road Transport
i. Inadequate Road network.
ii. About half of the roads are unmetalled.
iii. The National Highways are inadequate.
iv. Roadways are highly congested mainly in cities.
v. Most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow.
8. Why is air travel preferred in North-Eastern States of India?
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Explain with examples.

Air travel in the N-E states:
i. North Eastern states as a whole is dissected relief.
ii. It covers dense forests.
iii. Floods are frequent in these states.
iv. States have international frontiers along with.
v. other means of transport - road and railway network are inadequate
and not maintained properly.
vi. Air Travel saves time in spite of costly fare.
9. What is the significance of the border roads?
Answer – The significance of Border Roads is as mentioned below:
1. The Border Roads are vital road link along the frontiers of our
country.
2. These roads are of strategic importance.
3. These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain
mainly in the northern and northeastern border areas.
4. They have played a major role in the economic development of these
areas.
5. These roads are constructed and maintained by the Border Roads
Organization (a government of India undertaking) which was
established in 1960.
Case Based Questions (4 Marks)
1. Read the given text and answer the following questions:
Ever since humans appeared on the earth, they have used different
means of communication. But, the pace of change, has been rapid in
modern times. Long distance communication is far easier without
physical movement of the communicator or receiver. Personal
communication and mass communication including television, radio,
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press, films, etc. are the major means of 4 communication in the

country. The Indian postal network is the largest in the world. It handles
parcels as well as personal written communications. Cards and
envelopes are considered first-class mail and are airlifted between
stations covering both land and air. The second-class mail includes
book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals. They are carried
by surface mail, covering land and water transport. To
facilitate quick delivery of mails in large towns and cities, six mail
channels have been introduced recently. They are called Rajdhani
Channel, Metro Channel, Green Channel, Business Channel, Bulk Mail
Channel and Periodical Channel.
1.1 Examine the role of the Indian postal network. (1)
Answer:
(i) It has helped the country to engage in communication and social-
economic development.
(ii) It provides various facilities like speed post, business post,
registered post, ordinary post.
(iii) Any other relevant point (Any one)
1.2 Differentiate between mass communication and personal
communication. (1)
Answer:
(i) Mass Communication is the medium which provides entertainment
as well as creates awareness among the masses. It includes radio,
television, newspapers, magazines, books, films etc. whereas
Personal Communication is between person to person.
(ii) Any other relevant
point (Any one)
1.3 Analyse the significance of communication for a nation. (2)
Answer:
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(i) This is the age of communication using the telephone, television,

films, and the Internet. (ii) Even
books, magazines and newspapers are important means of
communication.
(iii) Various means of communication have connected the world closer.
(iv) It is the source of entertainment and knowledge.
(v) Any other relevant point (Any one)
2. Read the extract and answer the questions that follows:
Today, the world has been converted into a large village with the help
of efficient and fast-moving transport. Transport has been able to
achieve this with the help of equally developed communication
System. Therefore, transport, communication and trade are
complementary to each other. Today, India is well-linked with the rest
of the world despite its vast size, diversity and linguistic and socio-
cultural plurality. Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio,
television, cinema and internet, etc. have been contributing to its socio-
economic progress in many ways. The trades from local to international
levels have added to the vitality of its economy. It has enriched
our life and added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for
the comforts of life. It is thus, evident that a dense and efficient network
of transport and communication is a prerequisite for local, national and
global trade of today.
2.1-Why is there a need to interlink with the world? (1)
Answer:
For development, advancement and globalization
2.2-Why are means of transportation and communication
important for socio- economic progress? (2)
Answer:
i. They are the very basis of industries and trade of country.
 P a g e | 317

ii. Create job employment opportunities.

iii. Help to grow economy.
iv. Transport maintains the movement of persons and products from one
region to another region of
the country.
v. in sending and receiving messages.
vi. Interlinking world vii. Increases awareness among the people at
national level.
viii. Help in defending the independence and the national unity of a
country.
ix. Any other relevant point. (Any two points to be explained)
 P a g e | 318

CIVICS
 CHAPTER-1
POWER SHARING

INTRODUCTION
 In democracy, any one organ of government does not own all power.
 Power is shared among legislature, executive and judiciary in democratic
country.
BELGIUM
 Belgium was a small country in Europe with one crore population.
 Belgium has complex racial composition.

Out of total population-

59% Flemish people speaks Dutch
40% Wallonia people speaks French
1% Belgian people speaks German.

 In capital city – Brussels, 80% speaks French while 20% speaks Dutch
 Minor and rich French-speaking peoples were hated by Dutch speaking
peoples
ACCOMODATION IN BELGIUM
 Belgium leaders recognised diversity in country
 Between 1970 and 1993, They made many changes in constitution to ensure
 unity in country
 They framed out a Belgium model in innovative ways

SRI LANKA
 Sri Lanka is an island nation in South Asia with two crore population
 Sri Lanka has diverse population in which-
74% are Sinhala – speakers
18% are Tamil – speakers. (13% are Sri Lankan Tamils and 5% are Indian
Tamils).
  Sri Lankan Tamils are more in north and east of country
 Most Sinhalese are Buddhist while Tamils are Hindus or Muslims
 About 7% Christians are both Tamilians and Sinhalese
MAJORITARIANISM IN SRI LANKA
Sri Lanka got independence in 1948.
SRI LANKAN TAMILS
 Sri Lankan Tamils demanded for
 Tamil as an official language
 Self-rule in their regions
 Equal opportunities in job and education
 Independent Tamil Eelam (state) in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka
 But their demands were denied by the government .
 As a result, civil war occurred between Sri Lankan Tamils and Sinhalese.
 War killed thousands of people in both communities .

FOLLOWING TWO REASONS FAVOUR POWER SHARING :-

Prudential (Common sense reasons) says that: -
 Power sharing helps to avoid conflicts between social groups
 It ensures political stability
 It focuses that power sharing brings better results

Moral (good reasons) says that: –

 Power sharing is spirit of democracy
 Democratic rule involves power sharing among peoples.
 It focuses on power sharing as valuable

FORMS OF POWER SHARING: -

Forms of power-sharing
Power is shared among different organs of government:
 Legislature, executive and judiciary is call this horizontal
distribution of power
 It allows different organs of government placed at the same level
to exercise different powers.
 Ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power.
 Each organ checks the others.
 This results in a balance of power among various institutions.
 This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.
Power can be shared among governments at different levels
 a general government for the entire country and governments at
the provincial or regional level.
 A general government for the entire country is usually called
federal government.
Power may also be shared among different social groups
 The religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community government’ in
Belgium is a good example of this arrangement.
Power sharing arrangements in the way political parties, pressure
groups and movements control or influence those in power.

MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Which one of the following countries does not share its boundary with
Belgium?
(a)France (b) Netherlands (c) Sweden (d) Luxembourg
Ans: (c) Sweden
2. In Belgium, the percentage of French community is:
(a)54% (b) 40%(c) 30% (d) 20%
Ans: (b) 40%
3. Which language is dominantly spoken in Belgium?
(a)Dutch (b) Spanish(c) France (d) Italian
Ans: (a) Dutch
4. Power struggle demanding separate Eelam was launched by:
(a)Sinhalese (b) Buddhists(c) Tamilians (d) none of these
Ans: (c) Tamilians
5. Which of the following is the capital city of Belgium?
(a)Bruges (b) Brussels(c) Ghent (d) Antwerp
Ans: (b) Brussels
6. Belgium shares its border with:
(a)France (b) Germany (c) Luxembourg (d) all of the above
Ans: (d) all of the above
7. What is the percentage of Sinhala-speaking people in Sri Lanka?
(a)74% (b) 75%(c) 14% (d) 19%
Ans: (a) 74%
8. Power shared among governments at different levels is also called:
 (a)horizontal distribution (b) vertical distribution
(c) slant distribution (d) none of the above
Ans: (b) vertical distribution
9. A war-like conflict between two opposite groups in a country is
called_________.
(a)Cold war (b) Civil war(c) Ethnic war (d) None of these
Ans: (b) Civil war
10. Which of the following is not the benefit of power sharing?
(a) It upholds the spirit of democracy.
(b) Political parties get their expected share.
(c) It ensures political stability in the long-run.
(d) It reduces the possibility of conflicts between social groups.
Ans: Ans: (b) Political parties get their expected share
11. An Act of recognizing Sinhala as the official language was signed
in_________.
1942 (b) 1956 (c) 1954 (d) 1948
Ans: (b) 1956
12. Assertion: Power should reside with one person and group located at
one place in a democracy.
Reason: If the power is dispersed, it will not be possible to take
decision quickly and enforce it.
(a)If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
(b)If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct
explanation of assertion.
(c)If assertion is true but reason is false.
 (d)If both assertion and reason are false
Ans: (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
In a good democratic government, due respect is given to diverse groups
and views that exist in the society. Hence, political power should be
distributed among citizens.
13. Assertion: Power Sharing is good.
Reason: It leads to ethical tension.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct
explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false
Ans: (c) Assertion is true but reason is false. /
Power Sharing is good because it helps in reducing the chances of conflict
between different social groups and ensures stability of the political
system.
14. Power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of:
(a) Population (b) Political order(c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of the
above
Ans: (b) political order
15. Power struggle demanding separating Eelam was launched by:
(a)Sinhalese (b) Buddhists (c) Tamilians (d) none of the above
Ans: (c) Tamilians
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Which factor is responsible for increasing the feeling of alienation
 among the Sri Lankan Tamils?
Ans: Majoritarianism
2. What does the system of ‘checks and balances’ ensure in power
sharing?
Ans: That none of the organs of the government can exercise unlimited
power.
3. What is the state religion of Sri Lankan?
Ans: Buddhism.
4. What is Power Sharing‟?
Ans: Power sharing means the distribution of power among the organs of
the government such as the legislature, executive and judiciary.
5. What are the languages spoken in Belgium?
Ans: Belgium is composed of four language areas: the Dutch language
area, the French language area, the German language area and the bilingual
Brussels-Capital area.
6. What are the languages spoken in Belgium?
Ans: Belgium is composed of four language areas: the Dutch language
area, the French language area, the German language area and the bilingual
Brussels-Capital area.
7. Where is Sri Lanka located?
Ans: Sri Lanka is an island in the Indian Ocean, located to the south of
Indian Subcontinent. sprawling over the area of 65,525 Sq. km.
8. Which type of powers does the Community Government of Belgium
enjoys'?
Ans: This government has the power regarding culture, education and
language related issues.
9. What was Tamil Eelam?
Ans: It was to be an independent state as demanded by Sri Lankan Tamils
10. Name the third level government of Belgium.
Ans: Community Government
11. Name the countries with which Belgium shares its boundaries.
Ans: Belgium shares its boundaries with France, Netherlands, Germany
and Luxembourg.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. “Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy”. Justify this statement
with three suit able points.
Ans: Power sharing keeps up with the ‘Spirit’ of Democracy as:
i. Power sharing ensures that all people have stake in government.
ii. Power sharing ensures maximum participation.
iii. It upholds the concept of people’s rule. It always brings better
outcomes in democracy
iv. It ensures the political stability in democracy.
v. Power sharing accommodation diverse groups. It helps to reduce the
possibility of conflict between social groups .

2. Explain any three elements of the Belgium model of power sharing.

Ans: The main elements of the Belgium model of power sharing includes:
i. Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-
speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central Government.
ii. Special laws require the support of majority of members from each
linguistic group. Thus, no single community can make decisions
unilaterally.
iii. Many powers of the Central Government have been given to State
Governments of the two regions of the country.
 iv. The State Governments are not subordinate to the Central
Government.
v. Brussels had a separate government in which both the communities
have equal representation.

3. Why power sharing is necessary in democracy? Explain.

Ans: (i)Prudential reasons:
(a) It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.
Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability.
(b) It is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.
(c) Imposing the will of majority community over others may look like an
attractive option in the short run, but in the long run it undermines the
unity of the nation.
(ii) Moral reasons:
(a) Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule
involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise and who
have to live with its effect.
4. Explain any three consequences of the majoritarian policies adopted
by the Sri Lankan Government.
Ans: Consequences of majoritarian policies adopted by Sri Lankan
Government were:
 Tamils felt the government was not sensitive about Tamil language
and culture because Sinhala was declared the official language.
 Tamils felt discriminated against securing jobs and education which
were given preferentially to the Sinhala speakers.
 Tamils felt the government was practicing religious discrimination
because the State fostered Buddhism.
  Relations between Tamils and Sinhalese became strained.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. How majoritarianism has increased the feeling of alienation among
the Sri Lankan Tamils? Explain.
Ans:
 Government adopted majoritarian measure to establish Sinhala
Supremacy. In 1956, an Act was passed to recognize Sinhala as the
only, official language thus disregarding Tamil.
 The governments followed preferential politics that favored Sinhala
applicants for university positions and government jobs.
 A new Constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster
Buddhism.
 Sri Lankan Tamils felt that none of the major political parties led by
the Buddhist Sinhala leaders were sensitive to their language and
culture.
 As a result, the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil
communities strained overtime and it soon turned into a Civil War.
2. State the main elements of the power sharing model evolved in
Belgium.
Ans: The main elements of the power-sharing model evolved in Belgium
were:
1.Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking
ministers shall be equal in the Central Government
 some special laws require the support of majority of members from
each linguistic group. Thus, no single community can make
decisions unilaterally.
 2. Many powers of the Central Government have been given to State
Governments of the two regions of the country.
 The State Governments are not subordinated to the Central
Government.
3. Brussels had a separate government in which both the communities have
equal representation.
4. Apart from the central and the state government, there is a third kind of
government called the Community Government.
5. This community government is elected by people belonging to one
language community—Dutch, French and German-speaking.
This government has the power regarding cultural, educational and
language related issues
3. What are the different forms of power-sharing in modern
democracies? Give an example of each of these.
Ans: In modern democracies, the different forms of power sharing are
given below with an example of each:
i. Power sharing among different organs of government: such as the
legislature, executive and judiciary. It is called horizontal
distribution pf power
ii. Power sharing among governments at different levels:
There are governments at the National, State and Local levels.
iii. Power sharing among different social groups:
Sometimes religious and linguistic groups to share power as is the
case in Belgium where there is a “community government” which
is elected by people belonging to one language community no
matter where they live.
 iv. Power sharing among political parties, pressure groups and
movements:
In a democracy political party, pressure groups and movements
control or influence those in power.

CASE BASED QUESTIONS(4 marks)

1. Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow:
Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the
legislature, executive and judiciary. Let us call this horizontal distribution
of power because it allows different organs of government placed at the
same level to exercise different powers. Such a separation ensures that
none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the
others. This results in a balance of power among various institutions. Last
year we studied that in a democracy, even though ministers and
government officials exercise power, they are responsible to the
Parliament or State Assemblies. Similarly, although judges are appointed
by the executive, they can check the functioning of executive or laws made
by the legislatures. This arrangement is called a system of checks and
balances.
a. In which form of Power sharing power has shared among
different organs of the government?
Ans: Horizontal distribution of Power sharing.
b. What is the Power sharing?
Ans: Shared the power between different organs and different level of the
government.
c. What does the system of ‘checks and balances’ ensure in power
sharing?
Ans:That none of the organs of the government can exercise unlimited
power.
 PREVIOUS YEAR CBSE QUESTIONS
1. Describe the elements of Belgian model for accommodating diversities.
2. Describe the horizontal power-sharing arrangements.
3. What were the reasons for the alienation of Sri Lankan Tamils? What was
the effect of this on Sri Lankan Tamils?
4. Why is Power sharing good for democracy? Give any three suitable
arguments.
5. What led to the ethnic tension in Belgium? Why was it more acute in
Brussels?
 CHAPTER-2
FEDERALISM

FEDERALISM

TYPES FEATURES DECENTRALISATION

What is Federalism: -
Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authori
Key Features of Federalism Government: -
 There are two or more levels of Governments.
 Different tiers of government govern the same citizens.
 The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in the con
 The fundamental provisions of the constitution can possibly be changed only by the co
 Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of different levels
 For financial autonomy source of revenue for each level of government are clearly spe
 Main objective is to safeguard and promote unity of country while accommodating reg

Types of Government: -
Federal Government
Two or more levels of
governments.
Central government cannot
Unitary Government
State governments are
answerable to central
government.
Central government can
 order the state government to
do something.
State government has powers
of its own for which it is not
answerable to the central
government.
Examples :- India, Canada,
Germany
Types of Federalism: -
 Coming together Federation
 Holding together Federation
order the state government to
do something.
Only one level of
government or the sub-units
are subordinate to the central
government.
Example :- France, China,
Japan

Coming together Federation: - Independent units come together on their own to form a large
Holding together Federation: - Large country decides to divide its powers among the cons
powerful. Example: - India, Spain .-
FEATURES OF INDIAN FEDERATION: -
 Three list system-(i) Union list, (ii) State list (iii) Concurrent list, (iv) Residuary list.
 Special status to some states
 Smaller units enjoy limited power- Union territory
 Bilateral decision
Independent judiciary

FEDERALISM PRACTISED IN INDIA:-

 Linguistic states-This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language live
 Language Policy-Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognized as Scheduled
 Centre-State Relations-Coalition Government: -
 When two or more political parties come together to form a government.
  Decentralisation-When power is taken away from Central and State government and giv
DECENTRALISATION IN INDIA: -
 Constitutional Amendment Act 1992
Local self-government

MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS

Which type of government does the Belgium have?
(a)Federal (b) Communist(c) Unitary (d) Central
Ans: (a) Federal
Belgium shifted from a unitary form of government to:
(a)democratic (b) federal(c) authoritarian (d) none of the above
Ans: (b) federal
In federalism, power is divided between various constituent units and:
(a)central authority(b) state (c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of the above
Ans: (a) central authority
Which countries follow the unitary system of government?
(a) Belgium, Spain and India
(b) USA Japan and Belgium
(c) United Arab Emirates, China and Sri Lanka
(d) France, Germany and India
Ans: (c) USA Japan and Belgium
In federal system, central government cannot order the:
(a)principal (b) local government
(c) state government (d) none of the above
Ans: (c) state government
A system of government in which power is divided between a central
authority and various constituent unit of the country is called
(a)Federalism (b) Communalism (c) Socialism (d) Democracy
Ans: (a) Federalism
State government has powers of its own for which it is not answerable to
the:
(a)central government(b) judiciary (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of the above
Ans: (b) judiciary
Which country is an example of coming together federation?
(a)Belgium (b) USA(c) Sri Lanka (d) India
Ans: (b) USA
Power to interpret the constitution is with the:
(a) courts (b) judiciary(c) state government (d) none of the above
Ans: (b) judiciary
In Unitary form of government
(a)all the power is divided between the centre/union and the state provincial
government.
(b)all the power is with the citizens.
(c)State Government has all the powers
(d)Power is concentrated with the Central Government.
Ans: (d) power is concentrated with the Central Government
Assertion: Belgium and Spain have ‘holding together’ federation.
Reason: A big country divides power between constituent states and
national government.
a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation
of assertion.
b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct
explanation of assertion.
c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
d) If both assertion and reason are false.
e) Ans: (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
Assertion: A major step towards decentralization was taken in 1992 by
amending the constitution.
Reason: Constitution was amended to make the third tier of democracy
more powerful and effective.
a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation
of assertion.
b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct
explanation of assertion.
c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Ans: (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation
of assertion
_______________is the head of urban local government.
(a) Sarpanch (b) Ward commissioner (c) Mukhiya (d) Mayor
Ans: (d) Mayor
When power is taken away from state governments and is given to local
government, it is called_________________.
(a)Decentralization (b) Centralization
(c) Panchayat Samiti (d) Federalism
Ans: (a)Decentralization
Who can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the Union list?
(a)Local Government (b) State Government
(c) Union Government(d) State and Union
Ans: (c) Union Government
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
What1 other factors besides politics keep the federations united?
Ans: . Besides politics, other factors which keep the federations united are
culture, ideology and history. Culture of trust, cooperation, mutual respect and
restraint has also helped in the smooth functioning of nations
What was the main objective of the Constitutional Amendment made in
1992 in India?
Ans: The main objective of the Constitutional Amendment in 1992 was to
strengthen the three-tier system of governance, i.e., make the Panchayati Raj
Institution and the urban local bodies more powerful and effective
What status has been given to the ‘Hindi’ language by the Constitution of
India?
Ans: Hindi has been given the status of ‘Official language’ by the Constitution
of India.
Much of the official work in Indian States is done in which language?
Ans: Much of the official work in Indian States is done in the official language
of the concerned state.
WhatisFederalism?
Ans: Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided
between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.
What is a coalition government?
Ans: A government by the coming together of two or more political parties is
called coalition government.
What is a Gram Panchayat?
Ans: It is a council consisting of several ward members, often called Panch, and
a President or Sarpanch. It is the decision -making body for the entire village.
What constitutes the Zila Parishad?
Ans: All panchayat samities and mandals in a district together constitute the
zila parishad.
Who are the Political heads of the municipality and gram panchayat?
Ans: Mayor and Sarpanch are the Political heads of the municipality and gram
panchayat respectively.
For whom, seats are reserved in the local government bodies?
Ans: Seats are reserved for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other
Backward Classes. One- third of all are positions are reserved for women.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Describe any three provisions of amendment made in Indian constitution
in 1992 for making. ‘Three-Tier’ government more effective and powerful.
Ans:
 Now it is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to local
government bodies.
 Seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these
 institutions for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other
Backward Classes.
 At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women.
 An independent institution called the State Election Commission has
been created in each state to conduct panchayat and municipal elections.
The state governments are required to share some powers and revenue with
local government bodies.
“Local governments have made a significant impact on Indian democracy.
At the same time there are many difficulties.” Explain
Ans: Impact of local self-government on Indian democracy:
a. Constitutional status for local government has helped to deepen
democracy.
b. it has increased women’s representation and voice in our democracy.
Difficulties:
 Gram Sabhas is not held regularly.
 Most state governments have not transferred significant powers to local
government.
 State governments do not provide adequate resources.

Why did the makers of our Constitution declare India to be a ’Union of

States’? Why were some sub-political units of India given a special status?
Ans:
a. India became a Union of States because it consisted of both British-ruled
territories as well as many princely states. Some sub-political units of India
have a special status.
b.French and Portuguese-ruled territories were given the status of Union
territory.
c.Jammu & Kashmir joined India on a special condition.
d.Some units were too small to become independent states. They were made
Union Territories.
e.Mizoram in the north-cast have been given a special status as they have a
large tribal population with a distinct history arid culture.
Differentiate between ‘Coming together Federation’ and ‘Holding
Together Federation’, with examples.
Ans: Difference between ‘Coming Together Federation’ and‘Holding Together
Federation’:
 ‘Coming Together Federations’ are Formed when independent states
come together to form a bigger state and ‘Holding Together Federations’
are formed when a large country decides to divide itself into sub units.
 In Coming Together Federations’ the state governments are strong,
whereas in ‘Holding Together Federations’, the central government is
strong.
 In ‘Coming Together Federations’, all states governments have equal
powers but in ‘Holding Together Federations’, this may not be the case.
Examples of Coming Together Federations
U.S.A., Switzerland and Australia. Examples of ‘Holding Together
Federations'—India, Spain and Belgium.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Explain any five features of federalism.
Ans: Features of federalism:
1. There are two or more levels of government.
2. Different levels of government govern the same citizens, where each
level has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation
 and administration.
3. Existence and authority of each level of government is constitutionally
governed.
4. The fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be unilaterally
changed. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of
government.
5. Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution and powers of the
different levels of government. The highest court acts as the umpire if
any dispute arises between different levels of governments.
6. Sources of revenue for each level of government are specified to ensure
its financial autonomy.
7. Federal system has dual objectives. To safeguard and promote unity of
the country, and to accommodate regional diversity.

How are the Power divided between the states and centre? Explain with
example.
Ans: 1. Union List includes subjects of national importance, i.e., defence of the
country, foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency.
2. State List contains subjects of state and local importance, i.e., police, trade,
commerce, agriculture and irrigation.
3. Concurrent List includes subjects of common interest to both the Union
Government as well as the State Governments, i.e., education, forests, trade
unions, marriages, adoption and succession.
In case of dispute, law made by the Union Government shall prevail.
4. Residuary—Subjects which do not fall in any of the three lists, i.e., computer
software, etc. Union Government has the power to legislate such subjects.
This sharing of power between the Union Government and State Governments
is basic to the structure of the Constitution. Any change to it, has to be passed
by both the Houses of the Parliament with at least two-third majority.

Why. has federalism succeeded in India? Which are the policies adopted by
India that have ensured it? Explain
Ans: Reasons for success of federalism in India are:
1. Clearly laid out Constitutional Provisions providing a three-fold
distribution of powers in the three lists—Union List, State List and
Concurrent List—between the Union Government and State
Governments.
2. The nature of democratic politics in our country which ensures that the
spirit of federalism, respect for diversity and desire for living together
became a shared ideal.
3. The creation of linguistic states. Boundaries of several old states of India
were changed in order to create new states. This was done to ensure that
people who spoke the same language lived in the same state.
For example: Nagaland, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, Telangana, etc.
4. Restricting Centre-State relations. The constitutional arrangements for
sharing power work depending on how the ruling parties and leaders
follow these arrangements. For a long time, the same party ruled both at
the Centre and in most of states. Post-1990 saw the rise of regional
parties. Since no single party got a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, the
national parties had to enter into an alliance which led to a new culture of
power sharing and respect for autonomy of State Governments.
Describe in brief the language policy of India?
Ans:
1. Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one
language.
2. The formation of linguistic states united the country and made
administration easier.
3. The leaders of our country adopted a very cautious attitude in spreading
the use of Hindi. Hindi was identified as official language.
4. The banning of use of English for official purposes in 1965 took a
violent form in Tamil Nadu. The Central Government responded by
agreeing to continue the use of English along with Hindi for official
purposes.
5. Promotion of Hindi is an official policy of the Government of India but it
does not impose Hindi on states where people speak a different language.
6. Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognised as scheduled
languages by the Constitution.
7. This flexibility shown by Indian leaders helped our country avoid the
situation that Sri Lanka finds itself in.
Explain the structure of the new Panchayati Raj institutions, both in rural
andurbanareas.
Answer:
Rural Local Government is known by the name of Panchayati Raj/ Democratic
decentralization.
 Each village or group of villages has a Gram Panchayat.
 Panch, President or Sarpanch are directly elected by all the adult
population of the village and is the decision-making body.
 The Panchayat works under the supervision of Gram Sabha, with all the
 voters as its members.
 The local structure goes up to the district level—a group of Gram
Panchayats form a Panchayat Samiti or Block or Mandal.
 All the Panchayat Samitis or Mandals together constitute the Zilla
Parishad which consists of elected members.
 Lok Sabha members, Local MLAs and officers are also members of the
Zilla Parishad.
 Its chairperson is the political head of the Parishad.
Urban areas local bodies.
 Municipalities are set up in towns.
 Big cities are constituted into Municipal Corporations.
 Both are controlled by elected bodies consisting of people’s
representatives.
 Municipal chairperson is the political head of the Municipality.
The head of Municipal Corporation is an officer called the mayor.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS(4 marks)
Read the extract and answer the following questions.
Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a
central authority and various constituent units of the country. Usually, a
federation has two levels of government. One is the government for the entire
country that is usually responsible for a few subjects of common national
interests. The others are governments at the level of provinces or states that
look after much of the day-to-day administering of their state. Both these levels
of governments enjoy their power independent of the other. In this sense,
federations are contrasted with unitary governments. Under the unitary system,
either there is only one level of government or the sub-units are subordinate to
the central government. The central government can pass on orders to the
provincial or the local government. But in a federal system, the central
government cannot order the state government to do something. State
government has powers of its own for which it is not answerable to the central
government. Both these governments are separately answerable to the people.
(a) Define federalism in your own words. 1m
Ans: Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided
between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.
(b) What do you understand by unitary form of government? 2m
Ans: There is only one level of government or the sub-units are subordinate to
the central government.
(c) Which form of federal government India is?1m
Ans: Holding Together federalism
PREVIOUS YEAR CBSE QUESTIONS
Describe provisions of amendment made in ‘Indian Constitution’ in 1992 for
making ‘three tier’ government more effective and powerful.
Compare the federations of coming together and holding together type.
How are the powers divided between the states and centre? Explain with
examples.
Explain democratic policies adopted by Government of India which made it a
successful federation.
‘The creation of Linguistic States was the first and a major test for democratic
politics in our country.’ Justify this statement.
 CHAPTER 4
GENDER, RELIGION AND CASTE
Gender Division
 Gender division is a form of hierarchical social division.
 It tends to be understood as natural and unchangeable.
 It is not based on biology, but on social expectations and stereotypes.

Sexual Division of Labour

 It is a system in which all work inside the home is either done by the women
of the family, or organised by them through the domestic helpers.
 Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibility of
women is housework and bringing up children.
 In most families: women do all work inside the home such as cooking,
cleaning, washing clothes, tailoring, looking after children, etc., and men do
all the work outside the home.
Feminist Movements
 The role of women in public life is minimal in most societies.
 Earlier, only men were allowed to participate in public affairs, vote and
contest for public offices.
 Gradually, the gender issues was raised in politics.
 Women in different parts of the world organized movements for their rights.
 These movements are called Feminist movements.

Demands-
 Extension of voting rights to women
 To improve their political and legal status, and educational and career
opportunities
Effects:
 Political expression of gender division and political mobilisation on this
question helped to improve women's role in public life and in women
empowerment.

Condition of Women in India

 Our society is still a male dominated patriarchal society. Women face
discrimination and oppression in various ways in our society-
 Literacy rate among the women is 54% as compared to 76% among men.
 Smaller proportion of girls go for higher studies.
 Proportion of women among highly paid and valued job is small.
 Equal wages act provides equal wages but discrimination continues in
sports, cinema, factories, and fields.

 There are reports of various kinds of harassments, exploitation and violence

to women in both rural and urban areas.

 In India, parents prefer to have sons than girls. They find many ways to have
the girl child aborted, before birth. This resulted in the decline in the sex
ration. The number of girls per thousand boys in our country is 933.
Women's Political Representation
 In India, the proportion of women in legislature has been very low.India is
among the bottom group of nations in the world in terms of women's
representation in parliament.
 India is behind several developing countries.

Solution to these problems-

 To make it legally binding to have a fair proportion of women in elected
bodies.
 Reservation of 1/3rd seats in local bodies-in panchayats and municipalities.

 lakhs elected representatives in rural and urban local bodies.

 Demand for 1/3rd seats in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies.
Religion and Politics
Gandhiji used to say that religion can never be separated from politics. He believed
that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.

Human rights groups in our country have demanded the government to take special
steps to protect religious minorities.
Communalism
Communalism is a situation when a particular community tries to promote its own
interest at the cost of other communities.

Factors that promote Communalism:

 Beliefs of one religion are presented as superior to those of other religions.
 When demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another.
 When state power is used to establish domination of one religious group
over the others.

What is Communal Politics?

 Communal politics is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of
social community.

What do Communalists think?

 Followers of one religion must belong to one community
 Their fundamental interests are same.
 People who follow different religions can not belong to the same social
community.
Communalism can take different forms in politics-
 It involves religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and
belief in the superiority of one's religion over other religions.
 Communal mind leads to a quest for political dominance of one's own
community.
 Political mobilisation- using symbols, religious leader's emotional appeal
and plain fear in order to bring the followers of one religion together in
political sphere.
 Sometimes communalism takes its most ugly form of communal violence,
riots and massacre. India and Pakistan suffered some of the worst communal
riots at the time of the Partition.

Secular State
 There is no official religion for the Indian state. Unlike the status of
Buddhism in Sri Lanka, that of Islam in Pakistan and that of Christianity in
England, our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion.
 The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to
profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.
The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
 At the same time, the Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters
of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities. For
example, it bans untouchability.

Caste in Politics
 Caste can take the following forms in politics :
 When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste
composition of the electorate and nominate candidates from different castes,
so as to muster necessary support to win elections.
 When government are formed, political parties usually take care that
representatives of different castes and tribes find a place in it.
 Political parties and candidates make appeals to caste sentiment to muster
support. Some political parties are known to favour some castes and are seen
as their representatives.
  Universal adult franchise and the principle of one person one vote compelled
political leaders to gear up to the task of mobilising and securing political
support of different sections of society.

Politics in Caste
 Politics too influences the caste system and caste identities by bringing them
into the political arena.
 This take several forms-
 Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it
neighboring castes or sub-castes which were earlier excluded from it.
  Various caste groups are required to enter into a coalition with other castes
or communities and thus enter into a dialogue and negotiation.
 New kinds of caste groups have come up in the political arena like
'backward' and 'forward' caste.

Summary
 MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWERS QUESTIONS [1 MARKS ]
1. Which of the following is not a threat to Indian democracy
a. caste system b.communalism c. low gender caste d.both a and b
Answer - option C
2. Why Mel Harris Street to do household work
a. The work does not carry any prize b. Laziness
c. Stereotype mind set d. Biological difference between men and
women
Answer - option C
3. The problem of communalism is associated with
a. Secularism b. Caste
c. Religion d. Society
answer c religion
4. In which Level of Government do women have reservation
a. Central government b. Panchayat government
c. State Government d. all of the above
answer b Panchayat government
5. What is the percentage of reservation given to women at local level of
government
a. 33% b. 43%
c. 51% d. 25%
answer A 33%
6. Feminist movement is associated with
a. women's political and economic empowerment b. Right to vote
b. Patriarchy society d. Marriage reform
 answer a. woman political and economic empowerment
7 Mention any two countries where women's participation in public life
is very high
a. Sri Lanka and New Zealand b. Sweden and India
c. Sweden and Norway d. Pakistan and Bangladesh
answers C Sweden and Norway
8. A system that gives man more respect and more power over woman is
called
a. Democracy b. Communist
c. Socialist d. Patriarchy
answer d patriachy
9 Which of the following social division is unique to India
a. Economic b. Religious
c. Racial d. Caste
answer d caste
10. On average and Indian woman work ……… More than an average
men everyday
a. 5 hour b. 2 hour
c. 3 hour d. 1 hour
answer d 1 hour
12 A…………….. a proportion of of women attend higher educational
institution then man
a. Small b. Greater
c. Huge d. Almost same
answer a small
13. Which of the following principles compelled political leaders to gear
 up to the task of mobilising and securing political support?
a. Universal adult franchise b. Communalism
c. Religion is the base of politics d. One man one vote
answer A Universal adult franchise
14 The total percentage of backward classes estimates their population to
the around………. percent .
a. 61% b.75%
c. 41% c. 7%
answer c 41%
15. In local self government institutions at least one-third of all position
are reserved for……..
scheduled tribes
a. Women's b. Children
c. man
answer b women
16 A person who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women
and men is called
a. Casteist b. Communist
c. feminist d. Secularist
answer b feminist
17 What does the term patriarchy means ……………..
a. Society dominated by women b. Society dominated by men
c. society where both women and men have equal rights
d. none of the above
answer b society dominated by men
18 What was/ what are the demand of women's in feminist movement
 a. they demanded and chancing the political and legal status of women and
improving their educational career opportunities.
b. radical women's movements in at equality in personal and family life as
well
c. women in different parts of the world organised and agitated for equal
rights
d. all of the above
answer D all of the above
19 When was the equal remuneration act passed
a. 1976 b. 1956 c. 1981 d. 1947
answer A 1976
20 The aim of the equal remuneration act is
a. to provide job facility for women b. to provide equal wages paid
for equal work
c. to provide reserve seats d. to provide equal rights
answer B to provide equal wages paid for equal work
21 The literacy rate among women in India is only …………
a. 76% b. 54% c. 45% d. 60%
answer c 45%
22. The literacy rate among men in India is …………….
a. Urbanization b. Caste hierarchy c. Occupational mobility d.
Patriarchy
Answer A urbanisation
23. Features of the Indian secular state is
a. there is no official religion for the Indian state
b. the constitution provides to all individual and communities freedom to
 profess practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any
c. the constitution prohibits discrimination on ground of religion
d. all of the above
answer d all of the above
24 A person who says that religion is the principal basis of community is
called
a. Casteist b. Communist c.Feminist d. Secularist
answer (c ) communist
25 When we speak of gender division we refer to -------------------
a. The equal distribution of work between men and women
b. the unequal role assigned by the society to men and women
c. the equal wages to be paid for equal work
d. none of the above
answer b they the society to men and women unequal role assigned
26 What does the term occupational mobility means --------------
a. a system in which all work inside the home is other done by the women
of the family or organized by them through the domestic helper
b. those laws that deal with family related matter such as marriage ,
Divorce, adoption, and inheritance
c. a ladder like formation in which all the caste groups are placed from the
highest to the lowest caste
d. shift from one occupation to another usually when a new generation
takes up occupations other than those practiced by their ancestors.
answer option D
27. Who used to say that release in can never be separated from politics
a. Dr BR Ambedkar c. Sardar Patel
 b. Mahatma Gandhi d. Jawaharlal Nehru
answer B Mahatma Gandhi
28. ……………….. region has the highest representation of women in
their National parliament
a. India b. Europe c. Asia d. Nordic
countries
answer d Nordic countries
29 There is no official religion in …………..
a.Sri Lanka b. India c. England d.
Pakistan
answer B India
30 Those laws that deal with family related matters such as marriages,
divorce, adoption, inheritance,etc are called
a. family laws b. religious laws c. state laws d.
community laws
answer A family laws
31. The distinguishing feature of communalism is
a. followers of a particular religion must belong to one community
b. communalism leads to the belief that people belonging to different
reasons can belief as equal citizens and one Nation
c. a communal mind does not lead to Quest for political dominance of of
one's own religion community
d. a secular constitution is sufficient to combat communalism
answer A follower of a particular religion must belong to one community
32 The system where father is the head of the family is called
a. hierarchy b. matriarchy c. patriarchy d.Monarchy
 Answer c .patriarchy
33. Which among the following statements about India's constitution is
wrong?
a. it prohibits discrimination on Grounds of religion
b. Gives official status to one religion
c. provides to all individuals freedom to Profess any religion
d. ensure equality of citizens within religious communities.
Answer B . Gives official status to one religion
34 Which leader won for the elimination of caste system in India?
a. Jyotiba Phule, Mohun roy , Dr BR Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi
b. Raja Ram Mohan Roy , Dr BR Ambedkar, and Mahatma Gandhi
c. JyotibaPhule, Periyar ramaswaminaicker and Mahatamagandhi
d. Swami Vivekananda, JyotibaPhule , and Raja Ram Mohan Roy
answer option A
35 What is the result of political expression of gender division
a. Has helped to improve women's role in public life
b. Has provided a superior status to women
c. The position remains the same as it was earlier
d. none of the above
answer option A
36 Which of these is true about the most ugly form of communism
a. communal violence b. riots c. Massacre d.all of
the above
answer option d
37. What is is leading to The breakdown of caste hierarchy ?
a. large scale urbanisation b. growth of literacy and
 education
b. occupational mobility d. all of the above
answer option D
38. In some places in India, by how much does child sex ratio Has Fallen
to as low as
a. 927 b. 840 c. 820 d. 800
answer option d
39. The percentage of elected women members in the Lok Sabha has
never reached what percent of its total strength
a. 25% b. 15% c. 10% d. 5%
answer option C
40 What steps are taken to provide representation to women in
panchayats and municipalities ?
a. reservation for election two half of the seat for women
b. appointment of one third women members
c. reservation for election to one-third of the seat for women
d. none of the above
answer options c
VERY SHORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS [2 MARKS ]
1. What do you mean by sexual division of labour?
answer- A system in which all work inside the home as a done by the
women of the family or organised by them through the domestic helpers.
2. What are feminist movement ?
answer : The movements which aimed at equality of men and women in
all spheres of life.
3. Define sex ratio.
 Answer: Number of girl children per thousand boys.
4. What is patriarchal society ?
Answer: This is a system that values men more and gives them power over
women.
5. What is literacy rate among men and women in India?
Answer: Men 76% and women are 65.46%
6. What is the equal wages act?
Answer: According to this act equal wages should be paid to equal work.
7. Mention any two basis of social division in India.
Answer : religion and community
8. What were Gandhiji's views regarding religion and politics?
Answer :Gandhiji used to say that religion can never be separated from for.
what he meant by religion was not any particular reason like Hinduism or
Islam but moral value that form the basis of religion. he believed that
politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion
9. The most common expression of communalism is in everyday belief.
Explain.
Answer : these routinely involve religious prejudices , stereotypes of
religious communities and belief in the superiority of one's religion over
other religions.
10. What are family laws ?
Answer :Those laws that deal with family matters such as marriage
divorce, adoption, inheritance, etc. in our country have different family
laws applied to followers of different religions.
11. What is a secular state?
Answer :A state in which all the constitution provides to all individuals
 and communities freedom to Professor practice and propagate any religion,
or not to follow any.
12. Mention any two provisions of the Indian constitution which makes
India a secular state.
Answer : [1]there is no official language for the Indian state.
[2]the Constitution prohibits discrimination on Grounds of religion.
13. Name any four social reformers who advocated and Worked to
establish a society in which caste inequalities are absent.
Answer :Jotibaphule , Mahatma Gandhi , Dr BR Ambedkar, and
PeriyarRamaswami.
14. Suggest any two ways to break caste hierarchy .
Answer : Spread of education and urbanisation.
15. Write the appropriate term :
[1] A person who says that religion is the principal basis of a community.
[2] a person who believes in equal rights and opportunity for women and
men.
Answer : communalist and feminist.
16. What is the population percentage of scheduled caste according to the
2001 census ?
Answer : 16.2 %
17. What is communalism?
Answer:It is a situation when a particular community tries to promote its
own interest at the cost of other communities.
18. What is the basis of communal politics?
Answer : Communal politics is based on the idea that religion is the
principal basis of social community.
19. Mention any one provision in the Indian constitution which makes
India a secular state.
Answer :Under the right to freedom of religion all citizens are free to
Profess , practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.
20. What was the child sex ratio in India in 2001 census and why?
Answer :1000 males 2927 females. The reason for this ratio is that in India
parents prefer to have send and find ways to have the child girl aborted
before she is born.
21. How can the problem of women's representation, Harassment t and
exploitation can be solved? State one way as suggested by women's
movements.
Answer :One way to solve the problems of women is to ensure that there
are more women as elected representatives.
22. How many seats are reserved for women in local government bodies
that are in municipalities and since when?
Answer: In 1992 the constitution was amended and wonder of the sea in
local government bodies in panchayats and municipalities are not reserved
for women
23. How is communalism used in electron politics?
Answer :In electoral politics, communalism involves special appeal to the
interest aur emotions of voters of one religion in preference to others.
24. Why is the word schedule did is used for scheduled castes and
Scheduled Tribes?
Answer: these groups include hundreds of castes are tribes whose names
are listed in an official schedule. the prefix scheduled is used for them.
25. What do you understand by occupational mobility?
 Answer : occupational mobility is shift from one occupation to another,
usually when a new generation takes occupations other than those
practiced by their ancestors.
26. Give two examples of caste as it exist in India now.
Answer : Untouchability has not ended completely.
even now most people marry with in their own caste or tribe.
27. Discuss any one of the factors that are decisive in election .
Answer :People's assessment, of the performance of the Government and
the popularity rating of the leaders matter and after decisive in elections.
28. State any one negative result of paying exclusive attention to caste in a
democracy.
Answer: Politics based on caste identity alone can divert attention from
other pressing issues like poverty , development and corruption.
29. Mention any one way in which caste is politicised.
Answer :New kinds of caste groups have come up in the political area like
backward and forward classes.
30. What is urbanisation?
Answer:Urbanization is the shift of population from rural areas to urban
areas.
SHORT ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS [3 MARKS ]
1. There is urgent need to combat communalism. Explain.
Answer :
Communal politics is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis
of social community of a particular religion must belong to one
community. Their fundamental interest are the same, any difference that
may have is evolent or size you'll for community life. It also follows that
 people who follow different releases can not belong to the same social
community.
A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of one's
own religion community. For those belonging to majority community, this
takes the form of vegetarian dominance. For those belonging to the
minority community, it can take the form of a desire to form a separate
political unit.
2. How has the principle of Universal adult franchise helped in combat
casteism ?
Answer : under the universal adult franchise all the citizens of India who
are at least 18 years of age are a voters to elect the representatives to the
Parliament and state legislatures they poses this right without any
discrimination of caste ,colour, sex ,religion or belief .
3. Political mobilisation on religious line is a frequent form of
communalism Explain.
Answer : Political mobilisation on communal lines in was the use of scared
symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal and plane fear in order to
bring the followers of one religion together in the political Arena, in
electrical politics there is after an inverse special appeal to the interest or
emotions of voters of one religion in preference to others.
4. Beside caste which other factors do in matter in electoral politics?
Answer : Voting on the basis of community:
political leaders Pashu the voters to cast their vote on the basis of
communal lines .
Political mobilisation on religious lines:
political mobilisation on religious lines is another frequent form of
 communalism the use of plane fear in order to bring the followers of one
religion together in the political Arena in electrical politics this after
involve special appeal to the interest or emotions of the waters of the
religion in professed others.
5. How can the status of women representation in India's legislative
bodies be improved?
Answer : It is unfortunate that in our country the proportion of women in
legislature has been very low it is unfortunate that in our country the
proportion of women in legislature has been very low for example the
percentage of elected women members in loksabha is just 10% Dasha in
the state assembly is below 5% one way to solve this problem is to make it
legally binding to have a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies.
6. Give two instance that involve a relation between religion and politics.
Answer : Human Rights group in our country have argued that most of the
victims of communal riots in our country are people from religious
minorities they have demanded that the government take special steps to
protect religious minority
movement had argued that family laws of all religions discriminate
against women so they have demanded that the government should change
these laws to make them more equitable.
7. What factors contribute to the breaking down of age old caste
hiecharchy?
Answer : The old notions of castehierachy are not breaking down the
factors that have contributed to it are given below:
many political leaders and social reformers like Mahatma Gandhi
JyotibaPhule BR AmbedkarPeriyarRamaswamy as a raised voice against
 this level and advocated and worked to attach a society in which caste
inequalities are absent
the contribution of social economic changes is worth mentioning with
economic development large-scale organisation growth of literacy and
education occupational mobility and the weakening position of landlords
In The villages the caste hierachy is breaking down.
8. Gender division is not based on the Biology but on social expectation
and your type Explain.
Answer : Girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibility of
women is housework and bringing up children
women do all work inside the home such as cooking washing clothes
affect and men do all the work outside the home this is reflected in the
sexual division of labour in most families In fact majority of women do
some sort of paid work in addition to domestic labour but their work is not
valued.
9. Mention various form of casteism in Indian politics.
Answer : When parties choose candidates in election they keep in mind
the cast composition of the electrode and nominated candidates from
different cars so as to muster necessary support to win the elections
When governments are formed political parties usually take care that
representatives of different castes and tribes find a place in it
political parties and candidates in election make appealed to cast
sentiments to win voter support some political parties favoured some caste
and are seen as their representatives.
10. Explain various forms that Communism can take in politics.
Answer : the most common expression of communal politics is in
 everyday brief this in was religious stereotypes of religious communities
and belief in the superior team of one religion over other religion
communal mind for political dominance of one's own religious community
for those belonging to measure it community this takes the form of
majoritarian dominance.
11. What factors that brought about the change in the Indian caste system
in Modern Times? Explain.
Answer : Spread of education has broadened people Outlook and has
changed their mind set is specially in urban areas where it doesn't matter
much who is walking along next to US on a street or eating at a next table
in a restaurant
people in general are becoming more told rate regarding caste issue they
don't let cast factor come in between their relationship and friendship they
have many things and more important than caste to think over it,
the older versions of caste are not breaking down the factors that has been
contributed to it are given below constituition of India had that with and it
has led the foundations of Justice .
12. What is communal politics describe the idea behind such politics?
Answer : communal politics is based on the idea that religion is the
principal basis of the company and Society communalism in was thinking
along the following line the followers of a particular religion must belong
to one community this fundamental interest arthur's theme
and if he may have a for irrelevant if common they are so superficials the
different conflict.
13. Describe how women in India still face discrimination in various ways.
Answer : women in India continue to be discriminated leading to their
 unequal position in the society.
the literacy rate among women is only 54 % compared with 76% among
mance similarly a small portion of girl student go for higher studies the
reason is that the dropout because parents prefer to spend the resource for
their boys education rather than spending equally on their sons and
daughters
the proportion of women among Kylie page and valued jobs is still very
small on an average and Indian woman walks 1 hour more than an average
man everyday get much of her work is not paid and therefore after not
valued.
14. What are the positive and negative aspects of caste?
Answer : Political and legal organisation have been demanding and
agitating for an end to discrimination against particular cast for more
dignity and more access to land resource and opportunities this efforts
have bought many low caste people in the main steam of the country.
15. In what ways does politics influence caste system in India?
Answer: Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it
neighbours caste or sub caste which were earlier excluded from it
where is caste groups are required to enter into a collision with other as our
communities and third part into a dialogue and negative action.
16. Mention some measures to eliminate in equality between men and
women.
Answer : Education needs to be spread among women
vocational training is also important for the women
the number of women as elected representative in the Lok Sabha and state
assembly should be increased
 the government should ensure a safe environment for women.
17. Which values are associated with feminist movements?
Answer : Equal rights for women in all spheres of life
extension of voting rights to all women
and judgement in the political and legal status of women
equality in personal and family life.
18. Why did the constitution makers of India choose the model of a
secular state which values are associated with in Indian secularism?
Answer : Untouchability can we practiced but it should be eliminated from
our country
the Indian Constitution Bans this practice
a circular constitution like earth is necessary to come back.
LONG ANSWERS QUESTIONS (5 marks)
1. What are the factors other than the caste which play this role at the time of
election – money power and Prestige ?
Answer:Money during election some candidate purchase the vote by
giving money power also attract the voter prestige suppose any party or
candidate having good Prestige and then voters are adapted these all
factors are very important. all factors affect the Indian society. money is
usually used to purchase the vote from the voters .
2. Unless women are empowered their problems did never get adequate
attention, suggest any three ways to empower them.
Answer: In the political and legal status of the women's and can be
empowered by this and their educational status the girl child should be
educated in a higher school and up to the educational institution it would
be done by the government for the women and the for girls by giving the
 rights and career opportunities that cannot be discriminate among them
between the boys they should we have the equal rights for their
opportunities to do the carrier and do the jobs.
3. Write a note on the status of women in India.
Answer:India has some Society of society that gives more power to man
values them more and give them power over women even after so many
years of independence day status of women is very low the literacy rate of
women is 54% as compared to 75% and then there are more women
dropout from school than among men pants wants to spend more on boys
education than on girls even today in many states of India girl child is
aborted before the sex ratio has fallen in many states like Haryana
Rajasthan Punjab Uttar Pradesh Bihar and Tamilnadu in 2001 according to
the senses the average male female ratio was 937 through the government
has fast equal wages that yet women are paid much less there is no equal
wages for equal work in the fields of course movie fight with Enfield
household work a move woman does if given no importance of value.
4. How do women in our country still lag much behind men some
improvement since Independence?
Answer:In India women are supposed to bring up children and look after
the did you all the cleaning washing cleaning Jeevan tailoring there is no
value attached to this bug in rural areas women work in the field fetch
water and fuel but are highly paid anything in urban areas middle class
women work in office Factories Act for women work as domestic help but
none of them get the same age as mance the status is lower than that of
men when do not have any what to do in the house they are excellent
cooks for Tailors but they have taken up the stock only when paid in
 hotels.
5. Explain any five aspect of our day to day life in which women are
discriminated against in India.
Answer:Literacy Is the first and foremost discrimination in the field of
education where the literacy rate among women asali 66% when compared
to a higher 84% in males the sex ratio in India is low as 940 females per
1000 males the proportion of women are compared to men is very low a
major reason behind this is that Paris prefer having a male child over a
female child keeping in view the future plus prospect on of as men in
domestic violence in India we are harassed as protected and subjected to
all sorts of wireless behind the closed doors both in urban and rural area is
domestic violence is one of the most prominent form of discrimination
faced by women. Female foeticide a male child is considered as a blessing
and a female child is considered as a bane, this has come to an accent
where the female child killed in the womb of the mother was killing of
foetus is known as foeticide.
6. Explain any two reasons for the declining caste system in India.
Answer:Growth of literacy and education after industrial action
occupational mobility due to our operational mobility the new generation
takes up of a occupation large urbanization organisation shift people in
job efforts made by leaders and reformers the political leaders and social
reformers world tour the average of society in which caste inequalities are
economic agriculture improvement
7. Mention any three provisions that make India a secular state.
Answer:The constitution of India does not give special recognization to
any religion and there is no state religion in India and light Christianity in
 America and Buddhism in Sri Lanka all individuals and communities have
been given freedom to profess and propagate any religion constitution of
India has put a ban on any discrimination on the grounds of religion
8. What forms does communalism take in politics?
answer:Communalism is a strong sense of belonging to particular
community especially a religious community which of the leads to
Extreme behaviour or violence towards other it cannot tolerate and respect
people belonging to different religious communities communalism in
everyday life it is the most common form of communism and can take be
in the form of religious stereotypes of religious communities and that one
religious is safe period to other religious communal mind after least two
political dominance of its own religious community as political
mobilization is another frequent form of communalism in order to bring
the followers of one religion together and political Arena sometimes
Communism takes it most ugly form of communal violence
9. What are the Features of communal politics?
Answer:Communalism in wall thinking along the following lines the
follower of a particular religion must belong to one community their
fundamental interest are same and difference that may happen is prevalent
and they should not follow any other religion it involves the people who
follow a different religion cannot belong to the same community in an
extreme from Communism reach to the belief that people belonging to
really different legions cannot leave a sequel citizen within one Nation
other one has to dominate the rest or they have to form different nation
10. When does the problem of communalism become acute?
Answer:Religion is used in politics as an effective people belonging to
 different religions are treated differently demands of one demands of one
religion are against the feelings of another religion and a discrimination is
formed religious groups are in a position to each other and the winning or
defeat of a particular Give Is associated with respective religion swimming
Sada feet the problem of communism become acute in the reasons.
11. Explain political mobilization on communal line.
Answer:Communalism means promoting the ideas of one religion within a
particular group and undermining the ideas of our religion it becomes a
problem when religion is used to divide the society. It believes that people
belonging to different religions form different communities and cannot live
together as one Nation.Communalization In political some time takes the
shape of political mobilization on communal lines it means that political
leader appeal to people of different religions to gain votes it involves the
use of the sacred religious symbol and religious leader to appeal to the
people of that religion
12. What do you mean by caste inequalities?
Answer: Unlike Gender and religion the caste division is special to India
also that is have some kind of social inequalities and some form of division
of labour. In most societies occupations are passed on From one generation
to another caste system is an extreme form of this. what makes it different
from other society is that in this system hereditary occupational division
was sanctioned by rituals.Members of the same caste group were supposed
to form a social community that practiced the same or similar occupation
married within the cast group and did not eat with member from other
caste groups.
13. Caste and caste system in India have undergone great changes explain.
 Answer: Caste and caste system in modern India have undergone great
changes with economic development large-scale organisation growth of
literacy and education occupational mobility and the weakening of the
position of landlords in the village the old nation of caste hierarchy are
breaking down. most of the times in urban area it does not matter that who
is working along next along next to US on a street or eating at the next
table in the restaurant. the constitution of India the foundation of policies
to reverse the injustices of the caste system.Is a person who lived century
ago were to return to India he or she would be greatly surprised at the
change that has come about the country.
14. How does politics Influence caste?
Answer:Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within
its neighbouring caste or subcaste which were earlier excluded from it.
Various cars groups are required to enter into a coalition with other caste
or communities and those enter a dialogue and negotiation.New kinds of
caste groups have come up in the political arenas like Backward and
forward caste group.Dooars tourist place different kinds of role in politics
in some ways it is a routine factor that work all over the world mobilise
social group and communities in order to get their votes. In some situations
expression of caste differences in politics gives many disadvantage
communities the space to demand share of power in this sense caste
politics was helped people from dalits and OBC caste to gain better access
decision making several political and non politicalorganisation have been
demanding and agitating for the end of discrimination against particular
castes for more dignity and more access to land resource and opportunities.
15. Explain the concept of sexual division of labour.
 Answer:Gender division does not mean the biological difference between
men and women it refers to the unequal rules assigned by the society to
men and women. Boys and girls are brought up to believe that the main
responsibility of women is housework and bringing up children. This is
reflected in a sexual division of labour in most families women to all work
inside the home such as cooking,cleaning,washing clothes,tailoring,
looking after children etc men do work outside the home. It is not that men
cannot do housework they simply think that it is for women to attend to
these things when these jobs are paid for men are ready to take up this
work most Tailors or cook and hotels are men. Similarly it Is not that
woman do not work out that their home women fetch water and collect
your in villages they work in the field they of often do shopping and are
increasingly taking up paid job but they work is not valued and does not
get recognition. The result of the division of labour is that women have
been confined to the private domain of family while the public domain has
been mono polished by the men.
SOURCES BASED ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. The sources given below and answer the questions that follow:
Partly due to their efforts and partly due to other social economic changes
caste and caste system in modern India has undergone in in great changes
with economic development large-scale urbanization in growth of literacy
and education occupational mobility and the beginning of the position of
landlords in the village and dumb old version of caste hierarchy are
breaking down now most of the time in urban areas it does not matter
much who is working along next to US on a street or eating at a table in a
restaurant the constitution of the India profited by any caste based
discrimination and let the foundations of policies to reverse the injustice of
the caste system if a person who believed a century ago but to return to
India she would to great surprise at the changes that had come about the
the country.
Answer the following MCQ by choosing the most appropriate option:
Who among the following is not prominent name to bring cast reform in
India
a. Jyotiba Phule b. BR Ambedkar c. Mahatma Gandhi
d. Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer [ d]Jawaharlal Nehru
The main reason for caste system in urban area is
a. people do not have any faith in caste system
b. people's primary concern is the economic progress
c. in urban colonies it is difficult to identify someone by its caste
d. local authority discourage the caste system
Answer[b] people's primary concern is term economic progress
The sentence ka stand ka system have undergone great changes signifies:
a. now caste and caste system have taken new forms
b. the caste Foundation are breaking down rapidly
c. in ancient society caste system did not had any importance
d. system is in India because of globalisation and colonization
Answer[b] cast foundations are Breaking Down rapidly
Find the incorrect statement about the caste system
a. economic development organisation played important role to remove
caste system
b. Removal of zamindari System had to remove caste system in urban
c. caste based discrimination is a punishable offence in India
d. structure of social hierarchy is changing now
Answer[b] removal of zamindari system have to remove caste system in
urban
 CHAPTER -6
POLITICAL PARTIES

Meaning of political parties

A group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the
government.
Components of political parties

The need or necessity of political parties

 Need for aggregation, articulation and organisation of interests
 Useful for political culture in a country
 Useful for the education of electorates and electoral processes
 Diversity of options for electorates in a democracy
 Make policy for the people when in government
 Act as opposition when not in government
Functions of political parties

Functions of Political Parties

Political parties fill political offices and exercise political power. Parties do so by
performing a series of functions mentioned below:
 Parties contest elections.
 Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose
from them.
 Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.
 Parties form and run governments.
 Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the
parties in power, by voicing different views and criticising the government
for its failures or wrong policies.
 Parties shape public opinion.
 Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes
implemented by governments.
Importance of political parties
 A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party. This is
 clear from the function performed by the political parties. In case, there are
no political parties then:
 Every candidate in the election would be an independent candidate. Any
individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major
policy change to the people. In such a scenario, no one will be responsible
for how the country is run.
 In the long run, only a representative democracy can survive. Political
parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and
present them to the government.
How Many Parties Should We Have?
 In a democracy, any group of citizens is free to form a political party.
 More than 750 parties are registered with the Election Commission of India.
 In some countries, only one party is allowed to control and run the
government. These are called one-party systems. This system is not
considered as a good option for democracy.
 In some countries, power usually changes between the two main parties.
Such a party system is called a two-party system. Eg: The United States of
America and the United Kingdom.
 If several parties compete for power, and more than two parties have a
reasonable chance of coming to power either on their own strength or in
alliance with others, it is called a multiparty system.Eg: India.
 When several parties in a multi-party system join hands for the purpose of
contesting elections and winning power, it is called an alliance or a front.
National Parties
 Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission.
 It offers some special facilities for large and established parties.
  The Election Commission has laid down detailed criteria of the proportion of
votes and seats that a party must get in order to be a recognised party.
 A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in an election to the
Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at least 2 seats is recognised as
a State Party.
 A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections or
Assembly elections in 4 States and wins at least 4 seats in the Lok Sabha is
recognised as a National Party.
Major National Parties in India
There were 7 recognised national parties in the country in 2018. Here are the
details of these parties:
1) All India Trinamool Congress (AITC)
 Launched on 1 January 1998 under the leadership of Mamata Banerjee.
 Recognised as a national party in 2016.
 The party’s symbol is flowers and grass.
 Committed to secularism and federalism.

2) Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP):

 Formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram.
 Seeks to represent and secure power for the Bahujan samaj which includes
the Dalits, Adivasis, OBCs and religious minorities.
 Stands for the cause of securing the interests and welfare of the Dalits and
oppressed people.
 It has its main base in the state of Uttar Pradesh and substantial presence in
neighbouring states like Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Delhi
and Punjab.
3) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
 Founded in 1980, formed by Syama Prasad Mukherjee in 1951.
 Wants to build a strong and modern India by drawing inspiration from
India’s ancient culture and values, and Deendayal Upadhyaya’s ideas of
integral humanism and Antyodaya.
 Cultural nationalism (or ‘Hindutva’) is an important element in its
conception of Indian nationhood and politics.
4) Communist Party of India (CPI):
 Formed in 1925. Believes in Marxism-Leninism, secularism and democracy.
 Opposed to the forces of secessionism and communalism.
 Accepts parliamentary democracy as a means of promoting the interests of
the working class, farmers and the poor.
 Significant presence in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, Punjab, Andhra
Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
5) Communist Party of India – Marxist (CPI-M):
 Founded in 1964. Believes in Marxism-Leninism. Supports socialism,
secularism and democracy and opposes imperialism and communalism.
 Accepts democratic elections as a useful and helpful means for securing the
objective of socio-economic justice in India.
 Enjoys strong support in West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura.
6) Indian National Congress (INC):
 Popularly known as the Congress Party. One of the oldest parties of the
world. Founded in 1885 and has experienced many splits.
 Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, the party sought to build a
modern secular democratic republic in India.
 The ruling party at the centre till 1977 and then from 1980 to 1989. After
 1989, its support declined, but it continues to be present throughout the
country.
 The party’s main idea is to promote secularism and welfare of weaker
sections and minorities.
7) Nationalist Congress Party (NCP):
 Formed in 1999 following a split in the Congress party.
 Supports democracy, Gandhian secularism, equity, social justice and
federalism.
State Parties
 The Election Commission has classified some of the major parties of the
country as “State parties”.
 These are also referred to as regional parties. Some of these parties are:
 Biju Janata Dal
 Sikkim Democratic Front
 Mizo National Front
 Telangana Rashtra Samithi

Types of party system

Main National political parties

Main State political parties

Challenges of political parties
 .Lack of internal democracy
 Money power and muscle power
 Lack of meaningful choice the voters
 Most political parties do not practice open
and transparent procedures for their functioning
Effective measures to reform political parties are :
 A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties.
 It should be made compulsory for political parties to maintain a register of
its members.
 It should be made. mandatory for political parties to give a minimum
number of tickets; about 1/3rd to its women candidates.
 There should be a quota for women in the decision making bodies of the
party.
 There should be state funding of elections.
 The government should give parties money to support their election
expenses in kind for example petrol, paper, telephone, etc., or in cash.
 Data regarding caste and religion, OBC, SC, ST should not be utilized
during election period in any form.
Summary
 Multiple choice questions (1 mark)
1 The rise of political parties is directly linked to ……………
(A)Emergence of representative democracies
(B) rise of large scale economies
(C) rise of mechanism of restrain and support the government
(D)rise of internet
Ans : (A)
2 Which one of the following is the national political party
(A) Samajwadi party (B) Rashtriyajanata dal
(B) (C) Rashtriyalok dal (D) bahujansamaj party
Ans: (D)
3 Which one of the following facilities is offered by the election
Commission to recognized political party
(A) party name (B)election funds
 (C)election symbol (D) manifesto
Ans: (c)
4 Who among the following organize the Dalits in to the depressed classes
association in 1930 ?
(A)Kanchi ram (B)Gandiji
(C) BR Ambedkar (D) Alluri sitaram
Ans : (C)
5 The number of political parties which have been recognized as national
parties in India is
(A)5 (B) 6
(C) 7 (D) 8
6 Ans: (B)
Bharatiyajanatha party was founded in the year
(A) 1980 (B) 1952
(C) 1947 (D) 1950
Ans: (A)
7 Bharatiyajanatha party was founded in the year
(A) 1980 (B) 1952
(C) 1947 (D) 1950
Ans: (A)
8 Name the political party that emerged out of mass movement
(A) DMK (B) Janata dal
(C) forward bloc (D) bahujan
Ans: (A)
9 Political parties are facing the following challenges
(A)Lack of internal democracy
 (B)Crisis of leadership
(C) Challenges of casteism and communalism
(D)All of the above
Ans: (D)
10 National conference is active in the following state
(A)Haryana (B)Himachal pradesh
(C) Jammu and kashmir (D)Rajasthan
Ans : (C)
11 What are the components of a political party?
A. Leaders B. Active members
C. Followers D. All
Ans D. All
12 What does the term ‘Partisan’ mean?
A. The affair of the state or the science of the governance
B. A group of people who come together to promote common beliefs
C. A person who is strongly committed to the party
D. The ruling party which runs the government
Ans C. A person who is strongly committed to the party
13 Who founded the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)?
A. Bharatiya Jana Sangh B. Syama Prasad Mukherjee
C. Mamata Banerjee D. DeendayalUpadhyaya
Ans A.Bharatiya Jana Sangh

14 Which one of the following is considered the best form of government?

A. Democracy B. Dictatorship
C. Monarchy D. Military Rule
 Ans .A. Democracy
15 Give the meaning of ‘Alliance’.
A. Two parties together form the government.
B. Leftist and Rightist together form the government.
C. When state and national parties together form the government.
D. When several parties in a multiparty system join for the purpose of
contesting elections and winning power
Ans.A Two parties together form the government.
16 An Affidavit signifies (Legal) __________
A. Signed document where a person makes a sworn statement regarding his
or her antecedents.
B. A law to check the menace.
C. Legal document to declare the academic qualification.
D. All of the above
Ans A.Signed document where a person makes a sworn statement regarding
his or her antecedents
17 Select the statement related to the advantages of a multiparty system?
A. Multi-party system provides limited choice to voters.
B. There is a chance of conflict.
C. Provides choice to the voters.
D. In a Multi-party system regional parties get representation.
Ans D In a Multi-party system regional parties get representation
18 What is an ideological one-party system?
A. Party based on suppression of other parties.
B. Party based on coercion.
C. Party based on ideological reasons; coercion and suppression of other
 parties.
D. Party based on communist ideology.
Ans C. Party based on ideological reasons; coercion and suppression of
other parties
19 The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence
of_______.
a) monitory democracies b) direct democracies
c) representative democracies d) constitutional democracies.
Ans c) representative democracies
20 Indian National Congress (INC) is one of the oldest parties of the world
founded in _________.
a) 1885 b) 1880
c) 1888 d) 1889
Ans a) 1885
21 Many political parties protested against POSCO, the Korean steel
company for being permitted by the State Government to export iron
ore from ______ to feed steel plants in China and Korea.
a) Andhra Pradesh b) Tamil Nadu
c) West Bengal d) Odisha
Ans d) Odisha

22 Those parties that lose in the elections…….

A. Can still run the government
B. Play the role of opposition
C. Can make policies and programmes
D. Cannot criticise the government
 Ans B. Play the role of opposition

23 A government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the

________.
a) opposition parties b) ruling party
c) President d) Parliament
Ans b) ruling party
24 The Constitution was amended to stop
Ans- defection.
25 A government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the
Ans- ruling party
26 _________ is a group of people who come together to contest elections
and hold power in the government.
a) Pressure Group b) Political Party
c) Interest Group d) Business Lobby
Answer: Option (b)

27 The ___________ has officially banned wall writing by parties during

election times.
a) Parliament b) President
c) Election Commission d) Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)
Answer: Option (c)
28 Political parties reflect fundamental ______in a society. Parties are
about a part of the society and thus involve PARTISANSHIP.
a) Social divisions b) Economic divisions
c) Religious divisions d) Political divisions
 Answer: Option (d)
29 In countries like India, _________ choose candidates for contesting
elections.
a) Top party leaders
b) Members of party
c) Supporters of party
d) None of the above
Answer: Option (a)
30 A government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the
________.
a) Opposition partiesb) Ruling party
c) President
d) Parliament
Answer: Option (b)
31 Many of the pressure groups are the extensions of _________ among
different sections of society.
a) Legislature b) Government
c) Political parties d ) Bureaucracy
Answer: Option (c)
32 The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence
of_______.
a) Monitory democracies
b) Direct democracies
c) Representative democracies
d) Constitutional democracies.
Answer: Option (c)
33 Many political parties protested against POSCO, the Korean steel
company for being permitted by the
State Government to export iron ore from ______ to feed steel plants in
China and Korea.
a) Andhra Pradesh b) Tamil Nadu
c) West Bengal d) Odisha
Answer: Option (d)
34 In India, ______ parties are registered with the Election Commission of
India.
a) Less than 750 b) Less than 75
c) Less than 100 d) More than 750
Answer: Option (d)
35 The ___________ and the United Kingdom are examples of a two-party
system.
a) United States of America b) Russia
c) China d) Canada
Answer: Option (a)
36 Which of the following is an example of multi party system?
a) India b) New Zealand
c) Canada d) All of the above
Answer: Option (d
37 Which of the following statements are true about political parties?
a) The proportion of those who said they were members of some political
party was lower in India
than in many advanced countries like Canada, Japan.
b) Over the last three decades, the proportion of those who report to be
 members of political
parties in India has gone down steadily.
c) The proportion of those who say they feel ‘close to a political party’ has
also gone down in India.
d) None of the above.
Answer: Option (d)
38 National parties have their units in various states, but by and large, all
these units follow the same policies, programmes and strategy that is
decided at the ________.
a) National level b) State level
c) District level d) Village level
Answer: Option (a)
39 A party that secures at least six per cent of the total votes in an election
to the Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at least __________ is
recognised as a State party.
a) Two seats b) Three seats
c) One seat d) Four seats
Answer: Option (a)
40 A party that secures at least six per cent of the total votes in Lok Sabha
elections or Assembly elections in four States and wins at least
__________ in the Lok Sabha is recognised as a national party.
a) One seat b) Two seats c) Four seats d) Three seats
Answer: Option (c)
41 According to the given classification, there were _________ national
recognised parties in India in 2006.
a) Seven b) Six c) Five d) Ten
 Answer: Option (b)
42 Indian National Congress (INC) is one of the oldest parties of the world
founded in _________.
a) 1885 b) 1880
c) 1888 d) 1889
Answer: Option (a)
43 BahujanSamaj Party (BSP) is a national party formed in _______ under
the leadership of Kanshi Ram.
a) 1964 b) 1974 c) 1994 d) 1984
Answer: Option (d)
44 Communist Party of India – Marxist (CPI-M) was founded in _______.
It supports socialism,secularism and democracy and opposes
imperialism and communalism.
a] 1978 b) 1964 c) 1968 d) 1954
Answer: Option (b)

Very short answer questions [2 marks]

1 Who is a partisan ?
Answer: A person who is strongly committed to a party, group or faction.
2 What is partisanship ?
Answer: Partisanship is marked by a tendency to take a side and inability to
take a balanced view on an issue.
3 How candidates for contesting elections are chosen in the USA and
India ?
Answer: In the USA, members and supporters of a party choose its
candidates. In India top party leaders choose candidates for contesting
 elections
4 Which are three components of a political party?
Answer: A The leaders
B The active members
C The followers.
------------------------
5. State any one function of the political parties in a democracy.
Answer: Political parties contest elections by putting up their candidates.
6 What are the reasons for the rise of political parties ? Mention any one.
Answer: The rise of political parties is due to the emergence of
representative democracies in the world.
7 Which country has one-party system ?
Answer: China because there is only one political party i.e., Communist
Party.
8 What is bi-party system ?
Answer: In countries, like USA and UK, power usually changes between
two main parties. It is bi-party system. Several other parties exist, contest
elections and win a few seats in the elections but only the two main parties
have a chance to form a government.
9 What is multi-party system ?
Answer: If several parties compete for power, and more than two parties
have a reasonable chance of coming to power either on their own strength or
in alliance with others, it is multiparty system e.g., in India.
10 What is a coalition government ?
Answer: When none of the political parties gets majority of seats in the
elections, the government is formed by various parties coming together. It is
 a coalition government.
11 What is front or alliance ?
Answer: When several parties in a multi-party system join hands for the
purpose of contesting elections and winning power, it is called an alliance
front. For example in India there were three major alliances in 2004
elections – The National Democratic Alliance, The United Progressive
Alliance and The Left Front.
12 What do you understand by a ‘recognised party’ ?
Answer: A party that gets some privilege such as a unique symbol and other
special facilities is called a ‘recognised’ party by the Election Commission.
13 Which party is recognised as a national party ?
Answer: A party that secures at least 6 per cent of the total votes in Lok
Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four states and wins at least four
seats in the Lok Sabha is recognised as a national party; e.g., Indian National
Congress.
14 Which party is recognised as a state party ?
Answer: A party that secures at least 6 per cent of the total votes in an
election to the Legislative Assembly of a state and wins at least two seats is
recognised as a state party e.g., Telugu Desam.
15 Which are six national political parties in India ?
Answer:
Indian National Congress
Bharatiya Janata Party
BahujanSamaj Party
Communist Party of India (CPI-M)
Communist Party of India (CPI)
 Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)
16 State any one challenge that is being faced by the political parties in
India.
Answer: The political parties are facing the challenge of dynastic
succession. In some parties, top positions are always controlled by members
of one family.
17 What is defection ?
Answer: Defection implies changing party allegiance from the party on
which a person got elected to a legislature to a different part
18 Which are regional political parties in Goa ? Name any two.
Answer: Regional political parties in Goa are as mentioned below :
United Goans Democratic Party.
MaharashtrawadiGomantak Party
19 What is an affidavit ?
Answer: Affidavit is a signed document submitted to an officer, where a
person makes a sworn statement regarding her personal information.
20 To reduce the influence of money and criminals which order has been
passed by the Supreme Court ?
Answer: The Supreme Court has passed the order under which it is
mandatory for every candidate who contests elections to file an affidavit
giving details of his property and criminal cases pending against him.
21 Which order has been passed by the Election Commission to follow the
democratic principles in the party ?
Answer: The Election Commission has passed an order making it necessary
for political parties to hold their organisational elections and file their
income tax returns.
22 Name any one political party that has national level political
organisation but not recognised as the national party.
Answer: Samajwadi Party, Samta Party, RashtriyaJanta Da
23 How people can put pressure on political parties to reform them ?
Answer: People can do this by petitions, publicity, and agitations. Ordinary
citizens, pressure groups, movements and media can play an important role
in this.
Short answer question [3 marks]
1 What is meant by a political party?
Answer: Political party is a group of people who come together to contest
elections and to hold power in the government. They agree on some policies
to promote collective good. They seek to implement those policies by
winning popular support through elections. Thus political parties tend to fill
political offices and exercise political power
2 What is the guiding philosophy of Bharatiya Janata Party?
Answer: The source of inspiration of Bharatiya Janata Party is the ancient
Indian culture and values. Cultural nationalism (Hindutva) is an important
element in its conception of Indian nationhood and politics
3 Mention the ideology of Indian National Congress.
Answer: Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Indian National
Congress sought to build a modern secular democratic republic in India. The
party propagates secularism and welfare of the weaker sections and
minorities of society. It supports new economic reforms but with a human
face.
4 No party system is ideal for all countries and in all situations.” Justify
the statement with five
 arguments.
Answer: Parties are a necessary condition for a democracy. The rise of
political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative
democracies. Party system is not something any country can choose. It
evolves depending on the nature of society, its social and regional divisions,
its history of politics and system of elections. Each country develops a party
system that is conditioned by its special circumstances
5 What is a multi-party system? Why has India adopted a multi-party
system? Explain Or
How has multi-party system strengthened democracy in India?
Answer: Multi-party system. In this system, the government is formed by
various parties coming together in a coalition. When several parties in a
multi-party system join hands for the purpose of contesting elections and
winning power, it is called an alliance or a front
6 What are the main functions of a political party?
Answer;1.To contest electionan
2.Forming policies and programmes
3.Making laws
4.Parties form and fun govt.
5.To play an active role of opposition
6.Shaping public opinion
7. Access to govt. machinery and welfare schemes
7 Why are symbols allotted to political parties by the election commission
ofIndia? Givereason?
Answer. 1. For the recognition of the political parties the symbols are
required.
 2. It means party is large and established.
3. Only the official candidates of the political party can use it.
4. Voters can cast their vote easily.
5. One can easily recognize the party is either a national or regional party.
8 Explain the requirements fulfilled by a political party to become a
nationalpolitical party.
Answer
1. The party has to secure at least six percent of the total votes in the
LokSabhaelections.
2. Six percent of the total votes in the state Assembly elections and win at
least four seats in the Lok Sabha protected against the marketing of goods
and delivery of services that are hazardous to life and property.
9 Why is a bi party system not good for a country like India?
Answer:
a) India is very diverse and two parties are not enough to represent that
very diversity.
b) A by party system might just leave behind the aspirations of various
communities in the country.
c) They might find themselves isolated and unheard. this could lead to
civil wars.

10 Name the national political party which is espouses secularism. And

welfare of weaker sections of minorities. Mention any four features of
that party.
Answer: Indian National Congress espouses secularism and welfare of
weaker sections and minorities. It was founded in 1885 and is one of the
oldest parties in the world.It was the major party post independence which
 ruled both States and the center.It is a centrist party.It’s national support has
declined after 1989 but it remains to be present throughout the country.
Long answer question [5 marks]
1 What is a multi-party system? Why has India adopted a multi-party
system? Explain.
Answer: Multi-party System: If several parties compete for power and
more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming in power either
on their own strength or in alliance with others, we call it a multi-party
system.
Party system is not something, any country can choose. It evolves over a
long time, depending on the nature of society, its social and regional
divisions, its history of politics and its system of elections.
 These cannot be changed very quickly.
 India has evolved a multi-party system because the social and
geographical diversity in such a large country is not easily
absorbed by two or even three parties.
 This system allows for a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy
political representation.
 Such representation strengthens democracy.
2 What are the various challenges faced by political parties
Answer : The various challenges faced by political parties are:
Lack of Internal democracy:
• Every member of the party does not have a chance to take part in the
decision-makingprocess.
• Every member is not consulted before taking a decision.
• There is no proper organisation or registration of members.
 • Power remains in the hands of a few top leaders, who do not consult ordinary
members.
• Ordinary members have no information about the internal working of the party.
Dynastic Succession: With power in the hands of a few top leaders, all party
positions go to their family members. These members may not be qualified or
have the ability to hold their positions.
Money and Muscle Power:
• Money is needed to organise demonstrations, public meetings, and speeches to
publicise the image of the party. Parties choose those candidates who can raise
money for the party and win elections with their money.
• Sometimes parties also support criminals’ candidates because they can win
elections.
3 Highlight the main features of a political party in lndia which belives in
India’s ancient culture and values .
Answer:
a) Bharatiyajanata party in India believes in lndia's ancient culture and
values .
b) This party wants to build a strong and modern lndia by drawing
inspiration from lndia's culture and values .
c) This party wants a uniform civil code for all the citizens living in the
country .
d) This party wants to put a ban on religious conversions in the country .
e) This party wants a full territorial and political integration of the
country .
4 Define the two party system. Explain its advantages and disadvantages.
Answer: Two party system: ln a democratic system power usually changes
 between two main parties, several other parties may exists but only two
main parties have a serious chance of winning majority of seats to form
government in known as Two party system .
ADVANTAGES :-
a) Several other parties contest election .
b) Clarity of manifestoes and programs .
c) political parties
d) Fair chance of competition among parties.
e) Representation of various ideologies.

DISADVANTAGES :-
a) Limited choice to the voters .
b) Limited representation .
c) Limited scope for plural society .

5 Describe any five efforts made to reform political parties in India.

Answer: Five efforts made to reform the political parties:
1. Law to regulate the internal affairs of political parties like maintaining a
register of its members, to follow its own constitution, to have independent
authority, to act as judge in case of party dispute, to hold open elections to
the highest post.
2. It should be mandatory for political parties to give one-third tickets to
women candidates. Also there should be quota for women on the decision-
making bodies of the party.
3. There should be state funding of elections. The government should give
money to parties to support their election expenses in kind (petrol, paper,
telephone, etc.) or in cash on the basis of votes secured by the party in the
 previous election.
4. The candidate should be educated, so that he can solve and understand
people’s problems. His previous record should be cleared. He should be
honest and there should be no criminal case against him.
5. Citizens can reform politics if they take part directly and join political
parties. People can put pressure on political parties through petitions,
publicity in media, agitation,etc
6 “Political parties are a necessary condition for a democracy”. Analyse
the statement with examples.
Answer: “Political parties are a necessary condition for a democracy” in the
following ways:Without political parties democracies cannot exist. If we do
not have political parties, every candidate in elections will be independent.
No one will be able to make any promises to the people about any major
policy changes. The government may be formed but its utility will remain
uncertain. Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituency,
for what they do in their locality but no one will be responsible for how the
country will run. As societies become large and complex they also needed
some agencies to gather different views on various issues and to present
these to the government, that’s why political parties are needed
SOURCE BASED QUESTION [4 MARKS]
1 Read the source given below and answer the following questions.
Democracies that follow a federal system all over the world tend to have
two kinds of political parties: parties that are present in only one of the
federal units and parties that are present in several or all units of the
federation. This is the case in India as well. There are some countrywide
parties, which are called ‘national parties. These parties have their units in
various states. But by and large, all these units follow the same policies,
programmes and strategy that is decided at the national level. Every party in
the country has to register with the Election Commission While the
Commission treats all parties equally, it offers some special facilities to
large and established parties. These parties are given a unique symbol – only
the official candidates of that party can use that election symbol. Parties that
get this privilege and some other special facilities are ‘recognised’ by the
Election Commission for this purpose. That is why these parties are called,
‘recognised political parties. The Election Commission has laid down
detailed criteria of the proportion of votes and seats that a party must get in
order to be a recognised party. A party that secures at least six per cent of
the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State and
wins at least two seats is recognised as a state party. A party that secures at
least six per cent of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly
elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is
recognized as a national party. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the
most appropriate option:
1. Which one of the following parties is considered as national party?
(a) Janata Dal (b) BahujanSamaj Party
(c) Samata Party (d) All of the above
(b) BahujanSamaj Party
2. A party that secures at least six per cent of the total votes in an
election to the Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at least two
seats is recognised as a_________
(a) National Party (b) State Party
(c) Local Party (d) All of them
(b) State Party
3. How many parties are classified as national party in India?
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 9
(c) 7
4. A party has to secure at least _________ seats in the Lok Sabha, to
become a national party?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c)4 (d) 5
(c) 4
 Chapter -5
Out Comes Of Democracy
Summary
 In this chapter,actual outcomes of democracy in various aspects are
analyzing the quality of government , economic well-being , inequality ,
social differences and conflicts and finally freedom and dignity are
discussed..
 The final verdict of outcomes of democracy is positive.Butit also leads usto
thinkabout the challenges to democracy.
Democracy produces an accountable, responsive and legitimate
government:
 A democracy is concerned with ensuring that people have the right to
choose their rulers and have control over the rulers.
 When possible and necessary, citizens should be able to participate in
decision-making in a democracy.
 Democracy ensures that decision-making is based on norms and
procedures.
 A citizen has the right and the means to examine the process of decision-
making. Thus democracy entails transparency.
 For a democracy to produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate
government, it must ensure the following—
 Regular, free and fair elections; Open public debate on major policies
and legislation’s; Citizens’ right to be informed about government
policies; A government free from corruption.
Two conditions necessary for a democracy to achieve harmonious society:
Democracy must fulfill the following two conditions in order to achieve a
harmonious social life:
 Majority and minority opinions are not permanent. Democracy is not simply
rule by majority opinion. The majority needs to work with the minority so
that government may function to represent the general view.
 Rule by majority does not become rule by majority community in terms of
religion or race or linguistic groups, etc. Democracy remains democracy so
long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point of time.
No individual should be debarred from participating in a democracy on the
basis of religion, caste, community, creed and other such factors..

Outcomes of democracy:
There are certain things that democracy must provide.
 In a democracy people have the right to choose their rulers and people will
have control over them.
 It is right to expect democracy to produce a government that follows
procedures and is accountable to people.
 Democratic government develops mechanisms for citizens—regular, free
and fair elections, open public debate on major policies and legislation’s,
and citizens’ right to information about the government and its functioning.

Democracy is a better form of government than others:

 Based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation. Thus the necessary delay in
implementation.
 Decisions are acceptable to people and are more effective.
 A citizen has the right and the means to examine the process of- decision-
making. There is transparency.
  Democratic government is legitimate government, people’s own government.
 There is inability of democracy to achieve higher economic growth which is a
cause of worry.
 Ability to handle differences, decisions and conflicts is a positive point of
democratic regimes.
 Democracy has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and
discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity.
Dignity and freedom of citizens are best guaranteed in a democracy:
 Dignity of women. The one way to ensure that women related problems get
adequate attention is to have more women as elected representatives.
Panchayati Raj in India has reserved one-third seats in local government
bodies for women.
 Democracy has strengthened the claims of disadvantaged and
discriminated castes. When governments are formed, political parties
usually take care that representatives of different castes and tribes find a
place in it. Democracy provides for equal status and opportunities for all
castes.
 Democracy transforms people from the status of a subject into that of a
citizen. A democracy ensures that people will have the right to choose their
rulers and people will have control over the rulers.
 A citizen has the right and the means to examine the process of decision-
making. There is transparency in a democracy like India. In October 2005,
the Right to Information (RTI) law was passed which ensures all its citizens
the right to get all the information about the functions of the government
departments.
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following do you consider as a better form of democracy.?
a.Monarchy. b.Dictatorship.
c.Democracy. d.None of the above. Ans b
2. On which of the issues most of the democracies have failed.?
a.Corruption b.Removal of poverty.
c.Both a&b. d.None of these.. Ans.both a and b
3. Which one of the following is a feature ofDictatorship.?
a.Rule of one individual or party.
b.No faith in religion.
c.Faith in force and war.
d.All of these. Ans-d
4. Find the incorrect option.
a.Democracies are based on political equality.
b.Every individual wants to receive respect from fellow beings.
c.Most of the societies across the world were women dominated societies.
d.In democracy, all citizens have one vote. Ansc
5. Democracy is based on the idea of.
a. Majority.
b.Deliberation and negotiation.
c.Minority.
d.None of these
6. No society can fully and permanently resolve. —-----------------among
different groups.
Ans-Conflicts
7. Majority and minority opinions are not. —-------------
 Ans- Permanent.
Democracies are based on. —-------
Ans- Political and social equality.
8. The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of ____
Ans-Democracy.
9. Ability to handlesocial differences divisions and conflicts is a plus point of
-------------
Ans-Democratic regime.
10. Why is democracy a better form of government.?
a.Promotes equality among citizens.
b.Enhances dignity of individual.
c.Improves quality of decision making.
d.Provides methodto resolve conflicts.
e.Allows room to correct mistakes.
11. What are the things that a democracy must provide?
a.People will have the right to choose their rulers.
b.Control over the rulers.
c.Citizen should be able to participate in decision making.
d.Most basic outcome of democracy should bethatit produces a
governmentthat is accountable to the citizens.
e.Should be responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens. Being a
Legitimate government.
12. What do you mean byAccountable,Responsiveand Legitimate
government.?
Accountable :The government must beaccountableand answerable to the
people,besides themselvesfor theirrule.
 Responsive :Mustbe quick to react to people’s problems and needs.It can be
done throughformal discussion between people ofdifferentInterest groupsand
negotiations.
Legitimate :The government shouldrule in accordancewith law- which are
true,validand legal.
13. How can a citizen knowifa decision was takenthrough the correct
procedures.?
a.Through transparency-the right and the means to examine the process of
decision making.
b.To expect democracy to produce a government that follows procedures and
is accountable to the people
c.Expect the Democratic governmentto develop the means for citizens to hold
the government accountable.
d.Mechanism for citizens to take part in decision making wherever they think
fit.
14. What are the outcomes expectedfrom ademocratic government.?
a.Regular, free and fair elections.
b. Public debate on major policies.
c.Right to informationabout the government and its functioning.
d. Setting up conditions for open public debate.
e.Fair chance to everyoneand subjecting every decision to public debate.
f.Corruption free government
g. Sharing information with citizens.
15. In what way is a democratic governmentcertainly better than its
alternatives.?
a. Legitimate government.
 b.People's own government.
c. Overwhelming support for the idea of democracyall over the world.
d.Representative government.
e.Ability to generate.Its own support.
16. Parallel to the process of bringing individuals into the political arena on
equal footing,we find growing inequalities.Comment
a.Small number of ultra richenjoy ahighly disproportionate share of wealth
and incomes.
b.Their share in their total income of the country has been increasing.
c.Incomes of those at the bottomhave been declining.
d. It is difficult to meet their basic needslike food,clothing,shelter education
and health.
e.Growing inequalities

17. In actual life, democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing

economic inequalities.Comment
a. The poor constitute a large proportion of voters.
b.No party likes to lose their votes.
c.Not keento address the question of poverty.
d.Example;Bangladeshhalf of its populationlives in poverty
e. People in several poor countriesare dependent onthe rich countrieseven for
 food supplies
Expectations from democracy also function as a criteria for judging any
democratic country.Comment.
a. The most distinctive about democracy is that it's examinationnever gets
over.
b. Democracy has to faceone test after the other.
c. People come with more expectations and complaints.
d. The fact that people complain itself is a testimony.to the success of
democracy.
e. Showspeople have developedawareness and abilityto look critically, at
power holders and the high and the mighty.
f.A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of
democratic project.
g.Transforms people fromthe status of a subjectinto that of a citizen.
h.Most individualsbelieve thattheir vote makes a differenceto the functioning
of the governmentand their own self-interest.

.
.
ECONOMICS

1
 CHAPTER - 1
DEVELOPMENT
ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT

STANDARD
ACCESS TO OF LIFE
CLEAN LITERACY
DRINKING RATE
WATER

HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
INDEX INFANT
BODY MASS
MORTALITY
INDEX
RATE

HEALTH LIFE
FACILITIES EXPECTANCY

Respect Equal
treatment
Security Satisfaction

Freedom Good standard of

living

Ample
Income Developmental goals
opportunities

2
 OF LIFE

Different notions of development:

 Different people have different notions of development because life
situations of persons are different and therefore their aspirations and
desires and goals.
 What may be development for one may not be development forthe other.
It may even be
destructive for the other.
Income and other goals
 Money, or material things that one can buy with it, is one factor on which
our life depends.
 The quality of our life also depends on non-material things.
 The developmental goals that people have are not only about better
income but also about other
important things in life.
How to compare different countries or states?
 The Comparison between countries, total income is not such an useful
measure.
 Countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell
us what an average person is likely to earn.
 We compare the average income which is the total income of the country
divided by its total population.
 The average income is also called per capita income.
 In World Development Report 2006, Countries with per capita income of
Rs 4,53,000 per annum and above in 2004, are called rich countries and
those with per capita income of Rs 37,000 or less are called low-income
countries.
 India comes in the category of low-income countries because its per

3
 capita
income in 2004 was just Rs 28,000 per annum.
 The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other
small countries, are
generally called developed countries.
Public facilities
 Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may
need to live
well.
 Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods
and services that
citizens are able to use.
 For example, normally, your money cannot buy you a pollution-free
environment or Money may also not be able to protect us from infectious
diseases, unless the whole of your
community takes preventive steps.
Body Mass Index (BMI).
 Take the weight of the person in kg.
 Then take the height in metres.
 Divide the weight by the square of the height.
 If the figure is less than 18.5 then the person would be considered
undernourished.
 If this BMI is more than 25, then a person is overweight.
Human Development Report
 Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries
based on the Educational levels of the people,
 Their health
 Status

4
  Per capita income.
Sustainability of development
 "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the
present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs."
 The concept of sustainable development is an approach to development
that looks to balance different, and often competing, needs against an
awareness of the environmental, social and economic limitations we face
as a society.
Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) indicates the number of children that die
before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that
particular year.
Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above
age group.
Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 6-10
attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age
group.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
1. For comparing the development of countries, their _______ is
considered to be one of the most important attributes.
a) income
b) population
c) demographics
d) none of the above
2. If the Body Mass Index (BMI) is _________ then the adult person
would be considered undernourished.
a) less than 18.5
b) less than 10.5

5
 c) less than 25.5
d) less than 28.5
3. What will be the top priority in the developmental goal of a landless
labourer?
(a) Expansion of rural banking
(b) More days of work and better wages
(c) Metal roads for transportation
(d) Establishment of a high school
4. Which of the following neighbouring countries has better
performance in terms of human development than India?
a) Bangladesh
b) Sri Lanka
c) Nepal
d) Pakistan
5. What is the full form of UNDP?
a) United States National Development Project
b) Union National Global Development
c) United Nations Development Programme
d) Union of Nations for Global Development
6. . …………….. is the total income of the country divided by its total
population?
A. per capita income
B. Gross income
C. Net income
D. Total income
7. Which of the following is the most important component for
comparing different countries?
(a) Population

6
 (b) Income
(c) Per capita income
(d) Resources
8. Which one of the following statements defines ‘Literacy Rate’?
(a) Total literate population divided by total population
(b) Total literate population divided by literate population
(c) Proportion of illiterate population in the 18 and above age group.
(d) It measures the proportion of literate proportion in the 7 years and
above age group
9. Pick out the cause (from below) that enhances environmental
degradation:
(a) Planting of trees.
(b) Prevention of factory wastes getting mixed up with river water.
(c) Ban on use of plastic bags.
(d) Allowing increase in the level of exhaust fumes emitted by cars, buses,
trucks, etc.
10 In which state of India is the infant mortality rate lowest?
(a) Punjab
(b) Bihar
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Kerala
11. Which category does India come under?
A. High-income countries
B. Low middle-income countries
C. Low-income countries
D. High middle-income countries
12. Groundwater is an example of …………..resources?
A. Renewable

7
 B. Non-renewable
C. Protected
D. Reserve
13. ANSWERS:
1---- (a) 2----(b) 3 ---(b) 4 ---(c) 5 ---(a)
6 --- (c) 7----(d) 8 ---(a) 9 ---(d) 10 --(d)
11 --(b) 12----(a)
14. Fill in the blanks :
1)PDS means _______________________
2) Human Development Report is published by ________________
3) Two important aspects of our lives other than income are _________
and _____________
4) ____________ is the most common indicator for measuring economic
development of a country.
5) IMR stands for _________________
6) Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) indicates the number of children that die
before the age of ____________ as a proportion of 1000 live children
born in that particular year.
7) In India, ___________ state has the lowest literacy rate.
8) Nearly ___________ of the country is overusing their ground water
reserves.
ANSWERS:
1) Public Distribution System
2) the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
3) Equality and freedom
4) Per capita income
5) Infant Mortality Rate
6) 1 year

8
 7) Bihar
8) One-third
15. ASSERTION AND REASONING:
ASSERTION(A): Kerala has low Infant Mortality Rate.
Reason ( R) : Kerala has adequate provision of basic health and
education facilities.

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the
correct explanation of Assertion (A) .
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not
the correct explanation of Assertion (A) .
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is correct.

Answer: Option (a)

3 Mark questions:
1. What is per capita income? Mention any two limitations of per capita
income as an indicator of development.
Answer-
 The total income of a country divided by its total population gives
the percapita income.
 The rise in per capita income is due to a rise in prices. An increase
in physical output has no contribution, therefore, it is not a reliable
index of economic development.
 Per capita income doesn't tell us how the income is distributed
among people.

 Per capita income cannot be regarded as the sole indicator of

development. Other Ares are also important like literacy rate, life
expectancy, infant mortality rate, etc.
2. “What may be development for one may not be development for the
other.” Explain with a suitable example.
Answer:
Every individual is different from each other, the notion of
development also varies. The difference in social and economic positions
of the people generally results in different goals of development. Two

9
 individuals and groups of people may have conflicting interests.
 For example, for many people, large dams are the symbols of
development and prosperity. However, building of large dams
results in the displacement of villagers and tribals from their homes
and land. They not only lose their land and homes but also their
livelihood. Therefore, villagers often resent and protest against the
building of large dams.
 The ‘Narmada bachao andolan’ is one such case, where villagers
and tribals have been opposing the construction of the dam.
3. Explain the term ‘Development. How is it linked with sustainability ?
Explain with example.
Answer:
(i)Development is a process which has a notion of going further up and
improving the quality of life.
(ii) It is linked to sustainability since it has to be maintained for future
generations.
(iii) Resources need to be used wisely so that they can be replenished.
(iv) Overuse of resources exhausts them. For example, petroleum.
(v) If development is not sustainable, it will give rise to environmental
degradation and become a global problem.

10
4.

5. Define the following based on the information given in the above table
. i Infant mortality rate
. ii Literacy rate
. iii Net attendance ratio
. ivName the state which has maximum% of net attendance ratio
Answer:
1. Infant mortality rate. It indicates the number of children that die
before the age of 1 year as a proportion of 1000 live children born
in that particular year.
2. Literacy rate. It measures the proportion of literate population in the
7 and above age group.
3. Net Attendance ratio. It is the total number of children of age group
6 to 10 attending school as a percentage of total number of children
in the same age group.
Kerala
6. Why do people look at a mix of goals for development? Explain.

11
 Answer:
Though income is one of the most important components of development,
but there are other important goals which people look at for
development—
1. People also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security and
respect.
2. Women need a safe and secure environment to take up a variety of
jobs or to run businesses as entrepreneurs.
3. People seek a pollution free environment.
4. Students seek better education and equal opportunities to learn.
7. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not
enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this statement
relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.
Answer:
a. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not
enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”. This statement is
given by Mahatma Gandhi and is relevant to the discussion of
development since both resources and development go hand in
hand.
b. For the sustainability of development, the maintenance of resources
is also crucial. As the statement claims, the Earth has enough
resources—renewable and non-renewable—to satisfy everyone’s
needs; however, these need to be used with a view to keeping the
environment protected and clean so that a balance of production and
use is maintained, and shortages are avoided.
8. What do you mean by public facilities? Why are they important?
Name two public facilities available in India.
Answer:

12
 i. Public facilities are the essential facilities for the community at
large and are provided by the government Important:
ii. They are important because there are many services like education,
health, transportation etc., which have become cheap and
affordable if provided, collectively.
iii. Public facilities : Rail transport and – Government schools.
9. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use?
Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
Answer:
a) Total income is not a useful measure for comparison between countries.
Since countries have different populations, comparing total income does
not tell what an average person is likely to earn. Hence, we use average
income which is total income of the country divided by total population.
b) The defect of average as a measure is that it does not show the
distribution (dispersion) of income between the rich and the poor.
c).Two countries may have the same average income but in one country
almost every family may enjoy more or less the same kind of income,
whereas in the other, some maybe very rich and others very poor.
d) The disparity between rich and poor is an important
feature that the average measure (per capita income) does not consider.
Example: In terms of development, we can take the example of India,
where the metro towns are full of high-rise buildings and shopping malls
while some villages have not yet been provided with a basic necessity like
electricity.
5 Mark questions:
1. “Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live
well” Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer with any
three suitable arguments.

13
 Answer: Yes, I agree with the statement because money income and
material goods alone are not an adequate indicator of a good quality of
life. Money cannot buy all the goods and services one needs to live well.
 Money cannot buy pollution free and dean environment with fresh air.
 It cannot protect us from infectious diseases and guarantee good health
for us.
 Money cannot assure that medicines available in the market are not
adulterated. To live well one needs non-material factors such as equal
treatment, freedom, security, equal opportunity to learn, a pollution free
environment, good and safe working conditions etc.
2. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying
different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
Answer:
The criterion used in classifying countries is the per capita income of a
nation. This criterion is used by the World Bank in its World
Development Reports.
 Countries with per capita income of US$ 1035 or less are called
low-income countries.
 As per 2012, rich countries are the countries with per capita income
of US$ 12616 per annum and above.
 In 2012 per capita income of India was just US$ 1530 per annum,
hence it was classified in the category of low middle income
countries.
 Generally developed countries are the rich countries, excluding
some small countries and countries of the Middle East.
 Per capita income is nothing but the average income.
 Average income is the total income of the country divided by its
total population. Hence, the right measure used in comparing

14
 different nations is comparison of average incomes of nations.
Limitations
 Better income is the only goal for people. They have many other
goals in life such as freedom, equal treatment, respect for other
people, security etc. There are a whole gamut of things which are
not included in the criterion used by the World Bank for comparing
countries.
 For example, one cannot say everything is fine and developed by
merely checking the per capita income, there are other factors like
infant mortality rate which needs to be measured.
 Health, Nutrition, Education levels are other important metrics
which are not measured through the development report given out
by the World Bank.
 Unless the whole of your community takes preventive steps, money
may not be able to protect a person from infectious diseases
 Money cannot ensure that you get unadulterated medicines.
 Money alone cannot buy you a pollution-free environment.
3. What are the importance of Human development index?
Answer:
a. It indicates the development of a country.
b. It indicates to a country how far it has to yet travel to achieve a
higher rank and how far itas travelled.
c. It indicates the country that in which areas it is poor and in which
areas it has improved.
d. Though it, one comes to know the important elements of economic
welfare like life Expectancy, level of education attainment and real
per capita income.
e. It measures material and non material components of development.

15
 f. Human Development Index is helpful for a country to plan its
future agendas.
Mention any four aspects of comparison notions of development
between different countries. Or
Explain three attributes for comparing nations development between
different countries. Or
What are the two basic criteria used for comparing an
underdeveloped country with developed one ? Or
Give examples to prove that there are other important developmental
goals than income.
Answer: Development of a country can generally be determined by: per
capita income; average literacy level; and health status of its people.
(i) Per Capita Income means average income generated by each person
in a given group of people. Its limitation is that it does not show the
disparities among the people of the group. ‘
(ii) Amount of literacy achieved is also a measure of development.
Literacy rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and
above age group. The more the people are educated, the more the country
will be developed.
(iii) Health indicators are Infant Mortality Rate, Birth Rate, etc. Lower the
amount of Infant Mortality Rate, higher is the rate of people being
healthy. ,
(iv) Net Attendance Ratio is also the indicator of economic development
of a nation. It is the total number of children of age group 6-10 attending
school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group,
(v) Life Expectancy at birth denotes average expected length of life of a
person at the time of birth. Higher the life expectancy at birth, higher is
considered the development of a nation.

16
 CHAPTER -2

SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY

PRIMARY SECTOR
Production of good by extraction and collection of natural
resources. Eg: Farming, forestry, hunting, fishing and mining

Economic Activities

SECOHDARY SECTOR
Natural products are changed
into other forms through ways
of manufacturingcotton fibre
from the plant
TERTIARY SECTOR
Help in the development of the
primary and secondary sectors. .
Example: Teachers, doctors,
washermen, barbers, cobblers,
lawyers, call centres, software

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

 The value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular
year provides the total production of the sector for that year.
 The sum of production in the three sectors gives Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) of a country.
 GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced within a country during
a particular year.
 It shows how big the economy is. In India, the task of measuring GDP is
undertaken by a central government ministry.

17
The graph below shows the production of goods and services in the three sectors.

IMPORTANCES OF TERTIARY SECTOR

 Services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph services,
police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal corporations,
defence, transport, banks, insurance companies, etc. are considered as basic
services and are necessary for all people.
 The development of agriculture and industry leads to the development of services
such as transport, trade, storage etc.
 With the rise in the income of people, they start demanding more services like
eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools, professional
training etc.
 Over the past decade, certain new services based on information and
communication technology have become important and essential.


18
Where are Most People Employed
PRIMARY SECTOR SECONDARY SECTOR TERTIARY SECTOR
 More than half of  These sectors employ less than half the people as
the workers in India compared to the primary sector.
are working in the
primary sector,
mainly in
agriculture.
 It contributes only a  These sectors produce four-fifths of the product.
quarter of the GDP.
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA) 2005.
 The central government in India made a law implementing the Right to Work in
about 625 districts of India, which is called Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) 2005.
 Under MGNREGA 2005, all those who are able to, and are in need of work in
rural areas are guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the government.
If the government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give
unemployment allowances to the people.
DIVISION OF SECTORS

ORGANISED SECTOR UNORGANISED SECTOR

 It is a sector where the  The unorganised sector is
employment terms are fixed and characterised by small and
regular, and the employees get scattered units, which are largely
assured work. outside the control of the

19
 government.

 It is a sector where the  There are rules and regulations but

employment terms are fixed and these are not followed since they
regular, and the employees get are not registered with the
assured work. government.
 They are registered by the  Jobs are low-paid and often not
government and have to follow its regular.
rules and regulations, which are
given in various laws such as the
Factories Act, Minimum Wages
Act, Payment of Gratuity Act,
Shops and Establishments Act etc.
 The job is regular and has fixed  Employment is not secure. People
working hours. If people work can be asked to leave without any
more, they get paid for the reason.
overtime by the employer.
 Workers enjoy the security of  There is no provision for overtime,
employment. paid leave, holidays, leave due to
sickness etc.
 People working in the organised  There are no such facilities in the
sector get several other benefits unorganised sector.
from the employers such as paid
leave, payment during holidays,
provident fund, gratuity etc.
 People get medical benefits. The
factory manager has to ensure
facilities like drinking water and a

20
 safe working environment. When
they retire, these workers get
pensions as well.
 Examples of the organised sectors  Examples of the unorganised
are Government employees, sectors are Shopkeeping, Farming,
registered industrial workers, Domestic works, Labouring,
Anganwadi workers, village health Rickshaw pulling, etc.
workers etc.

ORGANISED SECTOR

PEOPLE GET MEDICAL BENEFITS.

SECURITY OF EMPLOYMENT.

JOB IS REGULAR AND HAS

FIXED WORKING HOURS

REGISTERED BY THE
GOVERNMENT

FIXED ,REGULAR, AND

ASSURED WORK.

ORGANI
SED
SECTOR

21
 UNORGANISED SECTOR

. SMALL AND •EMPLOYMENT IS NOT

SCATTERED
UNITS, SECURE.

RULES AND •NO PROVISION FOR

REGULATIONS OVERTIME, PAID LEAVE,
ARE NOT HOLIDAYS, LEAVE DUE TO
FOLLOWED SICKNESS ETC.

•NO SUCH FACILITIES IN THE

JOBS ARE UNORGANISED SECTOR
LOW-PAID •SHOPKEEPING, FARMING,
AND OFTEN DOMESTIC WORKS,
NOT REGULAR. LABOURING, RICKSHAW
PULLING, ETC.

PROTECTION OF WORKERS IN UNORGANISED SECTOR

 The government can fix the minimum wages rate and working hours.
 The government can provide cheap loans to self-employed people.
 Government can provide cheap and affordable basic services like education,
health, food to these workers.
 The government can frame new laws which can provide provision for overtime,
paid leave, leave due to sickness, etc.

22
 SECTORS IN TERM OF OWNERSHIP

PRIVATE SECTOR
PUBLIC SECTOR

 In the public sector, the  In the private sector, ownership of

government owns most of the
assets and provides all the services.
 Railways or post office is an
example of the public sector.
 The purpose of the public sector is
not just to earn profits. Its main
aim is public welfare.
assets and delivery of services is in
the hands of private individuals or
companies.
 Companies like Tata Iron and Steel
Company Limited (TISCO) or
Reliance Industries Limited (RIL)
are privately owned companies.
 Activities in the private sector are
guided by the motive to earn
profits.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF GOVERNMENT
 Government raises money through taxes and other ways to meet expenses on the
services rendered by it.
 Governments have to undertake heavy spending such as the construction of
roads, bridges, railways, harbours, generating electricity, providing irrigation
through dams etc. Also, it has to ensure that these facilities are available for
everyone.
 There are some activities, which the government has to support to encourage the

23
 private sector to continue their production or business.
 The government in India buys wheat and rice from farmers at a ‘fair price’ and
sells at a lower price to consumers through ration shops. In this way, it supports
both farmers and consumers.
 Running proper schools and providing quality education, health and education
facilities for all are some of the duties of the government.
 Government also needs to pay attention to aspects of human development such as
availability of safe drinking water, housing facilities for the poor and food and
nutrition, taking care of the poorest and most ignored regions of the country.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following activities does not belong to the primary
sector?
(a) Fishing
(b) Banking
(c) Mining
(d) forestry
2. Which of the following sectors is the largest employer in India?
(a) Primary Sector
(b) Secondary Sector
(c) Tertiary Sector
(d) IT Sector
3. The task of measuring GDP is undertaken by the
(a) central government
(b) state government
(c) provincial government
(d) all of the above
The motive of the public sector enterprises is
(a) profit making

24
 (b) entertainment
(c) social welfare and security
(d) none of the above
4. NREGA (National Rural Employment Guarantee Act of 2005) has
guaranteed ………. days of employment in a year in many districts
of India. What are the correct number of days?
(a) 200 days
(b) 100 days
(c) 30 days
(d) 60 days
5. Which of the following examples does not fall under unorganized
sector?
(a) A farmer irrigating his field.
(b) A daily wage labourer working for a contractor.
(c) A handloom weaver working on a loom in her house.
(d) A doctor in a hospital treating a patient.
6. The money value of all final goods and services produced within a
country during a particular year is called:
(a) Gross domestic product
(b) Net domestic product
(c) National product
(d) Production of secondary sector
7. What is meant by GDP?
(a) Gross Dairy Product
(b) Gross Domestic Product
(c) Great Development Project
(d) Great Domestic Product
8. The sectors are classified into public and private sector on the basis

25
 of:
(a)employment conditions
(b)the nature of economic activity
(c)ownership of enterprises
(d)number of workers employed in the enterprise
9. Which of the following is not applicable for a worker, who works in
the organised sector?
(a) She gets a regular salary at the end of the month
(b) She is not paid for leave
(c) She gets medical allowance
(d) She got an appointment letter stating the terms and conditions of
work when she joins work.
10. .What are the groups of classification of an economy called?
(a) Sectors
(b) Centres
(c) Types
(d)Categories
11. When we produce a good by exploiting natural resources it is
called……..?
(a) Tertiary sector
(b) Primary sector
(c )Service sector
(d) Public sector
12. Using sugarcane as raw material, we make sugar or gur, under what
sector does this activity come?
(a) Primary
(b) Industrial
(c)Tertiary

26
 (d) None of these
13. Choose one correct statement from the following:
Underemployment occurs —
(a) when people are not willing to work.
(b) when people are working slowly.
(c) when people are working less than what they are capable of doing.
(d) when people are not paid for their jobs.
14. Which sector has emerged as the largest producing sector in India.
Select one from the following alternatives:
(a) Secondary sector
(b) Tertiary sector
(c) Primary sector
(d) Science and Technology sector
15. Where will you find the disguised unemployment most? Select the
correct option from those given below:
(a) Among agricultural workers working for small farm lands
(b) Among part-time industrial workers
(c) In most of the government offices
(d) In big private companies.
16. Which of the following comes under the tertiary sector?
a) transport
b) communication
c) both (a) & (b)
d) none of the above
17 The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was passed by the
Government of India in __
a) 2005
b) 2010

27
 c) 2004
d) 2014
18. Which one of the following occupation is not associated with
primary sector ?
(a) Basket Weaver
(b) Potter
(c) Gardener
(d) Priest
19 In which type of unemployment more people are employed than
required?
(a)seasonal unemployment
(b)disguised unemployment
(c ) educated unemployment
(d) all the above
ANSWERS:
1.(b) 2. (a) 3.(a) 4. (c ) 5.(b) 6.(d)
7. (a) 8.(b) 9. (c ) 10.(b) 11.(a) 12. (b)
13. (b) 14. (c ) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (c ) 18. (a)
19. (d) 0. (b)
Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. a) Workers in the _________ sector do not produce goods. (tertiary /
agricultural)
b) Most of the workers in the _________ sector enjoy job security.
(organised / unorganised)
c) A _________ proportion of labourers in India are working in the
unorganised sector.
(large / small)
d) Cotton is a _________ product and cloth is a _________ product.

28
[natural /manufactured]
e) The activities in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are_________
[independent / interdependent]
f) Tertiary sector is also called ……….. .[Primary sector / Service
sector]
g)Communication and banking come under ……….. sector.[Primary
sector / Tertiary sector]
h) Cotton cultivation falls under ……….. sector..[Primary sector /
Tertiary sector]
i) In the public sector, the ……….. owns most of the assets and provides
all services.[Government / Private]
j) In the Private sector, the ownership lies in the hands of ………..
.[Government companies / Private companies]
k) Most of the jobs are ……….. and ……….. paid in the unorganised
sector.[secure, highly/unsecure, lowly]
l) Protection and support to the unorganised sector is needed for both
……….. and ……….. development.[ economic and social / non-
economic and personal]
m) Bankers and truck drivers belong to ……….. sector of the
economy.[Secondary sector / Tertiary sector]
ANSWERS:
a) tertiary h) Primary sector
b) organised i) Government
c) large j) Private companies
d) natural,manufactured k) unsecure, lowly
e) interdependent l) economic and social
f) Service sector m) tertiary sector
g) Tertiary sector

29
2. Assertion and Reasoning:
Assertion (A): Disguised unemployment is hidden in contrast to
someone who does not have a job and is clearly visible as unemployed.
Everyone is working, no one is fully employed.
Reason (R): In actual fact, labour effort gets divided.
 A) If both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is
the correct
explanation of assertion (A).
 (B) If both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is
not the correct
explanation of assertion (A).
 (C) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
 (D) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are false.
Answer- (B) If both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason
(R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).
3. Assertion (A) Under MNREGA 2005, those who are able to and are in
need to work in rural areas are guaranteed 100 days of employment in a
year.
Reason (R) The Central Government in India made a law implementing
the Right to Work in about 625 districts of India.
 (A) both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is
the correct explanation of Assertion (A) .
 (B) both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is
not the correct explanation of Assertion (A) .\
 (C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
 (D) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is correct.
Answer- (B) both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A)

30
 3 MARK QUESTIONS
1. 1) Explain the interdependence of all three sectors giving examples
from transportation system.
Answer: All the three sectors, primary, secondary and tertiary, are
interdependent to each other in the following ways.
. i Primary sector makes possible the extraction of natural resource like
iron. This iron is then taken to the secondary sector for manufacturing
through the transportation system like trucks. The extraction process is
supported by the financing and information technological institutions.
. ii It is through the secondary sector that the natural resource iron is
changed into other forms through the process of manufacturing.
Manufacturing again need the support of the service sector in the form
of engineers, electricians, etc.
. iii Iron is changed into iron sheets and then into vehicles for
transportation. Once manufactured, the vehicles are sold through
various trading agencies. These vehicles are used for providing services
in the tertiary sector and at the same time .

What constitutes the unorganized sector in urban areas? Why do

workers in this area need protection?
Answer:
. i In the urban areas, unorganised sector comprises mainly small-scale
industry, casual workers in construction, trade and transport, street
vendors, head-load workers, garment makers, ragpickers, etc. All these
workers constitute unorganized sector in urban areas.
. ii A majority of workers in the unorganized sector are from scheduled
castes scheduled tribes and backward communities.
. iii Workers in unorganised sector urban areas need protection

31
 because, besides getting the irregular and low- paid work, these
workers also face social discrimination.They are looked down upon by
the people in urban areas.
. ivProtection and support to the unorganised sector workers is thus
necessary for both economic and social development.
How does service sector help in the development of primary and
secondary sectors? Explain with examples.
Answer:
 After primary and secondary sectors, there is a third sector called the
service sector also known as tertiary sector.
 Activities that fall under the service sector help in the development of
the primary and secondary sectors by not directly producing a good but
helping these sectors by activities that are an aid or a support for the
production process.
 For example, goods that are produced in the primary or secondary
sector would need to be transported by trucks or trains and then sold in
wholesale and retail shops.
 At times, it may be necessary to store these goods in godowns. We may
also need to talk to others over telephone or send letters
(communication) or borrow money from banks (banking) to help
production and trade.
 Transport, storage, communication, banking and trade are some
examples of service or tertiary sector. Since these activities generate
services rather than goods, they promote primary and secondary sectors
by providing expertise, finance, transportation, advertisement, etc
Explain with suitable examples which part of the service sector is not
growing in importance. Answer:
 The employment generation part of service sector is not growing in

32
 importance. The service sector in India employs different kinds of
people.
 At one end, there are a limited number of services that employ highly
skilled and educated workers. At the other end, there are a very large
number of workers engaged in services such as small shopkeepers,
repair persons cattle, owners transport drivers and electricians.
 These people barely manage to earn there living and yet they perform
these services because no alternative opportunity for work are available
for them.
Highlight the three factors responsible for the growth of service
sector in the Indian economy.
Answer:
Ever since the service sector got liberalized in the year 1991, it has
seen constant growth. The following are the reasons responsible for the
growth of service sector in the Indian economy.
 Increase in the income of people: Since the income level of the people
has been increasing ever since, with increasing affluence there is
increase in the demands of the services like maids, cooks, servants and
gardeners.
 Increase in population: With an increase in number of people in the
country, the demand for service sector has increased. Demands for
service like schools, health department and nursing homes have
increased.
 Increase in numbers of working women: With the passage of time there
has been a massive increase in the number of working women in India.
This has led to increase in demands in the service sector like household
help, babysitters and cooks.
How to Protect the workers under Unorganised Sector?

33
 ANSWER:
 There are many groups of vulnerable people who need protection
in the unorganised sector.
 In rural areas farmers can be supported through adequate facilities
for timely delivery of seeds, agricultural inputs, credit, storage
etc.
 In urban areas the small scale industries can be protected by
governments support for procuring raw materials and marketing
of output.
 Protection and support to farmers and workers are necessary for
economic and social development.
5 MARK QUESTIONS:
1. Explain disguised unemployment with two examples, one from
urban areas and other from rural areas.
Answer:
 Disguised unemployment is a kind of unemployment in which some
people look like being employed but are actually not employed fully.
 This situation is also known as hidden unemployment.
 It refers to a situation wherein more people are engaged in a work than
required. When the surplus workers from a rural area engaged in the
activity or the work, are removed, the production remains unaffected.
 In urban areas, there are many people who are employed. Their jobs do
not suit their qualifications. Disguised unemployment can be seen in
the service sector where painters, repair person, plumber, etc. are doing
odd jobs. Many of them do not find work on a daily basis. Taking an
example, there is a shop, which require only two persons for handling
it, but if there are three servants and one owner to look after the shop,
then this shows that two servants are in the situation of disguised

34
 unemployment.
 In rural areas, disguised employment can be seen in the agricultural
sector. Most often, all the members of a family are engaged on the
same piece of land. If a few members are withdrawn, there will no
effect on the production. So, the members who are withdrawn are in the
situation of disguised unemployment.
2. Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national
or state boundaries.” Explain.
Answer:
 Environmental degradation is a global issue, which has been discussed
and debated over the past decades.
 It is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources
such as air, water and soil. It affects and depletes the ecosystem,
hampers the ozone layer and is responsible for extinction of wildlife.
 Environmental degradation is not restricted to national or state
boundaries. It hampers the surroundings irrespective of any national or
state boundaries and its harmful effects are well felt in the surrounding
states and neighbouring countries and even globally.
 For example, if India has a lot of air pollution through massive thermal
power plants and other sources, it affects its neighbouring countries
like Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Acid rain and climate change
are some transcontinental issues.
 Land degradation in India affects Bangladesh as it brings massive silt
and floods. Therefore, environmental degradation is a serious issue
which has grabbed the attention of all countries irrespective of
boundaries because protecting the environment is the need of the hour
at the global level.

35
3. Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development
of nation.
Answer:
 Creation of infrastructure: Public sector promotes the economic
development since it brings about creation and expansion of
infrastructure and the infrastructure plays an important role in
economic development.
 Generates financial resources: Public Sector provides for various
employment opportunities since major part of public sector depends on
manpower and higher employment opportunities implies higher
generation of financial resources for economic development.
 Contributes to HDI: Public sector majorly contributes to the Human
Development Index since health and education industries come under
the purview of public sector.
 Availability of goods: Public sector helps in availability of goods at
moderate rates, which helps in maintaining financial security and thus
helps in economic development.
 Provides encouragement: It provides encouragement to small, medium
and cottage production units. It also strives for the creation of welfare
state

4. What is the role of government in public sector?

Answer:
The following points sum up the role of government in public sector.
 Welfare of the people: The modern state is a welfare state that looks
after the interests of its citizens. People pay different types of taxes and
expect their representatives or the government to follow policies for
their welfare. Services like railways, posts and telegraphs are run by

36
 the government for the welfare of the people.
 Large expenditure: Some activities like construction of roads need
large sums of expenditure that cannot be borne by the private sector.
So, the government takes up such activities in the interest of the people
in a democracy.
 Support of the government: There are some activities that need support
of the government in the form of subsidy such as provision of
foodgrains for the poor through ration shops. The government buys
wheat, paddy etc. at a higher price but sells at a lower price at ration
shops.
 Duty of the government: It is duty of the government to raise the living
standard of the people. It should make arrangements for quality
education and health services in order to take care of the poorest and
most ignored regions of the country through increase in expenditure in
such areas. Thus, the government takes up various activities and spends
a lot of expenditure on them.

5. Give five reasons for the rising of the tertiary sector in India
Answer:
Over the forty years, between 1970 and 71, and 2010 and 11, while
production in all the three sectors has increased, it has increased the
most in the tertiary sector. The following factors are making the
tertiary sector important in India.
 Basic services: In any country, several services such as hospitals,
educational institutions,post and telegraph services, police stations,
courts, village administrative offices, municipal corporations, defence,
transport, banks and insurance companies, are required. These can be
considered as basic services. In a developing country, the government

37
 has to take responsibility for the provision of these services.
 Development of primary and secondary sector: The development of
agriculture and industry leads to the development of services such as
transport, trade and storage. The greater the development of the
primary and secondary sectors, the more would be the demand for such
services.
 Rise in income levels: As income levels rise, certain sections of people
start demanding many more services like eating out, tourism, shopping,
private hospitals, private schools and professional training centres. We
can see this change quite sharply in cities, especially in big cities.
 Rise in information technology: Over the past decade or so, certain new
services, such as those based on information and communication
technology have become important and essential. The production of
these services has been rising rapidly.
 Globalization: Due to globalization, people have become aware of new
services and activities, and communication because of which the
tertiary sector has gained importance.

6. Describe the provisions of the National Rural employment Guarantee

Act 2005.
Answer:
 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 aims to guarantee the
right to work. It also aims at improving livelihood in rural areas.
 The following are the provisions of the NREGA.
 Eligibility: Any Indian citizen who is above the age of 18 years and
resides in the rural area is entitled to apply for work.
 Distance: Work is to be provided by the government in a radius of 5
km of the applicant if possible and in any case within the block. If the

38
 work provided is beyond 5 km of distance, extra travel allowance is to
be paid.
 Wages: Workers under NREGA are entitled to the statutory minimum
wage applicable to agricultural labourers in the state, until and unless
the central government notifies a different wage. In whichever case, the
minimum wage cannot go below Rs 60 per day.
 Timely payment: Workers are to be paid weekly or in any case not later
than a fortnight. Payment of wages should be made directly to the
person concerned on pre-announced dates.
 Entitlement: Any applicant is entitled to work within 15 days, for as
many as he/she applied, subject to a limitation of 100 days per year per
household.
7. Differentiate between Private and Public sectors :-
Public sector Private sector
The main aim of this sector is public The main aim of this sector is to earn
welfare. maximum profit.

It is controlled and managed by It is controlled and managed by an

Government individual of group of individuals.

Necessary facilities provided by All the facilities provided by

Government Individual or group of individuals.
Employment is secured. Employment is not secured.

Fixed wages and important facilities are Generally neither fixed wages nor
provided. Such as medical claim and so other important facilities are
on. provided.

39
 The sector provides basic facilities like The sector provides consumer goods
education, health, food and security to to the people. For example :-
the people, for example, BSNL, Post TISCO, Reliance and so on.
office and so on.
8. Differentiate between organized and Unorganised sector :-
Organized Unorganised sector
sector

Fixed working Working hours are not fixed.

hours.

Fixed Minimum wages. Less than minimum wages fixed by

government.

Secured employment. Employment is not secured.

Enjoyable working conditions. Working condition is not up to the

mark.
Other facilities such as medical, No such facilities provided.
gratuity, Other pension’s are;
provided.
9. Explain how the value of goods and services is calculated with an
example.
ANSWER:
 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the market value of the final
goods and services produced during a year within the domestic
territory of a country.
 While calculating GDP, final goods and services are counted to
avoid the problem of double counting.

40
  For e.g. a farmer sold wheat to a flour mill for Rs10 per kg. The
mill grinds the wheat and sells the flour to a biscuit company for
Rs 12 per kg. The biscuit company uses the flour, sugar and butter
to make 5 biscuit packets. It sells the biscuit to the consumer at
Rs15 per biscuit packet. Here biscuits are the final goods that are
purchased by the consumer.
 Wheat and wheat flour are the intermediate goods used in the
production of final good.
 The value of Rs15 already includes the value of flour Rs12.
Hence, only the value of final goods and services are included in
GDP.
10. Workers are exploited in the unorganised sector. Do you agree with
this view? Give reasons in support of your answer.
ANSWER:
 Yes, workers are exploited in the unorganised sector because of
the following reasons.
 There is no job security for workers because they can be firmed
from the job at any time without any reason.
 They have less number of paid holidays and sick leave.
 They have to work over time for which they are not paid
additional wages or salaries.
 They are exploited because they are out of reach of the
government control.
11. Explain the causes of unemployment in India and suggest measures
to reduce unemployment in India.
ANSWER:
a. Caste System:
The casteist society in India has led to the ruling out of a certain class of

41
 people from jobs.
b. Population Growth:
The rise in population has led to the scarcity of jobs for people,
especially the urban educated youth.
c. Agriculture is a seasonal occupation:
Agriculture is a seasonal occupation, which requires a lot of capital and
labour. After the harvest season is over, farmers struggle to find an
occupation. This is known as seasonal unemployment.
d.Defective system of education : In oureducational system there is lack
of training facilities, lack of vocational and professional guidance.
(e) Slow growth of industrialisation : Slow growth of industrialisation in
the country is yet another cause of unemployment in the urban areas.
Measures to reduce unemployment in India are:
● Introduction of government schemes and policies for the unemployed,
such as the MNREGA, PMRY, etc.
● A free education and vocational training to enhance people’s skill.
12. Answer the following questions by looking at the graph –

42
a)Which was the largest producing sector in 1973 – 74 ?
b)Which was the largest producing sector in 2013 – 14 ?
c)Can you say which sector has grown the most over 40 years ?
d) What was the GDP of India in 2013 – 14 ?
e) What does the comparison between 1973 – 74 and 2013 – 14 show ?
ANSWERS
a) Primary sector
b) Tertiary sector
c) Tertiary sector
d) Rs.5,500,000crs
e) The production in all the three sectors has increased.

43
 CHAPTER-4
MONEY AND CREDIT

GIST

KEY CONCEPT
 Money is a fascinating subject and full of curiosities.
 The history of money and how various forms were used at different
times is an interesting story.
 Credit is a crucial element in economic life so it is important to
understand this concept.
MONEY
 Money is something that can be used as a medium of exchange.
 Before the introduction of money, goods were exchanged for goods
which was known as barter system.

But there were many problems in the barter system which are as follows:
 Difficulty in calculating the value of goods.
 Double coincidence of wants is necessary condition to exchange the
things.
 Problem of divisibility
 Difficulty in storing and carrying goods over time and distance.

44
Double coincidence of wants means both parties have to agree to sell and
buy each other’s commodities. A person desires to sell exactly what the
other wishes to buy.
FUNCTIONS OF MONEY

Other advantages
 It solves the problem of double coincidence of wants
 It is very easy to carry
 There divisibility in the money.
FORMS OF MONEY

MONEY AS A MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE

45
 Money accepted as a medium of exchange because the currency is
authorised by the government of the country.
 In India, the Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of
the central government.
 As per Indian law, no other individual or organisation is allowed to issue
currency.
 Moreover, the law legalizes the use of rupee as a medium of payment
that cannot be refused in settling transactions in India.
 No individual in India can legally refuse a payment made in rupees.
Hence, the rupee is widely accepted as a medium of exchange.
DEPOSITS WITH BANKS
 The other form in which people hold money is as deposits with banks.
 Banks accept the deposits and also pay an amount as interest on the
deposits. In this way people’s money is safe.
 People also have the provision to withdraw the money as and when they
require.
 Since the deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn, these deposits
are called demand deposits.
CHEQUE:
A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount from
the person’s account to the person in whose name the cheque has been
issued.
FUNCTIONS OF BANKS
 The persons who have excess money can deposit their money in the
banks.
 Banks keep only a small proportion of their deposits as cash with
themselves.
 In India banks hold about 15 per cent of their deposits as cash(CRR).
 This is kept as provision to pay the depositors who might come to

46
 withdraw money from the bank on any given day.
 Banks use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans to those
persons who required money.
 There is a huge demand for loans for various economic activities.
 Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on
deposits.
 The difference between what is charged from borrowers and what is
paid to depositors is their main source of income.
FUNCTIONS OF RBI (THE RESERVE BANK OF INDIA)

ISSUES
CURRENCY

REGULATES BANKER TO
MONETARY THE
POLICY gOVERNMENT

CUSTODIAN
BANKERS
OF FOREIGN
BANK
EXCHANGE

CREDIT OR LOAN
 Credit (loan) refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies
the borrower with money, goods or services in return for the
promise of future payment.

TERMS OF CREDIT
 The condition on which the lender gives the loan to the borrower is

47
known as terms of credit. In terms of credit these conditions are
included

TERMS OF CREDIT

INTEREST
RATE,

TERMS
MODE OF OF DOCUMENTA
REPAYMENT TION
CREDIT

COLLATERAL

48
POSITIVE SIDE OF CREDIT
 It helps people from all walks of life in setting up their business,
increase their income and provide support to their family needs.
 It makes it possible for the people to own or construct their own
house and get relief from monthly rent.
 People often avail themselves of credit to purchase luxury items
like vehicles, ACs, etc., which further raises their standard of
living.
 It enables us to invest in human resource. People take credit for
education, training, etc. which allows enrichment of human
resource.
 For example, Salim availed credit facility to meet the working
capital needs of production. It helped him to meet the ongoing
expenses of production, complete production on time, thereby,
increasing his income.
CREDIT - NEGATIVE SIDE
 Credit in some case pushes the borrower into a situation from
which recovery is very painful.
 The borrower will be caught in debt trap.
 Sapna, a small farmer, grows groundnut in her three acres of
land. She took a loan from the moneylender, hoping to repay the
loan, once the crop is harvested. Being hit by the pest, the crop
fails. Expensive pesticides did not make any difference. Sapna is
unable to repay the moneylender and the other year, it becomes
a bigger amount. Next year again, she took a loan for
cultivation. It is not a bumper crop this year too. Sapna earns
little, but it is not enough to repay the old loans. She had to sell a
part of the land to repay the loan. She is caught in a debt. This
situation is called debt-trap.

49
DIFFERENT SOURCES OF CREDIT
 The various types of loans can be conveniently grouped
as formal sector loans and informal sector loans.

FORMAL SOURCE OF INFORMAL SOURCE OF

CREDIT
These sources of credit supervise
by RBI.
2. The rate of interest is low.
3. For these sources of credit
collateral is compulsory.
4. Most of Rich, business class
and middle class use these sources
of credit to take loan.
5. It included the loan taken from
banks and cooperatives.
CREDIT
These sources of credit are not
supervised by any government
agency.
2. Here the rate of interest is high.
3. For these sources of credit
collateral is not compulsory.
4. Most of poor persons like
peasant, farmers and labours use
these sources of credit to take
loan.
5. It included the loan taken from
landowners, friends, relatives etc.

50
 SOURCES OF CREDIT

Formal sources InFormal sources

of credit of credit

 Supervise by RBI.  Not

supervised by any
 Low interest rate government agency.
 Collateral is  High interest rate .
compulsory.  Collateral is not
 Loan taken from banks compulsory.
and cooperatives  Peasant, farmers and

 Rich, business class labours use these

and middle class use  loan taken from
these landowners, friends,
relatives

IMPORTANCE OF CHEAP AND AFFORDABLE CREDIT

Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s development
because: -
 More lending would lead to higher incomes and encourage people to
invest in agriculture, engage in business and set up small industries.
 Cheap credit will enable more investment. This leads to acceleration
of economic activity.
 Cheap credit would also allow weaker sections of society to access
formal sector of lending and get rid of from informal moneylenders.
 Affordable credit would also end the cycle of debt trap.
 Cheap and easy terms of credit would inspire better investment in

51
 technology and thus increase competition.
SELF-HELP GROUPS
A group of 15 to 20 poor villagers, especially women, who regularly pool
money at regular intervals to meet the requirement of money in future at
very low interest rate, is known as SHG.
ADVANTAGES OF SHG’S

IMPORTANCES OF SHGS
 Self-Help Groups are emerging as an important source of credit
because:
 The members can take loans from the groups to meet their daily
needs.
 All decisions regarding savings and loans are taken by the
members of the group.
 They charge less interest on the loans than what the moneylenders
charge.
 If the group is regular in its savings, they can also take loan from
the bank. Loan is sanctioned in the name of the group. The group
is responsible for the repayment of loan
 They help borrowers to overcome the problem of collateral.
 They have freed borrowers from the clutches of the moneylenders.
 Not only does it help women to become financially self-reliant, the

52
 regular meetings of the group provide a platform to discuss and act
on a variety of social issues such as health, nutrition, domestic
violence, etc.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following is not true regarding the in convenience of

Barter Exchange?
(a) Lack of double coincidence of want
(b) Absence of divisibility
(c) Difficulty in storing wealth
(d) Availability of money as a medium of exchange. Answer: (d)
Availability of money as a medium of exchange
2. Which one of the following is not a modern form of money?
(a) Demand Deposits
(b) Paper currency
(c) Coins
(d) Precious metal Answer: (d) Precious metals
3 Which one of the following is the important characteristic of
modern form of currency?
(a) It is made from precious metal
(b) It is made from thing of everyday use
(c) It is authorised by the commercial banks
(d) It is authorised by the Government of the country
Answer: (d) It is authorised by the Government of the country
4. Formal Sources of credit include:
(a) money lenders
(b) co-operatives
(c) Employers
(d) Finance companies Answer: (b) co-operatives.

53
5. Which one of the following is NOT an informal sector loans for
poor rural household in India?
(a) Commercial Banks
(b) Moneylenders
(c) Traders
(d) Landlords Answer: (a) Commercial Banks
6. In a SHG most of the decisions regarding loan activities are taken
by
(a) Banks
(b) Members
(c) Non-government organizations
(d) Cooperatives Answer: (b) Members
7. Banks do not give loans:
(a) to small farmers
(b) to marginal farmers
(c) to industries
(d) without proper collateral and documents
Answer: (d) without proper collateral and documents
8. Which one of the following agencies issues currency notes on behalf
of the government of India?
(a) Ministry of Finance
(b) Reserve Bank of India
(c) State Bank of India
(d) World Bank
Answer: (c) State Bank of India
9. Which one of the following is the important characteristic of
modern form of currency?
(a) It is made from precious metal

54
 (b) It is made from thing of everyday use
(c) It is authorised by the commercial banks
(d) It is authorised by the Government of the country
Answer: (d) It is authorised by the Government of the country
10. Which one of the following is the main source of credit for the rich
households?
(a) Informal
(b) Formal
(c) Both formal and informal
(d) Neither Formal nor informal Answer: (b) Formal
11. Which one of the following is not included in the terms of credit?
(a) Rate of Interest
(b) Mode of payment
(c) Rate of saving
(d) Collateral Answer: (c) Rate of saving
12. What portion of deposits are kept by the banks for their day to day
transaction?
(a) 10%
(b) 15%
(c) 20%
(d) 25% Answer: (b) 15%
13 Banks use the major portion of the deposit to:
(a) Keep reserve so that people may withdraw
(b) Meet their routine expenses
(c) Extend loans
(d) Meet renovation of the bank Answer: (c) Extend loans
14. Terms of credit are with respect to:
(a) interest rate

55
 (b) collateral
(c) documentation
(d) all the above Answer: (d) all the above
15. At present which form of money is increasingly used apart from
paper money?
(a) Commodity money
(b) Metallic money
(c) Plastic money
(d) All the above
Answer: (c) Plastic money
16. Which state accounts for maximum percentage of SHGs (self-help
groups) in bank credit?
(a) Andhra Pradesh
(b) Tamil Nadu
(c) Kerala
(d) Karnataka Answer: (a) Andhra Pradesh
17. Who supervises the credit activities of lenders in the informal
sector?
(a) Central Bank of India
(b) Commercial banks
(c) Moneylenders
(d) None
Answer: (d) None
18. Which of the following is not a source of rural credit?
(a) Regional rural banks
(b) Moneylenders
(c) Traders
(d) Government Answer: (d) Government

56
19. Which state accounts for maximum percentage of SHGs (self-help
groups) in bank credit?
(a) Andhra Pradesh
(b) Tamil Nadu
(c) Kerala
(d) Karnataka Answer: (a) Andhra Pradesh
20. Regional Rural Banks were set up in ________.
(a) 1969
(b) 1979
(c) 1989
(d) 1999 Answer: (a) 1969
21. Rate of interest charged by moneylenders as compared to that
charged by banks is:
(a) lower
(b) same
(c) slightly higher
(d) much higher Answer: (d) much higher
22. Who supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans?
(a) Reserve Bank of India
(b) Central government
(c) State government
(d) None
Answer: (a) Reserve Bank of India
23. Formal sources of credit include
(a) banks
(b) moneylenders
(c) employers
(d) all the above

57
 Answer: (a) banks
24. Which of the following is a major reason which prevents the poor
from getting bank loans?
(a) Absence of collateral (security)
(b) Non-repayment of loans
(c) Higher interest rates
(d) Documentation
Answer: (a) Absence of collateral (security)
25. Who helps the borrowers to overcome the problem of lack of
collateral?
(a) Self-help group (SHG)
(b) State government
(c) Employers
(d) Moneylenders
Answer: (a) Self-help group (SHG)
26. Which of the following is not an advantage of self-help group?
(a) Grant of timely loans
(b) Reasonable interests
(c) A platform to discuss various issues
(d) Does not help women to become self-reliant.
Answer: (d) Does not help women to become self-reliant.
27 Fill in the Blanks
1. …………. implies the direct exchange of goods against goods
without the use of money.
2. …………. may be defined as anything which is generally accepted
by people in exchange of goods and services or in repayment of debts.
3. In India, the law legalises the use of …………. as a medium of
payment that cannot be refused in settling any transaction.

58
 4. Money as a medium of exchange has removed the problem of
…………. of wants.
5. Modern forms of money include currencies which are …………. and
………….
6. …………. help in pooling the savings of their members, who are
poor women to meet their credit needs.
7. The share of formal sector credit is …………. for the richer
households as compared to the poor households in India.
8. Absence of …………. as a guarantee is a major cause that prevents
poor people from obtaining loans from formal sector sources, such as
commercial banks.
Answers
1.Barter system
2. Money
3. rupee
4. double coincidence
5. paper notes, coins
6. Self Help Groups
7. higher
8. Collateral
28 What kind of transaction does this picture show?

29 What does this picture depict? Give one word that explains all that
59
 is shown in the picture which is an essential part in the formal
source of credit.

30
Given below are two pictures of credit transaction. Name it?

Directions: - In the following questions, the

Assertions (A) and Reason(s) (R) have been put forward. Read both
statements carefully and choose the correct answer from the below:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct
explanationof assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
31 Assertion (A): Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns (such as
land, building, vehicle, livestock, deposits with banks) and uses this as
a guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid.
Reason (R): Collateral is given as the lender can sell the collateral to
recover the loan
amount if the borrower fails to repay the loan.
Answer – (a) Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the
correct explanation of assertion.
32 Assertion (A): Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what
they offer on deposits.

60
 Reason (R): The difference between what is charged from borrowers
and what is paid to
depositors is their main source of income.
Answer – (a) Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the
correct explanation of assertion.
33 Assertion (A): Credit would be useful or not depends on the risk
involved in a situation.
Reason (R): The chance of benefitting from credit ishighest in
agriculture sector.
Answer – (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
34 4.) Assertion (A): Banks keep only a small proportion of their deposits
as cash with themselves.
Reason (R): Banks in India these days hold about 15 per cent of their
deposits as cash.
Answer – (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not
the correct explanation of assertion.
35 Assertion (A): The terms of deposit are same for all credit
arrangements.\
Reason (R): Credit arrangements are very complex process so to
remove the complexities same terms of deposits are used
Answer – (d) Both assertion and reason are false
36 Assertion (A): The facility of demand deposits makes it possible to
settle payments without the use of cash.
Reason (R) : Demand deposits are paper orders which make it
possible to transfer money from one person’s account to another
person’s account.
Answer – (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
37 Assertion (A): The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of

61
 formal sources of loans.
Reason (R): The RBI sees that the banks give loans not just to profit-
making businesses and traders but also to small cultivators, small scale
industries, to small borrowers etc.
Answer – (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not
the correct explanation of assertion.
38 Assertion (A): In India, no individual can refuse to accepta payment
made in rupees.
Reason (R): Rupee is the legal tender in India
Answer – (a) Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the
correct explanation of assertion.
39 Assertion (A): Sohan took credit in the form of advance payment from
a buyer and he delivered the goods to the buyer on time and also earned
profit. The credit made sohan better off in this situation.
Reason (R): Credit can never push a person into a debt trap.
Answer – (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
40 Assertion (A): The modern currency is used as a medium of exchange;
however, it does not have a use of its own.
Reason (R): Modern currency is easy to carry
Answer – (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not
the correct explanation of assertion.
VERY SHORT ANSWER ( 2 MARKS)
1 How is money beneficial in transactions?
Answer: Money is beneficial in transactions. It eliminates the need for
double coincidence of wants. It acts as a medium of exchange.
2 How does the use of money make it easier to exchange things? Give
an example.
Answer: A person holding money can easily exchange it for any

62
 commodity or service that he or she might want.
Example: The shoe manufacturer will first exchange shoes that he has
produced for money and then exchange the money for wheat.
3 Why one cannot refuse a payment made in rupees in India?
Answer: One cannot refuse a payment made in rupees in India:
Because it is accepted as a medium of exchange. The currency is
authorized by the government of the country.
4 What does modern form of money include?
Answer: Modern form of money includes currency—that is paper notes
and coins.
5. Does modern currency have any use of its own?
Answer: Unlike the things that were used as money earlier, modern
currency is not made of precious metal such as gold, silver and copper.
And unlike grain and cattle, they are neither of everyday use. The
modern currency is without any use of its own.
6. What are ‘demand deposits’?
Answer: People deposit their money in the bank as it earns interest.
Since the deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on demand,
these deposits are called demand deposits.
7. What is a ‘cheque’?
Answer: A cheque is a paper, instructing the bank to pay a specific
amount from the person’s account to the person on whose name the
cheque has been issued.
8. What is the main source of income of the banks?
 Answer: Banks charge a higher rate of interest on loans than
what they offer on deposits.
 The difference between what is charged from borrowers and
what is paid to depositors is their main source of income.

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9. What is ‘credit’?
Answer: Credit (loan) refers to an agreement in which the lender
supplies the borrowers with money, goods or services in return
for the promise of future payment.
10.. What is a ‘debt trap’?
Answer: A debt trap means the inability to repay the credit amount. It
is a situation where the debtor or borrower could not be able to repay
the amount borrowed .
11 Why are most of the poor households deprived from the formal
sector of loans? [
 Answer: Most of the poor households are deprived from the
formal sector of loans because of:
 Lack of collateral. They are illiterate and Cannot fulfill the
formalities of the formal sector of loans.

12. Prove with an argument that there is a great need to expand formal
sources of credit in rural India.
Answer: To expand formal sources of credit in rural India, dependence
on informal sources of credit has to be reduced.
13 Amit is using his money to buy assets like house, commercial land
and machines. Write what is he actually doing?
Answer: He is investing his money with a hope of earning profits from
these assets.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3MARKS)
1. Give an example to show that double coincidence of wants is
necessary in a barter system.
 A shoe manufacturer wants to sell shoes in the market and buy

64
 wheat.
 The shoe manufacturer will first exchange shoes that he had
produced for money, and then exchange the money for wheat.
Imagine
 It would be difficult if the shoe manufacturer had to directly
exchange shoes for wheat without using money.
 He would have to look for a wheat growing farmer, who not
only wants to sell wheat but also wants to buy the shoes in
exchange.
 That is, both parties have to agree to sell and buy each other’s
commodities. This is known as double coincidence of wants.
2. How is modern form of currency accepted as a medium of
exchange? Or
Why is currency accepted as a medium of exchange?
 Modern forms of money include currency paper notes and coins.
 Modern currency is not made of precious metals such as gold,
silver and copper.
 The modern currency is without any use of its own. In India,
Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the
Central government.
 As per the Indian law, no other individual or organisation is
allowed to issue currency.
 No individual in India can legally refuse a payment made in
rupees.
3. State three disadvantages of the barter system.
 In a barter system, double coincidence of wants is required.
 Here, the person is required to sell only what the other wishes to
buy.

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  If both parties do not agree, the goods cannot be exchanged for
goods. money.
 The facility of Cheques against demand deposits makes
settlement of payments possible without using cash.
 Since demand deposits are accepted widely as a means of
payment, along with currency, they constitute money in the
modern economy.
4. What are ‘demand deposits’?
Answer:
 Workers who receive their salaries at the end of each month have
extra cash at the beginning of the month.
 This extra cash is deposited with the bank by opening a bank account
in their name.
 Banks accept the deposits and also pay an interest rate on the
deposits.
 In this way, people’s money is safe with the banks and it earns an
interest as well.
 People also have the provision to withdraw the money as and when
they require.
 Since the deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on
demand, these deposits are called demand deposits.

5. How are demand deposits accepted as a means of payment?

 Demand deposits offer another interesting facility. It helps in
making the payment in cheque.
 A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific
amount from the person’s account to the other person or to the
account holder.

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 Thus, we see that demand deposits share the essential features of
6. Illustrate with examples the role of ‘loan’ in ‘businesses’.
Answer: Role of Loan
 Loan is a crucial element in economic life and plays a vital and
positive role.It helps to increase earnings.
 Salim obtains credit to meet the working capital needs of
production. The credit helps him to meet the ongoing expenses of
production, complete production on time, and thereby increase
his earnings. Credit therefore plays a vital and positive role in
this situation.
 It makes a person economically better off than before It helps the
poor and needy at the time of crisis.
 It helps the person to meet the ongoing expenses of production
and complete production on time.
 In another situation, because of the crop failure, loan pushes the
person into a debt trap.Examples of Salim and Laksmi could be
given.
7. Why does the formal or informal sector asks for a collateral?
 Every loan agreement specifies an interest rate which the
borrower must pay to the lender along with the repayment of the
principal.
 In addition, lenders may demand a collateral or an asset that the
borrower owns to use it as a guarantee until he repays the loan.
 Interest rate, collateral and documentation requirement and the
mode of repayment are the terms of credit required for formal or
informal sectors for loans
8. How are cooperatives functioning in the rural areas to solve the
problem of credit?

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  Besides banks, the other major source of cheap credit in rural
areas are the cooperatives.
 Members of a cooperative, pool their resources for cooperation in
certain areas.Cooperatives form members, who accept deposits
from its members.
 With these deposits as collateral, the cooperative obtains a large
loan from the bank. These funds are used to provide loans to
members. Once these loans are repaid, another round of lending
can take place.
9. Identify transactions involving money in our day-to-day life.
 There are several transactions involving money in any single day.
In many of these transactions, goods are being bought and sold
with the use of money.
 It eliminates the need for double coincidence of wants.In some of
these transactions, services are being exchanged with money.
 For some, there might not be any actual transfer of money taking
place now but a promise to pay money later.
10 Why are transactions made in money?
 A person holding money can easily exchange it for any
commodity or service that he or she might want.
 Thus, everyone prefers to receive payments in money and then
exchange the money for things that they want.
 Take the case of a shoe manufacturer. He wants to sell shoe in
the market and buy wheat. The shoe manufacturer will first
exchange shoe that he has produced for money and then
exchange the money for wheat.
11. State any three advantages of an ATM.
 All Time Money is a provision called the Automated Teller

68
 Machine. In case of an ATM, direct interaction with the bank is
not required.
 Money can be withdrawn from the ATM during the entire
twenty-four hours in a day, whereas banks close their public
dealings at a particular time, binding the depositor to come
within that stipulated period. Banks are efficient medium of
exchange:
 Demand deposits share the essential features of money.
 Hence Demand Deposit is considered modern form of money.
 The facility of cheque against demand deposit makes it possible
to directly settle payment without the use of cash.
 Demand deposits are accepted widely as a means of payment
12 Explain any three loan activities of banks in India.
Loan activities of Banks in India:
 Banks use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans.
Banks make use of the deposits to meet the loan requirements of
the people.
 Banks mediate between those who have surplus funds (the
depositors) and those who are in need of these funds (the
borrowers). Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than
what it offers on deposits.
13 Which objects were used as money?
 Before the introduction of coins, a variety of objects were used as
money.
 For example, since the very early ages, Indians used grains and
cattle as money. cowri shells were also used as money.
 Thereafter, came the use of metallic coins a phase which
continued well into the last century.

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14. How do farmers get into debt trap?
 Farmers usually take crop loans at the beginning of the season and
repay the loan after harvest. Sometimes, the failure of the crop
makes loan repayment impossible.
 So, the farmers have to sell a part of their land to repay the loan.
 Credit in such a condition pushes the borrowers into a situation
from which recovery is painful and they get into the debt trap.
15 Self-help Groups support has brought about a revolutionary
change in the rural sector.
 The idea is to organize rural poor, in particular women, into
small Self Help Groups (SHGs) and pool their savings. Members
can take small loans from the group itself to meet their needs.
The group charges interest on these loans but this is still less than
what the moneylender charges.
 If the group is regular in savings, it becomes eligible for availing
loan from the bank. Loan is sanctioned in the name of the group
and is meant to create self – employment opportunities for the
members. The SHG is responsible for repayment of the loan,
hence, banks get ready to give loans without collateral.
 Self-help, self-reliance and creating a support system and
platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues such as
health, nutrition, domestic violence etc.
16. Why do we need to expand formal sources of credit in India? Give
three reasons.
 The cost of informal loans is much higher and often leads to a
debt trap. Also, people who might wish to start a new enterprise
by borrowing may not do so because of the high cost of
borrowing in such a case.

70
  Most loans from informal lenders carry a very high interest rate
and do little to increase the income of the borrowers. Thus, it is
necessary that banks and cooperatives increase their lending
particularly in the rural areas, so that the dependence of the poor
on informal sources of credit reduces.
 It is important that the formal credit is distributed more equally
so that the poor can benefit from the cheaper loans.
17. Dhananjay is a government employee and belongs to a rich
household whereas Raju is a construction worker and comes from
a poor rural household. Both are in need and wish to take loan.
Create a list of arguments explaining who between the two would
successfully be able to arrange money from a formal source. Why?
Answer: Dhananjay will be able to get loan from a formal source.
Arguments: Banks are not present everywhere in rural India. Even
when they are present, getting a loan from a bank is much more
difficult than taking a loan from informal sources. Bank loans require
proper documents and collateral. Absence of collateral is one of the
major reasons which prevents the poor from getting bank loans.
Informal lenders such as moneylenders, on the other hand, know the
borrowers personally and hence are often willing to give a loan without
collateral.
18. Explain the values which a borrower should observe for the proper
use of loan taken.
 Borrower should observe the following for the proper use of
loan taken:
 Proper planning of both for borrowing and spending of loan
amount.Use the loan for the purpose for which it has been
borrowed.

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  Follow the terms and conditions of the credit. To develop
consciousness to repay the loan on time.
19. “Deposits with the banks are beneficial to the depositers as well as
to the nation”. Examine the statement. Answer: Deposits with the
banks are beneficial to the depositors as well as to the nation.
Benefits to the Depositors
(i) Banks accepts the deposits and pay interest to the depositor.
(ii) People’s money is safe with the banks.
(iii) People can withdraw the money as and when they require.
Benefits to the Nation
(i) Banks use money of the depositor to afford loans.
(ii) There is a huge demand for loans for various economic activities.
(iii) Banks mediate between those who have surplus funds and those
who are in need of these funds. Thus it helps in the economic
development of the nation.
20. Credit has its own unique role for development’. Justify the
statement with arguments. OR
Describe the vital and positive role of credit. Answer: “Credit has its
own unique role for development”
(i) Credit helps to increase earning and therefore the person is better off
than before. For example, as in (Salim’s case)
(ii) Credit helps to earn money as well as capital for the future.
(iii) Credit helps in the development of infrastructure of the society that
leads to the overall development.
21. How is money transferred from one bank account to another
bank account? Explain with an example.
Answer: Money Transfer from one bank account to another bank
account. If a person has to make a payment to his or her friend and

72
 writes a cheque for a specific amount, this means that the person
instructs his bank to pay this amount to his friend. His friend takes this
cheque and deposit in his account in the bank. This said amount is
transferred from one bank account to another bank account Money
Transfer from one bank account to another bank account. If a person
has to make a payment to his or her friend and writes a cheque for a
specific amount, this means that the person instructs his bank to pay
this amount to his friend. His friend takes this cheque and deposit in his
account in the bank. This said amount is transferred from one bank
account to another bank account.
22. How is the concept of Self Help Groups important for poor people?
Give your view point
Answer:
(i) Self Help Groups help in pooling the savings of the members, who
are poor people.
(ii) Members can get timely loans for a variety of purposes.
(iii) They get loan at a reasonable rate of interest.
(iv) It helps borrowers to overcome the problem of lack of collateral
and documentation.
(v) It saves them from exploitation of the money lenders.
(vi) This interest income becomes an extra source of income of the
members
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 MARKS
1. Review any three merits and any two demerits of ‘formal sector of
credit’ in India.
Answer: Merits
(i) Helps to meet the working capital needs of production.
(ii) Helps in ongoing expenses of production.

73
 (iii) Helps in completing production on time.
(iv) Helps in increasing earnings.
(v) Low interest rates.
(vi) Easy access of loans to small cultivators and small scale industries.
Demerits
(i) Difficulty in obtaining loans.:
(ii) Collateral issues.
(iii) Documentation could be a problematic issue for few.
(iv) Lack of credibility in rural areas.
2. Why are poor households still dependent on informal sources of
credit? OR
“Poor households still depend on informal sources of credit.”
Support the statement with examples.
 Banks are not present everywhere in rural India.
 Even if they are present, getting a loan from a bank is much more
difficult than taking a loan from informal sources.
 Bank loans require proper documents and a collateral. Absence of
collateral is one of the major reasons which prevents the poor from
getting bank loans.
 Informal lenders like moneylenders know the borrower personally
and hence, are often willing to give a loan without a collateral.
 The borrowers can, if necessary, approach the moneylender even
without repaying their earlier loans.
 However, the moneylenders charge very high rates of interest, keep
no records of the transactions and harass the poor borrowers.
3. What are the advantages of SHGs?

3. “Banks are efficient medium of exchange.” Support the statement

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 with arguments.
Answer:

4. What are the differences between formal and informal sources of

credit?
FORMAL SOURCE OF CREDIT INFORMAL SOURCE OF
CREDIT
These sources of credit supervise by These sources of credit are not
RBI. supervised by any government
agency.
2. The rate of interest is low. 2. Here the rate of interest is high.
3. For these sources of credit collateral 3. For these sources of credit collateral
is compulsory. is not compulsory.
4. Most of Rich, business class and 4. Most of poor persons like peasant,
middle class use these sources of credit farmers and labours use these sources
to take loan. of credit to take loan.
5. It included the loan taken from 5. It included the loan taken from
banks and cooperatives. landowners, friends, relatives etc.
5. What is a cheque? How does it replace currency?
. i A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount
from the person’s account to the person in whose name the
cheque has been drawn.

75
 . ii The facility of cheque against demand deposits makes it possible
to directly settle the payments without the use of withdrawal.
. iii For payment through cheque, the payer who has an
account with the bank, makes out a cheque of a specific amount.
. ivThe money is transferred from one bank account to another in a
couple of days. The transaction is complete without any payment
of cash.
6. What is credit? How can credit be both an asset as well as a debt
trap?
i. Credit refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the
borrower with money, goods or services in return for the promise
of future payment.
ii. Example of credit as an asset: During the festival season, a
shoe manufacturer has received an order of making shoes in bulk,
within a month’s time. To complete production, he hired some
extra workers and had to purchase the raw materials.
iii. He asks the supplier to supply leather now and promises to pay
him later. Then he took some advance payment from the trader.
iv. By the end of the month, he is able to deliver the order, make a
good profit and repay the money he had borrowed.
v. Example of credit as debt trap: A farmer picks up the loan
from a moneylender to meet the expenses of cultivation. But
unfortunately the crop is hit by the pests and fails.
vi. So, he is unable to repay the loan and debt grows larger with
interest. Next year, he picks up a fresh loan and is able to have a
normal crop that year. But earnings are not enough to pay the
earlier debt. So, he is caught in a debt trap. He can repay the
loan, only after selling a part of the land.

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 vii. In shoemaker’s case, credit plays a vital and positive role,
whereas in farmer’s case credit pushes the borrower into a
situation from which recovery is very painful.
7. What are the terms of credit?
 Every loan agreement specifies an interest rate which the
borrower must pay to the lender along with repayment of the
principal.
 In addition, lender may demand collateral, i.e., an asset that the
borrower owns and uses this as a guarantee until the loan is
repaid.
 If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the right to
sell the collateral to obtain payment.
 Terms of credit comprise interest rate, collateral and
documentation requirement, and the mode of repayment.
 The terms of credit vary substantially from one credit
arrangement to another. They may vary depending on the nature
of the lender and the borrower.
8. “The rich households are availing cheap credit from formal lenders
whereas the poor households have to pay a heavy price for
borrowing.” Comment.
Answer:
 The formal sector still meets only about half of the total credit needs
of the rural people.
 The remaining credit needs are met from informal sources.
 Most loans from informal lenders carry a very high interest rate and
do little to increase the income of the borrowers.
 Thus, it is necessary that banks and cooperatives increase their
lending particularly in the rural areas, so that the dependence on

77
 informal sources of credit reduces.
 While formal sector loans need to expand, it is also necessary that
everyone receives these loans.
 At present, it is the rich households who receive formal credit
whereas the poor have to depend on the informal sources.
9. Who takes the important decisions of SHGs and why?
OR
“‘Self Help Groups’ help borrowers to overcome the problem of
lack of collateral.” Examine the statement.
Answer:
 Most of the important decisions regarding the savings and loan
activities are taken by the group members.
 The group decides as regards the loans to be granted—the purpose,
amount, interest to be charged, repayment schedule, etc.
 It is the group which is responsible for the repayment of the loan.
 In case of default by any one member, it is followed up seriously by
other members in the group.
 Because of this feature, banks are willing to lend to the poor women
when organised in SHGs even though they have no collateral as
such.
10. Write a note on the success story of ‘Grameen Bank of
Bangladesh’.
 Grameen Bank of Bangladesh was founded by Prof. Muhammad
Yunus (a recipient of Nobel Peace Prize for the year 2006) in
year 1970.
 Over the last 42 years i.e., from 1976 to 2017, the operations of
the bank spread to a large area of Bangladesh.
 The bank was started with a very small project and in year 2005,

78
 it spread across 40,000 villages with 6 million borrowers in
various parts of Bangladesh. Most of the borrowers of this bank
are women and belong to poor sections of society.
 These poor women have started ‘self-employment’ projects by
taking credit from this Grameen bank.
 This credit has positive impact on these women as they started a
gainful employment, which helped them not only to repay their
loan but also to earn a good living for themselves and their
family.
11. . How can the formal sector loans be made beneficial for poor
farmers and workers? Suggest any five measures.
 Formal sector loans can be made beneficial for poor farmers and
workers in the following ways:
 It is required to create awareness among farmers about formal
sector loans. Process of providing loans should be made easier.
 It should be simple, fast and timely.
More number of Nationalised banks/cooperative banks should
be based in rural sector.
 Banks and cooperatives should increase facility of providing
loans so that dependence on informal sources of credit reduces.
 The benefits of loans should be extended to poor farmer
andsmall scale Industries.
While forma sector loans need to expand, it is also necessary that
everyone receives these loans.
SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS
1. The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of formal sources
of loans. For instance, we have seen that the banks maintain a minimum
cash balance out of the deposits they receive. The RBI monitors the

79
banks in actually maintaining cash balance. Similarly, the RBI sees that
the banks give loans not just to profit -making businesses and traders
but also to small cultivators, small scale industries, to small borrowers,
etc. Periodically, banks have to submit information to the RBI on how
much they are lending, to whom, at what interest rate, etc. There is no
organisation which supervises the credit activities of lenders in the
informal sector. They can lend at whatever interest rate they choose.
There is no one to stop them from using unfair means to get their
money back
 Which Organisation supervises the credit activities of formal
sources of credit in India?
 To whom all banks lend loans?
 To whom does the banks submit information regarding their
borrowing and lending activities?
Who supervises the credit activities of lenders in the informal sector?

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 CHAPTER-4
GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY
PRODUCTION ACROSS COUNTRIES:
 Until the middle of the twentieth century, production was largely organized
within countries.
 Colonies such as India export the raw materials and food stuff and imported
finished goods.
 Trade was the main channel connecting distant countries.
 This was done before large companies called multinational corporation
(MNCs) emerged on the scene.

 An MNC is a company that owns or controls production in more than one

nation.
 MNCs set up offices and factories for production in regions where they
can get cheap labour and other resources.
 MNCs are not only selling its finished products globally but more
important, the goods and services are produced globally.
 As a result, production is organized in increasingly complex ways.

81
 INTERLINKING PRODUCTION ACROSS COUNTRIES:

FOREIGN TRADE AND INTEGRATION OF MARKETS:

 Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond

the domestic markets i.e., markets of their own countries.
 For the buyers, import of goods produced in another country is one way

82
 of expanding the choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced.
 In general, with the opening of trade, goods travel from one market to
another.
 Foreign trade thus results in connecting the markets or integration of
markets in different countries.
WHAT IS GLOBALISATION?

FACTORIES THAT HAVE ENABLED GLOBALISATION:

83
Liberalization of foreign trade and foreign investment policy:

 Tax on imports is an example of trade barrier. It is called a barrier

because some restriction has been set up.
 The government can use trade barriers to increase or decrease foreign
trade and to decide what kind of goods and how much of each, should
come into the country.
 The Indian government, after Independence, had put barriers to foreign
investment.
 This was considered necessary to protect the producers within the country
from foreign competition.
 Barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a large
extent.
 This meant that goods could be imported and exported easily and also
foreign companies could set up factories and offices here.
Removing barriers or restriction set by the government is what is known
as liberalization.
 The government imposes much less restriction than before and is

84
 therefore said to be more liberal.

WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION:

 Liberalization of foreign trade and investment in India was supported by
some very powerful international organization.
 These organizations say that all barriers to foreign trade and investment
that are harmful. There should be no barriers.
 World Trade Organization (WTO) is one such organization whose aim is
to liberalize international trade.
 Though WTO is supposed to allow a free trade for all, in practice, it is
seen that the developed countries have unfairly retained trade barriers.
 On the other hand, WTO rules have forced the developing countries to
remove the trade barriers.
IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION IN INDIA:

85
THE STRUGGLE FOR A FAIR GLOBALISATION:
 People with education skill and wealth have made the best use of new
opportunities.
 On the other hand, there are many people who have not shared the
benefits.
 Fair globalization would create opportunities for all and also ensure that
the benefits of globalization are shared better.
 The government can play a major role in making this possible.
 Its policies must protect the interests, not only of rich and the powerful
but all the people in the country.
 It can support small producers to improve their performance till the time
they become strong enough to compete.
 If necessary, the government can use trade and barriers.
 In the past few years, massive campaigns and representatives by people’s
organizations have influenced important decisions relating to trade and
investments at the WTO.
 This has demonstrated that people also can play an important role in the
struggle for fair globalization.

Q1. What is the integration between countries through foreign trade and
foreign investments by multinational corporations (MNCs)?
A. International trade
B. Globalization
C. International investment
D. World trade
Q2. ………… have been a major force in the globalization process
connecting distant regions of the world?
A. Traders

86
 B. International companies
C. Multinational corporations
D. Businesses houses
Q3, What are the key ideas behind understanding the process of
globalisation and its impact?
A. Integration of production
B. Integration of gross profits
C. Integration of markets
D. A & C
Q4. Which factors has globalization been facilitated by?
A. Rapid improvements in technology
B. Liberalisation of trade and investment policies
C. Pressures from international organisations
D. All
Q5. What is a multinational corporation-MNC?
A. A corporation that does international trade
B. Manufactures goods for other countries
C. A company that owns or controls production in more than one nation
D. None of the above
Q6. MNCs set up offices and factories for production in regions where
they can get…………………..?
A. Cheap labour and other resources.
B. Good market for profits
C. They can make great sales
D. More industry
Q7. MNCs generally manufacture goods and market them……….
A. From one location in a single country
B. From different locations in a single

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 C. From different locations in different countries
D. All
Q8. The money that is spent to buy assets such as land, building,
machines and other equipment by MNCs is called………?
A. Investment
B. Foreign Investment
C. Domestic investment
D. International investment
Q9. What advantage do the local companies have by setting up joint
production with MNCs?
A. More profit
B. More resources
C. Latest technology for better production
D. Foreign exchange
Q10. The most common route for MNC investments is to buy up
……………….
A. Local resources
B. Local technology
C. Excess land for factories
D. Local companies
CHECK YOUR ANSWERS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B C D D C A C B C D
Q11. In which other way do the MNCs control production?
A. By land of local country
B. Send the latest technology from parent country
C. place orders for production with small producers, which then sell
these under their own brand name

88
 D. Send the brand name to the company they buy

Q12. Ford Motors came to India in 1995, by 2017, Ford Motors was
selling …………….. cars in the Indian markets?
A. 88000
B. 85000
C. 87000
D. 84000
Q13. Which Indian companies have invested abroad?
A. Coca Cola
B. Ranbaxy
C. Nike
D. Pepsi
Q14. Within a year, ……….. of the toy shops had replaced Indian toys
with Chinese toys?
A. 40 to 50%
BA. 50 to 60%
C. 70 to 80%
D. 80 to 90%
Q15. Globalisation, by connecting countries, shall result in ……….?
A. lesser competition among producers.
B. greater competition among producers.
C. no change in competition among producers.
D. None of the above
Q16. . What has been one major factor that has stimulated the
globalisation process?
A. Availability of cheap labour in developing countries
B. Availability of unexploited resources in developing countries

89
 C. Some countries are good in the landscape for natural resources
D. Rapid improvement in technology
Q17. Goods are placed in ……….. that can be loaded intact onto ships,
railways, planes and trucks?
A. Vessels
B. Containers
C. Receptacles
D. Tanks
Q18. What is used to contact one another around the world, to access
information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas?
A. Mail and telephone
B. Information technology
C. Telecommunication.
D. B & C
Q19. Suppose the Indian government puts a tax on the import of toys
from China, what would happen?
A. Toys will get cheaper, more purchase by a consumer
B. No effect
C. Toys will get expensive, less purchase by a consumer
D. Toys will get expensive, more purchase by a consumer
Q20. Governments use …………… to increase or decrease (regulate)
foreign trade and to decide what kinds of goods and how much of
each, should come into the country?
A. Tax levies
B. Increased taxes
C. Relaxation of taxes
D. trade barrier

90
 CHECK YOUR ANSWERS
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C A B C B D B D C D
21. Assertion and reasoning based questions:
Directions:- In the following questions, the Assertions (A) and
Reason(s) (R) have been put forward. Read both statements carefully
and choose the correct answer from the below:
(a)Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, But R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true , R is false.
(d) A is false , R is true
.) Assertion (A) :- Ford Motors is an MNC.
Reason (R):- It is one of the world’s largest automobile manufacturers
with production spread over 26 countries.
Answer- (a) Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of
A.
Assertion (A):- MNCs can exert a strong influence on product at distant
locations
Reason (R):- MNCs set up partnership with local companies, use local
companies for supplies, compete with local companies or buy them.
Answer- (a) Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of
A.
Assertion (A) :- Online shopping has become popular among people.
Reason (R) it destroyed domestic market.
Answer- (a) Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of
A.
Assertion (A):- Foreign trade and foreign investment are two main
factors of Globalisation.

91
Reason (R) :-They are not playing any role in international market.
Answer- (c) A is true , R is false.
.) Assertion (A): An MNC is a company that owns or controls
production in more than one nation.
Reason (R): They set up their offices and factories for production in
regions where they can get cheap labour and other resources.
Answer- (a) Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of
A.
Assertion (A):-Globalisation is related with only two countries.
Reason (R):- MNC s play major role in globalization.
Answer- (d) A is false , R is true
Assertion (A):- People are attracted towards Chinese products.
Reason (R) They are cheaper and new designed.
Answer- (a) Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of
A.
Assertion (A):- Globalisation leads to increased competition in
international and domestic market.
Reason (R):-Globalisation also makes the consumer better off as they
have a wider variety of goods to choose at lower prices.
Answer- (a) Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of
A.
Assertion (A):- Foreign trade and foreign investment are two main
factors of Globalisation.
Reason (R) :-They are not playing any role in international market.
Answer- (c) A is true , R is false.
Assertion (A) :- Investment made by MNCs is called foreign
investment.\
Reason (R):- They need land buildings ,machines and other equipments

92
from that nation.
Answer- (a) Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of
A.
Assertion (A):- Rapid improvement in technology has been one major
factor that has stimulated the globalization process.
Reason (R):- Developing countries are likely to become at par with
developed countries in terms of technological development due to
globalization.
Answer- (a) Both A and R are true, R is the correct explanation of
A.

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 Marks

In matter of years, how have markets been transformed ?
Answer:
The markets have been transformed because now latest models of
cameras, cars,watches, mobile phones etc. are available there
What is MNC or Multi-National Corporation ?
Answer:
MNC or Multi-National Corporation is a company that owns or controls
production in : more than one nation.

In which regions MNCs set up offices and factories for production ?

Answer:

93
Close to the market.
Availability of skilled/unskilled labour at low cost
.Favourable government policies.
What is investment and foreign investment ?
Answer:
The money that is spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines
and other equipment is called investment. Investment made by MNCs is
called foreign investment
What is Ford Motors ? When did it come to India and what did it do ?
Answer:
 Ford Motors, an American company, is one of the world’s largest
automobile manufacturers with production spread over 26
countries of the world.
 Ford Motors came to India in 1995 and spent ?1700 crore to set up
a large plant near Chennai. This was done in collaboration with
Mahindra and Mahindra.

What was effect of importing Chinese toys to India ?

Answer:
Chinese toys became popular in the Indian markets.Within a year, 70 to
80 per cent shops have replaced Indian toys with Chinese toys.

94
What is the result of greater foreign investment and greater foreign trade
?
Answer:
Greater foreign investment and greater foreign trade leads to greater
integration of production and markets across countries.

What is globalisation ?
Answer:
Globalisation is process of rapid integration or interconnection between
countries. The countries are connected by movements of goods, services,
investments and technology.

How information and communication technology is useful in foreign

trade ?
Answer:
Telecommunication facilities – telegraph, telephone including mobile
phones, fax etc. are used to contact one another around the world, to
access information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas.

What is a trade barrier ?

Answer:
Restrictions on foreign trade are called trade barrier. For example tax on
imports is a trade barrier.

. Why had the Indian government after independence put barriers to

foreign trade and foreign
investment ?
Answer:

95
The Indian government put barriers to protect the producers within the
country from foreign competition. Industries were just coming up and
the competition from imports would not allow the Indian industries to
come up.

Which Indian companies have emerged as multi-national companies as a

result of globalisation? Name any two.
Answer:
Tata Motors (Automobiles)Infosys (IT)
Ranbaxy (Medicines)Asian Paints (Paints).

How many workers are employed in small-scale industries in India ?

Answer:
The small-scale industries in India employ the largest number of workers
(20 million) in the country, next only to agriculture.

How have workers suffered under the flexible labour laws ? Mention any
two points.
Answer:
 Workers are now employed on a temporary basis so that the
employers do not have to pay workers for the whole
year. ,
 Wages are low and workers are forced to work overtime to make
both ends meet.
How can the globalisation be made more fair ? Write two steps and what
will be its effect ?
Answer:
(1)The government must protect the interest of all the people in the

96
country.
The government can ensure that labour laws are properly implemented
and the workers get their rights.
(2) Fair globalisation would create opportunities for all, and also ensure
that the benefits of globalisation are shared better.

Why had the Indian government put barriers to foreign trade and foreign
investment after independence? Analyze the reasons.
Answer: The Indian government put barriers on foreign trade and
foreign investment after independence because:
 It was considered necessary to protect the producers within the
country from foreign competition.
 (b) In 1950s and 1960s, the industries were initial stage and
competition from imports at that stage would not have allowed
these industries to develop.
Therefore, India allowed the imports of only essential items like
machinery, fertilizers, petroleum etc.
What changes have taken place in our markets during the last few years
?
Answer:
In the last few years, our markets have been transformed as mentioned
below :
 There is a wide choice of goods and services in the markets.
 The latest models of digital cameras, mobile phones and televisions
made by the leading manufacturers of the world are available in the
markets. Not only this these products are affordable and within
reach of the people.

97
 SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 Marks)
1. Explain Liberalisation and foreign trade and foreign investment
policy :
 Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is
liberalisation. Under liberalisation goods can be imported and
exported easily.Foreign companies are allowed to set up factories
and offices in other countries.
 Thus liberalisation has enabled MNCs to increase their investments
in other countries as India.As a result of greater foreign investment
and greater foreign trade, there is greater integration of production
and markets across countries.
 Globalisation is this process of rapid integration of interconnection
between countries.
 “Globalisation and competition among producers has been of
advantage to the consumers.” Give arguments in support of this
statement.
Today there is more choice for the consumers in the markets. For
example in the field of toys, the markets are flooded with Chinese
toys which are cheaper and of better quality than Indian toys.
 People now have a choice between Indian toys and Chinese toys.
 The consumers now have products of better quality.The prices of
various products have come down due to competition among the
producers/manufacturers.Globalisation has led to improvement in
the standard of living of people.
2. What is a trade barrier ?
 “Tax on imports is one type of trade barrier. The government
could also place a limit on the number of goods that can he
imported. Trade barrier means restrictions to increase or decrease

98
 foreign trade and to decide what kinds of goods and how much of
each should come into the country.
 Tax on imports is a trade barrier because this will lead to increase
in the price of the product. In such a situation foreign products
will become costlier than Indian goods and the Indian producer
will be in a position to sell their products and earn profits.
 In case of Chinese toys, quotas can be used as trade barrier
because the government can put restrictions on the number and
type of toys that can be imported into the country. In such case,
there will be less competition between Indian toys and Chinese
toys. The Indian toy makers may also not suffer losses. Quotas
should be used as trade barriers in the interest of the Indian toy
makers.
4.Barriers on foreign trade and investment were removed to a large
extent in India since 1991.” Justify the statement.
Or
Why had the Indian government put barriers to foreign trade and
foreign investments after
independence ?
The Indian government had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign
investment. Because this was considered necessary to protect the
producers within the country from foreign competition.
The competition from well established foreign competitors would
have crippled the new-bom industries of India.
All the developed countries, during the early stages of development
have given protection to domestic producers through trade barrier.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5Marks)
1.Write a short note on World Trade Organisation.

99
 World Trade Organisation was set up in 1995 at the initiative of the
developed countries. Its aim is to liberalise international trade. Its
headquarters is at Geneva. WTO establishes rules regarding
international trade among countries of the world in an open,uniform
and non-discriminatory manner. In 2006,149 countries of the world
were its members.
With the liberalisation of foreign trade and investment, it is necessary to
have an international organisation to supervise the trade between
countries.
 It sees that all the countries in the world liberalise their
policies.
 It allows free trade for all i.e., in developing and developed
countries.
 It implements the rules for trade in all the countries.
 WTO looks after to make globalisation more fair to create
opportunities for all and also ensure that the benefits of
globalisation are shared better.

2.The impact of globalisation has not been uniform.” Discuss with the
help of examples.
Or
Discuss the impact of globalisation on India. OR
Describe the effects of globalisation on small producers and workers.
Small producers such as producing batteries, capacitors, toys have been
hit hard due to competition with the MNCs. They could not compete on
the issue of price and quality.
As a result of it, their production decreased and many units were closed.

100
Many workers became jobless. Many employers prefer to employ
workers on temporary basis which means workers’ jobs are no longer
secure.
Women are denied their fair share of benefits. Workers have to put in
very long working hours without any overtime.

3. What steps have been taken by the government to attract foreign

investment
The Central and the State governments are taking special steps to
attract foreign companies to invest in India, Special Economic Zones are
being set up.
 Special Economic Zones are to have world class facilities in the field
of electricity, water, roads, transport, storage recreational and
educational facilities.
 Companies which set up production units in the SEZs, do not have to
pay taxes for an initial period of five years.
 Government has allowed flexibility in the labour laws. In recent years,
the government has allowed companies to ignore many of rules and
regulations.
 Companies can hire workers for short periods when there is intense
pressure of work. This is done to reduce the cost of labour for the
company.
4.Describe the steps that may be taken make globalisation more ‘fair’.

The following steps may be taken to make globalisation more fair :

 Labour laws should be implemented properly to avoid
exploitation of the workers.
 The government should protect the interest of the small

101
 producers by using trade and investment barriers till they are in
a position to compete with large producers or MNCs.
 The government should negotiate at the WTO for “fairer
rules”.
 The government should align with other developing countries
to fight against the domination of developed countries.

5.How has information and communication technology stimulated

globalisation ? Explain with example.

The factors that have enabled globalisation are (a)Technology

(b)Information technology :
 In the past fifty years, several improvements in technology have
taken place.
 For example, in transportation technology, containers are used for
the transportation of goods which are placed in containers that can
be loaded intact on to ships, railways, planes and trucks. Containers
have led to huge reduction in port handling costs and increased the
speed with which exports can reach markets.
 Similarly, the cost of air transport has fallen. This has enabled
much greater volumes of goods being transported by airlines.

Information technology :
 Telecommunication facilities – telegraph, moblie phones, fax – are
used to contact one another around the world and to communicate
from remote areas.This has been facilitated by satellite
communication devices.
 Internet enables to send instant electronic mail and talk across the

102
 world at negligible costs.Now a news magazine published for
London readers can be designed and printed in Delhi.The designing
is done on a computer.
 After printing, the magazines are sent by air to London.Even the
payment of money for designing and printing from a bank in
London to a bank in Delhi is done instantly through the Internet e.,
e-banking.
6.“Globalisation and competition among producers has been of
advantage to the consumers.” Give arguments in support of this
statement.
 Today there is more choice for the consumers in the markets.
For example in the field of toys, the markets are flooded with
Chinese toys which are cheaper and of better quality than
Indian toys. People now have a choice between Indian toys
and Chinese toys.
 The consumers now have products of better quality.The prices
of various products have come down due to competition
among the producers/manufacturers. Globalisation has led to
improvement in the standard of living of people.

103
7. What changes have taken place in our markets during the last few
years ?

In the last few years, our markets have been transformed as

mentioned below :
 There is a wide choice of goods and services in the markets.
 The latest models of digital cameras, mobile phones and televisions
made by the leading manufacturers of the world are available in the
markets. Not only this these products are affordable and within
reach of the people.
Thus a few years back, there were only few brands of different goods in
the markets. A consumer did not have real choice and had no option to
purchase a particular brand. But now he has a number of options
between Indian as well as foreign brands.

3.
SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS
Ford Motors, an American company, is one of the world’s
largest automobile manufacturers with production spread

104
 over 26 countries of the world. Ford Motors came to India in
1995 and spent Rs.1700 crore to set up a large plant near
Chennai. This was done in collaboration with Mahindra and
Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of jeeps and trucks.
By the year 2004, Ford Motors was selling 27,000 cars in the
Indian markets, while 24,000 cars were exported from India to
South Africa, Mexico and Brazil. The company wants to
develop Ford India as a component supplying base for its
other plants across the globe.
Question 1: Would you say Ford Motors is a MNC? Why?
Answer: Ford Motors has production facilities spread over 26 countries
of the world. Hence, it can be termed an MNC.
Question 2: What is foreign investment? How much did Ford Motors
invest in India?
Answer: The investment which comes from abroad is called foreign
investment. Ford Motors had invested Rs. 1700 crore.
Question 3: By setting up their production plants in India, MNCs such as
Ford Motors tap the advantage not only of the large markets that
countries such as India provide, but also the lower costs of production.
Explain the statement.
Answer: The cost of labour is cheaper in India; compared to the
developed countries. Thismeans that an MNC can save lot of money on
wages and salaries by setting up production plants in India. This helps in
lowering the cost of production. India itself is a large market with
sizeable population of middle class and upper class and hence provides a
big market for many products.
Question 4: Why do you think the company wants to develop India as a
base for manufacturing car components for its global operations?

105
Discuss the following factors:
(a) Cost of labour and other resources in India.

106
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN, CHENNAI REGION

CLASS: X SESSION: 2022-23

Time: 3 Hrs. SOCIAL SCIENCE Maximum Marks: 80

SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER – 1 EXAMINATION BLUE PRINT

Sl. 1-20 21-24 25-29 30 – 33 34-36 37 TOTAL
NO. SUBJECT TOPICS MCQ VSA SA LA (5) CB(4) MAP MARKS
(1) (2) (3) HIS(2) 37(80)
GEO
(3)
1.THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE 1(OR 5
1. INDIA AND THE
CONTEMPORARY 2.NATIONALISM IN INDIA 1 2 5
WORLD-II +MAP WORK

3. MAKING OF THE GLOBAL WORLD 1 1

4. THE AGE OF INDUSTRIALISATION 1(OR) 1 6
5. PRINT CULTURE 3 3
2. CONTEMPORARY 1.RESOURCES AND DEVELPOMENT 1 1 3
INDIA-II 2. FOREST AND WILD LIFE 1 - 1
3. WATER RESOURCES +MAP WORK - - 1 1 5
4. AGRICULTURE +MAP WORK 1 - 1
5. MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES - - 1(OR) 1[OR] 4
6. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES - - 1 (OR) 5
7. LIFE LINES OF OUR ECONOMY - - 1 1
3. DEMOCRATIC 1.POWER SHARING 2 1 6
POLITICS-II
2. FEDERALISM 1 1
3. GENDER, RELIGION CASTE 1 1 3
4. POLITICAL PARTIES 1 1 (OR) 6
5. OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY 1 1 4
4 UNDERSTANDING 1. DEVELOPMENT 2 - 2
ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
2. SECTORS OF INDIAN ECONOMY 2 1 1 - 7
3. MONEY AND CREDIT 1 1(OR) - 6
4. GLOBALIZATION AND INDIAN 2 1 - 5
ECONOMY
TOTAL QUESTIONS (37) 20(20) 4(8) 5(15) 4(20) 3(12) 1(5) 37(80)

MCQ- 20*1=20 MARKS

VSA- 4*2= 8MARKS
SA- 4*3=12 MARKS
L.A.-4*5=20 MARKS
C.B- 3*4=12 MARKS
MAP-2 (2+3)=5 MARKS
TOTAL- 27 QUE. 80 MARKS

107
 SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER
SOCIAL SCIENCE (CODE 087)
CLASS X – SESSION 2022-23
Time Allowed: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 80

सामान्य निर्दे श :-

i . प्रश्न पत्र में छह खंड होते हैं ए -, बी, सी, डी, ई और एफ।प्रश्न पत्र में 37

प्रश्न हैं । सभी प्रश्न अनिवायय हैं ।

i i . खंड ए – प्रश्न 1 से 20 तक प्रत्येक 1 अंक के बहुवक

ै ल्पपक प्रश्न हैं ।

i i i . खंड बी – प्रश्न संख्या। 21 से 24 अनत लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न हैं , प्रत्येक के 2

अंक हैं । प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर 40 शब्र्दों से अनिक िहीं होिा चाहहए।

i v. खंड सी में प्रश्न 25 से प्रश्न 29 तक लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न हैं , ल्ििमें से प्रत्येक

में 3 अंक हैं । प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर 60 शब्र्दों से अनिक िहीं होिा चाहहए ।

v. खंड डी – प्रश्न संख्या। 30 से 33 र्दीघय उत्तरीय प्रश्न हैं , ल्ििमें से प्रत्येक के

नलए 5 अंक हैं । प्रत्येक प्रश्न का उत्तर 120 शब्र्दों से अनिक िहीं होिा चाहहए।

vi . खंड प्रश्न संख्या - ई-34 से 36 तक केस आिाररत प्रश्न हैं ल्ििमें तीि उप

प्रश्न हैं और प्रत्येक के 4 अंक हैं ।

vi i . खंड एफ प्रश्न संख्या। - 37 िक्शा आिाररत है , ल्िसमें 5 अंक हैं

vi i i . प्रश्न पत्र में कोई समग्र ववकपप िहीं है । हालांहक, कुछ प्रश्नों में आंतररक

ववकपप प्रर्दाि हकया गया है । ऐसे प्रश्नों में से केवल एक ववकपप का प्रयास

करिा है ।

108
i x. इसके अलावा, िहां आवश्यक हो, प्रत्येक अिुभाग और प्रश्न के साथ अलग-

अलग निर्दे श हर्दए गए हैं ।

General Instructions :
i. Question paper comprises Six Sections – A, B, C, D, E and F. There are 37
questions in the
question paper. All questions are compulsory.
ii. Section A – From question 1 to 20 are MCQs of 1 mark each.
iii. Section B – Question no. 21 to 24 are Very Short Answer Type Questions,
carrying 2 marks
each. Answer to each question should not exceed 40 words.
iv. Section C contains Q.25to Q.29 are Short Answer Type Questions, carrying
3 marks each.
Answer to each question should not exceed 60 words
v. Section D – Question no. 30 to 33 are long answer type questions, carrying 5
marks each.
Answer to each question should not exceed 120 words.
vi. Section-E - Questions no from 34 to 36 are case based questions with three
sub questions
and are of 4 marks each
vii. Section F – Question no. 37 is map based, carrying 5 marks with two parts,
37a from History (2 marks) and 37b from Geography (3 marks).
viii. There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal
choice has been
provided in few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions have to be
attempted.
ix. In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and
question, wherever
necessary

109
 SECTION AMCQs 1x20=20
1. ब्रेटि वुड्स के तहत स्थावपत ववश्व संस्थािों की पहचाि करें ? 1

(एआईएमएफ )

(बीववश्व बैंक )

(सीआईएमएफ और ववश्व बैंक )

(डी )77 . का समूह

Identify the world institutions which were established under the

BRETTON WOODS ?
(a) The IMF
(b) The World Bank
(c) The IMF and The World Bank
(d) Group of 77
2. गुलामनगरी में िानत व्यवस्था के अन्याय के बारे में हकसिे नलखा? 1

(एरािा राममोहि राय )

(बीेयोनतबा फुले )

(सीबालगंगािर नतलकी )

(डीबंहकम चंट् चद्रटोपाियाय )

Who wrote about the injustices of the caste system i n

‘Gul amgi ri ’?

(a) Raja Rammohan Roy

(b) Jyotiba Phule

(c) Balgangadhar Tilak

110
 (d) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
3. नचत्र का अिययि करें और िीचे हर्दए गए प्रश्न का उत्तर र्दें : 1

St udy t he Pi ct ure and answer t he Quest i on t hat f ol l ows

निम्िनलल्खत में से कनि सा पहलू 'घोर काली' की इस छवव को

सबसे अच्छा र्दशायता है ?

(एपारं पररक पाररवाररक भूनमकाएं )

(बीपल्भम का सांस्कस नतक प्रभाव )

(सीउनचत पाररवाररक संबंिों का वविाश )

(डीइिमें से कोई िहीं )

Which of the following aspect best signifies this image of ‘Ghor

kali’ ?
(a) Traditional Family roles
(b) Cultural impact of the west
(c) Destruction of proper family relations
(d) None of these

111
 नोट िन निखिलन िन :Q.1 के स्थान पर दृष्टिबाििन उ मीदवारों

के िखए है :

िोटे स्टें ट सुिार के िखए कौन सा िािमिक सुिारक िि मेदार था?

(एमाूटि न खर्थर )

(बीियिि िखॉट )

(सीमैिगसम सोकम )

(डीमाूटि न खर्थर ूकास )

NOTE: Following question is for Visually impaired candidates in

lieu of Q.1
Which religious reformer was responsible for the Protestant
Reformation?
(a) Martin Luther
(b) George Elliot
(c) Maxim Gorky
(d) Martin Luther King
4. निम्िनलल्खत में से कनिसी सबसे पुरािी िापािी पुस्तक है -? 1

(एसुत्त वपटक )

(बीडायमंड सूत्र )

(सी:महावंश )

(डीर्दीपवंश )

Which one of the following is the oldest Japanese book?

(a) Sutta Pitaka

112
 (b) Diamond Sutra
(c) Mahavamsa
(d) Dipavamsa
5. निम्िनलल्खत को नमलाएं: 1

सूची 1 सूची I I

1 िलोढ़ नमद्रटी A रािस्थाि और गुिरात

2 काली नमद्रटी B ओहडशा और छत्तीसगढ़

3 लाल नमद्रटी C महाराष्ट्र और मिय प्रर्दे श

4 लैटेराइट नमद्रटी D किायटक और केरल

Mat ch t he f ol l owi ng:

LIST 1 LIST II

1 Alluvial Soils A Rajasthan and Gujarat

2 Black Soils B Odisha and Chattisgarh

3 Red Soils C Maharashtra and Madhya

Pradesh

4 Laterite Soils D Karnataka and Kerala

ववकपप / Opt i ons:

(a) 1-B,2-C,3-D,4-A

(b) 1-A,2-C,3-B,4-D

(c) 1-D,2-C,3-B,4-A

(d) 1-B,2-D,3-A,4-C

113
6. _______ में स्थायी वि के अंतगयत सबसे बडा क्षेत्र है िो इसके 1

कुल वि क्षेत्र का 75% है ।

(एरािस्थाि )

(बीतनमलिाडु )

(सीमिय प्रर्दे श )

(डीओहडशा )

________has the largest area under permanent forest constituting

75 % of its total forest area.
(a) Rajasthan
(b) Tamil Nadu
(c) Madhya Pradesh
(d) Odisha
7. निम्िनलल्खत में से कनि सी फसल आयरि, कैल्पशयम और अन्य 1

सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों और रनगे से भरपूर है ।

(एबिरा )

(बीरािमा )

(सीेवार )

(डीरागी )

Which one of the following crops is rich in iron, calcium and other
micronutrients and roughage.
(a) Baj ra

(b) Rajma

114
 (c) Jowar
(d) Ragi
8. बेल्पियम में सामान्यतः कनि सी र्दो भाषाएँ बोली िाती हैं ? 1

(एीेंच और अंग्रेिी )

(बीडच और नसंहली )

(सीीेंच और नसंहली )

(डी डच )और ीेंच

Which two languages are generally spoken in Belgium?

(a) French and English
(b) Dutch and Sinhala
(c) French and Sinhala
(d) Dutch and French
9 'चेक एंड बैलेंस' की एक प्रणाली र्दस
ू रा िाम है ल्िसके नलए 1

निम्िनलल्खत में से एक शविसाााकरण व्यवस्था ह-ैै:

(एववनभन्ि सामाल्िक समूहों के बीच सत्ता का बंटवारा। )

(बीसरकार के ववनभन्ि स्तरों के बीच सााा शवि या शवि का )

लंबवत ववभािि।

(सीसरकार के ववनभन्ि अंगों के बीच सााा सत्ता या शवि का )

क्षैनति ववभािि।

(डीराििीनतक र्दलों ), र्दबाव समूहों और सरकारों के रूप में सत्ता

का बंटवारा।

A system of ‘checks and balances’ is another name for which one

115
 of the following power-sharing arrangements:
(a) Power sharing among different social groups.
(b) Vertical division of power or power shared among different
levels of government.
(c) Horizontal division of power or power shared among different
organs of the government.
(d) Power sharing in the form of political parties, pressure groups
and governments.
10. संवविाि के अिुसार भारत के __________ में महहलाओं के नलए 1

सीटें आरल्क्षत हैं ।

(एलोकसभा )

(बीपंचायत राि निकाय )

(एवविाि सभाएं )

(औरअलमाररयाँ )

As per Constitution seats are reserved for women in __________ of

India.
(a) Lok sabha
(b) Panchayat raj bodies
(c) Legislative Assemblies
(d) Cabinets
11 निम्िनलल्खत में से कनि सा संघ सूची का ववषय है 1

(एरक्षा )

(बीनशक्षा )

(सीव्यापार )

116
 (डीकस वष )

Which of the following is a subject of Union List

(a) Defence
(b) Education
(c) Trade
(d) Agriculture
12. राििीनतक र्दलों को ……… द्वारा नचन्ह आवंहटत हकए िाते हैं ? 1

(एभारत सरकार )

(बीभा )रत का संवविाि

(सीपाटत के िेताओं )

(डीचुिाव आयोग )

Political parties are allotted symbols by………?

(a) The Government of India
(b) The Constitution of India
(c) The party leaders
(d) The Election Commission
13. लोकतंत्रों के संर्दभय में, निम्िनलल्खत में से कनि सा ववचार सही है 1

लोकतंत्रों िे सफलतापूवक
य समास कर हर्दया है -?

(एलोगों के बीच संघषय )

(बीलोगों के बीच आनथयक असमािता )

(सीराििीनतक असमािता का ववचार )

(डीहानशए के वगह के साथ कैसे व्यवहार हकया िाए ), इस बारे में

117
 मतभेर्द

In the context of democracies, which of the following ideas is

correct – democracies have successfully eliminated?
(a) conflicts among people
(b) economic inequalities among people
(c) the idea of political inequality
(d) differences of opinion about how marginalized sections are to
be treated
14. र्दे श की कुल आय को उसकी कुल ििसंख्या से भाग र्दे िे पर 1

__________ कहा िाता है

(एसकल आय )

(बीशु आय )

(सीप्रनत व्यवि आय )

(डीकुल आय )

Total income of the country divided by its total population is

known as __________
(a) Gross income
(b) Net income
(c) Per capita income
(d) Total income
15. मािव ववकास के मामले में निम्िनलल्खत में से हकस पडोसी र्दे श 1

का प्रर्दशयि भारत से बेहतर है ?

(एबांालार्दे श )

118
 (बीाीलंका )

(सीिेपाल )

(डीपाहकस्ताि )

Which of the following neighbouring countries has better

performance in terms of human development than India?
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) Nepal
(d) Pakistan
16. __________ क्षेत्र में ऐसी गनतववनियाँ शानमल हैं ल्ििमें प्राकस नतक 1

उत्पार्दों को ववनिमायण के तरीकों के माियम से अन्य रूपों में बर्दल

हर्दया िाता है ल्िन्हें हम औद्योनगक गनतववनि से िोडते हैं ।

(एमाियनमक क्षेत्र )

(बीतसतीयक क्षेत्र )

(सीप्राथनमक क्षेत्र )

(डीउपरोि में से कोई िहीं )

The ___________ sector involves activities in which natural

products are changed into other forms through ways of
manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity.
(a) secondary sector
(b) tertiary sector
(c) primary sector
(d) none of the above

119
17. एक ववशेष वषय के र्दनराि प्रत्येक क्षेत्र में उत्पाहर्दत अंनतम वस्तुओं 1

और सेवाओं का मूपय _________ प्रर्दाि करता है ।

(एिीएिपी )

(बीिीडीपी )

(सीमुट्ास्फीनत र्दर )

(डीऔद्योनगक उत्पार्दि )

The value of final goods and services produced in each sector

during a particular year provides the ____________.
(a) GNP
(b) GDP
(c) Inflation Rate
(d) Industrial output
18. निम्िनलल्खत में से कनि मुट्ा का आिुनिक रूप है ? 1

(एसोिा )

(बीपेपर िोद्रस )

(सीकापर )

(डीचांर्दी )

Which one of the following is modern form of currency ?

(a) Gold
(b) Paper notes
(c) Copper
(d) Si l ver

120
19. सरकार द्वारा नििायररत बािाओं या प्रनतबंिों को हटािे के रूप में 1

िािा िाता है :

(एनििीकरण )

(बीवैश्वीकरण )

(सीउर्दारीकरण )

(डीसमािीकरण )

Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is known

as :
(a) privatisation
(b) globalisation
(c) liberalisation
(d) socialization
20. निम्िनलल्खत में से हकसे भारत में वैश्वीकरण के कारण सबसे कम 1

लाभ हुआ है ?

(एकस वष क्षेत्र )

(बीऔद्योनगक क्षेत्र )

(सीसेवा क्षेत्र )

(डीमाियनमक क्षेत्र )

Which one of the following has benefited least because of

globalisation in India?
(a) Agriculture Sector
(b) Industrial Sector
(c) Service Sector

121
 (d) Secondary Sector
SECTION B
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2X4=8)
21. प्रथम ववश्व यु के र्दनराि भारत में औद्योनगक उत्पार्दि क्यों बढ़ा? 2
या
िाबसय कनि थे? उिके कायह की व्याख्या करें ।
Why did industrial production in India increase during the First
World War? Or
Who were the Jobbers? Explain their functions.
22 'संसािि नियोिि' के ववनभन्ि चरणों का वणयि कील्िए । 2
Describe the different steps of ‘resource planning’.

23. िमयनिरपेक्षता कुछ राििीनतक र्दलों या व्यवियों की ववचारिारा " 2

िहीं है , बल्पक यह हमारे र्दे श की िींव में से एक है ।उपयुि "

उर्दाहरणों के साथ इस कथिका परीक्षण करें ।
“ Secularism is not an ideology of some political parties or persons, but
it is one of the foundations of our country." Examine the statement with
suitable examples.
24. ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में रोिगार के अनिक अवसर कैसे ससल्ित हकए िा 2

सकते हैं ? कोई र्दो तरीके नलल्खए।

How can more employment opportunities be created in the rural
areas? Write any two ways.
SECTION C
SHORT ANSWER BASED QUESTIONS (3X5=15)
25. ‘िमक सत्याग्रह ' को उपनिवेशवार्द के ववरु प्रनतरोि का एक 3

प्रभावशाली प्रतीक क्यों मािा गया? समाािा।

Why was the ‘Salt March’ considered an effective symbol of

resistance against colonialism ? Explain.

122
26. कोयले के निमायण की व्याख्या कील्िए तथा भारत में पाए िािे 3

वाले कोयले के ववनभन्ि रूपों के गुणों का वणयि कील्िए।

[या]

लनह और अलनह खनििों में उर्दाहरण सहहत भेर्द कील्िए।

Explain the formation of coal and Describe the qualities of the

different forms of Coal found in India.
(OR]
Differentiate between Ferrous and non Ferrous minerals with
examples.
27. "लोकतंत्र सामाल्िक वववविताओं को समायोल्ित करता है । " 3

उर्दाहरण के साथ कथि का समथयि करें ।

“Democracy accommodates social diversities.”

Support the statement with example.
28. अथयव्यवस्था के तीि क्षेत्र प्राथनमक(, माियनमक और तसतीयककैसे ) 3

परस्पर निभयर हैं ? समाािा ।

How are the three sectors (Primary, Secondary and Tertiary) of

economy inter-dependent? Explain
29. "प्रनद्योनगकी िे वैश्वीकरण प्रहिया को प्रेररत हकया है ।उर्दाहरण " 3

सहहत स्पष्ट कील्िए।

“Technology has stimulated the globalization process.” Explain

with example.
SECTION D
LONG ANSWER BASED QUESTIONS (5x4=20)

123
30 ीांसीसी लोगों के बीच सामूहहक पहचाि की भाविा पैर्दा करिे के 5

नलए ीांसीसी िांनतकाररयों द्वारा उठाए गए हकन्हीं पांच कर्दमों का

वणयि करें ।

[या]

'यूिािी स्वतंत्रता संग्राम' िे पूरे यूरोप में नशल्क्षत अनभिात वगय के

बीच राष्ट्रवार्दी भाविा को लामबंर्द करिे में हकस प्रकार योगर्दाि

हर्दया। उर्दाहरण सहहत समााइए,

Describe any five steps taken by the French Revolutionaries to

create a sense of collective identity among the French people.
[OR]

How did the ‘Greek war of Independence’ contribute in mobilizing

nationalist feeling among the educated elite across Europe. Explain
with examples,
31 "र्दे श की आनथयक ताकत को ववनिमायण उद्योगों के ववकास से मापा 5

िाता है । तकह के साथ कथि का समथयि करें ।"

[या]

'सतत ववकास की चुिनती के नलए औद्योनगक प्रर्दष

ू ण पर नियंत्रण

की आवश्यकता है ।' उर्दाहरण सहहत इस कथि की पुवष्ट कील्िए।

“The economic strength of the country is measured by the

development of manufacturing industries”. Support the statement
with arguments.
[OR]

124
 ‘The challenge of sustainable development requires control over

industrial pollution.’ Substantiate the statement with examples.

32 राििीनतक र्दलों के सामिे कनिसी ववनभन्ि चुिननतयाँ हैं -? 5

समाािा। [या]

राष्ट्रीय और क्षेत्रीय र्दलों के बीच उर्दाहरण सहहत अंतर कील्िए।

What are the various challenges faced by Political Parties? Explain.

[OR]
Differentiate Between National and Regional parties with
examples.
33 भारत की अथयव्यवस्था में बैंक हकस प्रकार महत्वपूणय भूनमका 5

निभाते हैं ? समाािा [या]

अिनपचाररक क्षेत्र की ऋण गनतववनियों को हतोत्साहहत हकया िािा

चाहहए। तकह के साथ कथि का समथयि करें ।

How do banks play an important role in the economy of India?

Explain [OR]
The credit activities of the informal sector should be discouraged.
Support the statement with arguments.
SECTION -E
CASE BASED QUESTIONS (4X3=12)

34 िीचे हर्दए गए स्रोत को पढ़ें और िीचे हर्दए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर र्दें :

उत्पार्दों की एक ासख
ं ला का उत्पार्दि केवल हाथ के ाम से ही

हकया िा सकता था। मशीिें वर्दत, मािकीकस त सामाि के साथ

125
िहटल हडिाइि और ववनशष्ट आकार का उत्पार्दि करिे के नलए

उन्मुख थीं। उर्दाहरण के नलए, उन्िीसवीं सर्दी के मिय में, वब्रटे ि

में 500 प्रकार के हथनडे और 45 प्रकार की कुपहाहडयों का उत्पार्दि

हकया गया था। इसके नलए मािव कनशल की आवश्यकता थी,

यांवत्रक तकिीक की िहीं। ववक्टोररयि वब्रटे ि में, उच्च वगय -

हाथ से उत्पाहर्दत चीिों क - अनभिात वगय और पूि

ं ीपनतैो

प्राथनमकता र्दे ते थे। हस्तनिनमयत उत्पार्द शोिि और वगय का प्रतीक

बि गए। वे बेहतर ढं ग से तैयार हकए गए थे, व्यविगत रूप से

उत्पाहर्दत हकए गए थे, और ियाि से हडिाइि हकए गए थे। मशीि

से बिे सामाि कालोनियों में नियायत के नलए थे। ाम की कमी

वाले र्दे शों में, उद्योगपनत यांवत्रक शवि का उपयोग करिे के इच्छुक

थे ताहक मािव ाम की आवश्यकता को कम हकया िा सके।

उन्िीसवीं सर्दी के अमेररका में ऐसा ही हुआ था। हालाँहक, वब्रटे ि

को मािव हाथों को काम पर रखिे में कोई समस्या िहीं थी।

34.1.______ मािकीकस त उत्पार्द थे, िो बडे पैमािे पर उत्पाहर्दत

हकए गए थे मंडी। 1

34.2. ववक्टोररयि वब्रटे ि में, अनभिात वगय और पूि

ं ीपनत वगय

हकस वगय के थे? 1

34.3. हकस प्रकार हाथ से उत्पाहर्दत उत्पार्द मशीिों से उत्पाहर्दत

126
 उत्पार्दों से नभन्ि थे? 2

Read the source given below and answer the questions that
follows:

A range of products could be produced only with hand labour.

Machines were oriented to produce uniforms, standardised goods
with intricate designs and specific shapes. In mid-nineteenth
century Britain, for instance, 500 varieties of hammers were
produced and 45 kinds of axes. These required human skill, not
mechanical technology. In Victorian Britain, the upper classes – the
aristocrats and the bourgeoisie – preferred things produced by
hand. Handmade products came to symbolise refinement and class.
They were better finished, individually produced, and carefully
designed. Machine made goods were for export to the colonies. In
countries with labour shortage, industrialists were keen on using
mechanical power so that the needed for human labour can be
minimised. This was the case in nineteenth-century America.
Britain, however, had no problem hiring human hands.

34.1.______ were Standardised products, which were produced for

a mass market. 1
34.2. In Victorian Britain, the Aristocrats and bourgeoisie belonged
to which class? 1
34.3. In what way the products produced with hand was different
from that of products produced with machines?
35. िीचे हर्दए गए स्रोत को पढ़ें और िीचे हर्दए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर र्दें :

127
पािी की प्रचुरता और िवीकरणीयता को र्दे खते हुए, यह कपपिा

करिा मुल्श्कल है हक हम पािी की कमी से पीहडत हो सकते हैं ।

िैसे ही हम पािी की कमी की बात करते हैं , हम तुरंत इसे कम

वषाय वाले क्षेत्रों या सूखे की आशंका वाले क्षेत्रों से िोड र्दे ते हैं । हम

तुरंत रािस्थाि के रे नगस्ताि की कपपिा करते हैं और महहलाएं

पािी इकद्रठा करिे और भंडारण करिे और पािी पािे के नलए लंबी

र्दरू ी की यात्रा करिे के नलए उपयोग हकए िािे वाले कई 'मटका'

(नमद्रटी के बतयिको संतुनलत करती हैं । )

35.1. पसथ्वी की सतह का हकतिा भाग पािी से ढका है ? 1

35.2. क्या िल को िवीकरणीय संसािि बिाता है ? 1

35.3. पािी की कमी के मुख्य कारण क्या हैं ? 2

Read the source given below and answer the questions that
follows:
Given the abundance and renewability of water, it is difficult to
imagine that we may suffer from water scarcity. The moment we
speak of water shortages, we immediately associate it with regions
having low rainfall or those that are drought prone. We
instantaneously visualise the deserts of Rajasthan and women
balancing many ‘matkas’ (earthen pots) used for collecting and
storing water and travelling long distances to get water.
35.1. How much of the earth's surface is covered with water? 1
35.2. What makes the water a renewable resource? 1
35.3. What are the main causes of water scarcity? 2

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36 िीचे हर्दए ए स्रोत को पढ़ें और िीचे हर्दए गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर र्दें :

बेल्पियम के िेताओं िे क्षेत्रीय मतभेर्दों और सांस्कस नतक वववविताओं

के अल्स्तत्व को मान्यता र्दी। के बीच 0771 और 0791, उन्होंिे

अपिे संवविाि में चार बार संशोिि हकया ताहक एक ऐसी

व्यवस्था तैयार की िा सके ल्िससे सभी एक ही र्दे श में एक साथ

रह सकें। उन्होंिे ल्िस व्यवस्था पर काम हकया वह हकसी भी

अन्य र्दे श से अलग है और बहुत ही िवीि है । यहाँ बेल्पियम

माडल के कुछ तत्व हर्दए गए हैं :

संवविाि में प्राविाि है हक केंट् सरकार में डच और ीेंच भाषी •

मंवत्रयों की संख्या बराबर होगी। कुछ ववशेष कािूिों को प्रत्येक

भाषाई समूह के अनिकांश सर्दस्यों के समथयिकी आवश्यकता होती

है ।

केंट् सरकार की कई शवियां र्दे श के र्दोिों क्षेत्रों की राेय सरकारों •

को र्दी गई हैं । राेय सरकारें केंट् सरकार के अिीि िहीं हैं ।

ब्रसेपस में एक अलग सरकार है ल्िसमें र्दोिों समुर्दायों का समाि •

प्रनतनिनित्व है । ीांसीसी भाषी लोगों िे ब्रुसेपस में समाि

प्रनतनिनित्व स्वीकार हकया क्योंहक डच भाषी समुर्दाय िे केंट्

सरकार में समाि प्रनतनिनित्व स्वीकार हकया है ।

129
केंट् और राेय सरकार के अलावा तीसरी तरह की सरकार होती •

है । यह'सामुर्दानयक सरकार' एक भाषा समुर्दाय से संबनं ित लोगों

द्वारा चुिी िाती है ड -च, ीेंच और िमयि भाषी चाहे वे कहीं भी -

रहते हों। इस सरकार के पास सांस्कस नतक, शैल्क्षक और भाषा संबंिी

मुद्दों के संबंि में शवि है ।

13.बेल्पियम के र्दो प्रमुख समुर्दाय कनि से हैं 0? 1

13.2. के बीच 0771 और 0791, बेल्पियम के संवविाि में हकतिी

बार संशोिि हकया गया ताहक एक ऐसी व्यवस्था की िा सके

ल्िससे सभी एक ही र्दे श में एक साथ रह सकें? 0

13.1. बेल्पियम िे सत्ता के बंटवारे के सवाल को कैसे निपटा? 2

Read the extract given below and answer the questions that
follow:
The Belgian leaders recognised the existence of regional
differences and cultural diversities. Between 1970 and 1993, they
amended their constitution four times so as to work out an
arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the
same country. The arrangement they worked out is different from
any other country and is very innovative. Here are some of the
elements of the Belgian model:
 Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-
speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government.
Some special laws require the support of the majority of
members from each linguistic group.
 Many powers of the central government have been given to

130
 state governments of the two regions of the country. The
state governments are not subordinate to the Central
Government.
 Brussels has a separate government in which both the
communities have equal representation. The French-speaking
people accepted equal representation in Brussels because the
Dutch-speaking community has accepted equal
representation in the Central Government.
 Apart from the Central and the State Government, there is a
third kind of government. This ‘community government’ is
elected by people belonging to one language community –
Dutch, French and German-speaking – no matter where they
live. This government has the power regarding cultural,
educational and language-related issues.
36.1. What are the two major communities of Belgium? 1
36.2. Between 1970 and 1993, how many times Belgian
Constitution was amended in order to make an arrangement that
would enable everyone to live together within the same country? 1
36.3. How did Belgium deal with the question of power sharing? 2

SECTION – F MAP BASED QUESTIONS (2+3=5

37. भारत के हर्दए गए राििीनतक मािनचत्र पर, 5

37.(a) निम्िनलल्खत िािकारी की सहायता से और उसके पास

अंहकत रे खा का सही िाम नलल्खए, उस स्थाि की पहचाि कील्िए

िो अंहकत है

(एवह स्थाि िहां गांिीिी िे िमक कािूि का उपलंघि हकया )

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था

(बीवह शहर िहां िनलयांवाला बाग की घटिा हुई थी )

37.(b) निम्िनलल्खत में से हकन्हीं तीि का पता लगाएँ और उन्हें

लेबल करें

i ) ाारखंड में एक कोयला क्षेत्र i i ) िागािुि

य सागर र्दाम

i i i ) गोवा में प्रमुख समुट्ी बंर्दरगाह

i v) उत्तर प्रर्दे श में परमाणु ऊिाय संयंत्र

On the given Political map of India,

37.(a) With the help of the following information and write the
correct name of the line marked near it, Identify the place marked
as
A The place where Gandhiji violated Salt Law
B The city where Jallianwala Bagh incident took place
37.(b) Locate and label the any Three of the follwing
A coal field in Jharkhand
Nagarjuna Sagar Dam
Major Sea Port in Goa
Nuclear power plant in Uttar Pradesh

132
 SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER
SOCIAL SCIENCE (CODE 087) SESSION 2022-23

133
CLASS X – ANSWER KEY

1. (c) The IMF and The World Bank

2. (c) Balgangadhar Tilak
3. (b) Cultural impact of the west
4. (b) Diamond Sutra
5. (b) 1-A,2-C,3-B,4-D
6. (c) Madhya Pradesh
7. (d) Ragi
8. (d) Dutch and French
9 (c) Horizontal division of power or power shared among different
organs of the government.
10. (b) Panchayat raj bodies
11 (a) Defence
12. (d) The Election Commission
13. (d) differences of opinion about how marginalized sections are to be
treated
14. (c) Per capita income
15. (b) Sri Lanka
16. (a) secondary sector
17. (b) GDP
18. (b) Paper notes
19. (c) liberalisation
20. (a) Agriculture Sector
21. Why did industrial production in India increase during the First World
War?
Answer:- (i) During the First World War, Manchester was busy with war
production. So their export to India declined. (ii) Because of this Indian cotton
mill suddenly got a huge opportunity to supply to the home market. (iii) As the

134
war continued, Indian mills were asked to supply jute bags, uniform for war.
(iv) To meet up these demands, new industries were established, old industries
started several shifts. During this time the production system boomed. (v)
Downfall of British industry was like a boon for home industry: Even after the
War Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market.
Britain failed to compete with the progress of the USA and Japan and its
economy collapsed. As cotton cloth production declined in Britain, so local
industrialists gradually consolidated their position in the home market.
Or
Jobbers were the people who were employed by the employers to meet their
needs pertaining to working capital. Their role involved them to do following:
a. These Jobbers used to employ the workers and were responsible for the whole
recruitment process.
b. These people were the trusted people of the employers. Their major role of
providing workers to the industrialists required them to employ the people from
their own villages.
c. They also used to provide money to these workers in the time of extreme
financial crisis.
d. But, as the need of the workers grew, the domination and power of jobbers
increased as they had control over the main organ of economic and industrial
development i.e. the workers. After that, they began demanding favours for the
recruitment and their power increased at an alarming rate.
e. Jobbers also used to help the workers to settle in the cities.
22. Describe the different steps of ‘resource planning’.
1)Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country
.This involves surveying, mapping and the qualitative estimation and
measurement of the resources.
2) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill
and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.

135
3) Match the resource development plans with overall national development
plans.
23. “ Secularism is not an ideology of some political parties or persons, but it is
one of the foundations of our country." Examine the statement with suitable
examples.
Answer:-Secularism is not an ideology of political parties but is the foundations
of our country because -
There is no official religion of the Indian state. Unlike the status of Buddhism in
Sri Lanka, that of Islam in Pakistan and that of Christianity in England, our
Constitution does not give a special status to any religion.
The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to
profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.
The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
(Any two relevant Points)
24. How can more employment opportunities be created in the rural areas?
Write any two ways.
More employment in rural areas can be created by taking the following steps:
1. Farmers should diversify agriculture and adopt horticulture, animal rearing,
organic farming, pisciculture besides farming.
2. Government should take necessary steps to provide loans to farmers at
cheaper rates and from formal sources of credit.
3. Creation of basic infrastructure facilities such as roads, transportation,
market, and banking will lead to the creation of employment opportunities in
rural areas.
4. Establishment and promotion of cottage and small-scale industries will also
increase employment opportunities in rural areas.
5. Making provisions for education and health services in rural belts can also
result in employment (Any two relevant points)
25. Salt March was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism

136
because
All classes could identify with salt as it was a cheap and essential food item.
(ii) Tax on salt and the monopoly over its manufacturing was a sign of the
oppression of British Rule.
(iii) It would affect the British Economy. Gandhiji reached Dandi on 12th
March, 1930 and violated salt law by manufacturing salt from sea water.
Breaking the salt law was an apparent defiance of British authority and was a
direct challenge to British Rule in India. It had a far reaching repercussion on
the whole structure of colonialism
26. Coal is formed due to the compression of plant and animal material over
millions of years.
The four qualities of coal found in India are
(i) Peat has high moisture content and low heating capacity.
(ii) Lignite is a low grade brown coal, soft and with high moisture content.
(iii) Bituminous coal is buried deep and subject to high temperature. It has good
heating power and Is usually black in colour.
(iv) Anthracite coal is the hardest variety and has the highest heating’power.
Or
Ferrous Minerals Nonferrous Minerals

They are Magnetic. They are Nonmagnetic.

They weigh more. They weigh less.

They are good conductors of They are bad conductors of

electricity electricity.

They are less resistant to corrosion. They are more resistant to corrosion.

They are mainly composed of iron

They are composed of various
as hydroxide, sulfides, and
elements and combinations.
carbonates.

137
27. Democracy accommodates social diversities:
i Democracies develop a procedure to conduct their competition. This reduces
the possibility of these tensions becoming explosive or violent.
ii No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different
groups. But we can certainly learn to respect these differences and can evolve a
mechanism to negotiate these differences.
iii Ability to handle social differences divisions and conflicts is thus a definite
plus point of democratic regimes
iv Example: Belgium - has successfully negotiated differences among its ethnic
population. This reduces the possibility of tensions.
28. All the three sectors primary secondary and tertiary are interdependent to
each other in the following ways.
Primary sector makes possible the extraction of natural resource like iron. This
iron is then taken to the secondary sector for manufacturing through the
transportation system like trucks. The extraction process is supported by the
financing and information technological institutions.
It is through the secondary sector that the natural resource iron is changed into
other forms through the process of manufacturing. Manufacturing again need
the support of the service sector in the form of engineers electricians etc. Iron is
changed into iron sheets and then into vehicles for transportation.
Once manufactured the vehicles are sold through various trading agencies.
These vehicles are used for providing services in the tertiary sector and at the
same time support the primary and the secondary sectors to carry out their
processes.
29. In the last few decades there are several improvements in technology.
In recent times technology in the areas of telecommunications, computers,
internet has been changing rapidly.
Tele-communication facilities (Telegraph, telephone, including mobile phones,

138
fax) are used to contact one another around the world.
This has been facilitated by satellite communication devices.
Internet also allows us to send instant electronic mail (e-mail) and talk (voice-
mail) across the world at negligible costs.
30 The steps which were taken by French Revolutionaries to create a sense
of collective identity among the French people were:
1) The idea of La- Patrie and Le-Citoyen emphasized the notion of a united
community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
2) New French flag the tricolour was chosen to replace the former royal
standard.
3) The Estate General was elected by the body of an active citizen and renamed
the National Assembly.
4) New Hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in
the name of the nation.
5) A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated
uniform laws for all citizen within its territory.
6) Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of
weight and measures were adopted.
7) Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common
language of the nation.Or
Greek War of Independence mobilized nationalist feelings:
The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for
independence amongst the Greeks.
Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile.
Sympathies for ancient Greek culture.
Poets and artists landed Greece as the cradle of European civilization.
The English poet Lord Byron organized funds and later went to fight in the
War.
The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe let to struggle for

139
independence among the Greeks from ottoman Empire.
Finally, The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an
independent nation.
31 The economic development of a country is measured by the development
of manufacturing industries by the following waysi –
Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture which forms the
backbone of our economy.
They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by
providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors
Industrial development is pre-condition for eradication of unemployment and
poverty from our country.
Manufacturing goods expand trade and commerce
Export brings in much needed foreign exchange.
Manufacturing is the process of value addition.
It also brings down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and
backward areas.
It increases the GDP/ National Income of the country.
Any other relevant point. Any five points to be explained.OR
i. On one hand Industries lead to extensive industrial growth and expansion,
other hand these are also the cause of environmental degeneration which prompt
to the different type of air, water pollution.
ii. There is an increasing requirement to use a further sustainable model.
iii. Industries must produce eco-friendly products and dump wastes responsibly.
iv. Use of latest technology can help industries to control pollution and lead
towards sustainable mode of operation.
v. Industries use- Reuse-Recycle-Refuse approach.
vi. If necessary, dump waste in specified places, away from the land and water
sources, for example- before dumping treat well and make useful forother than
drinking purpose,stop using thermal plants in some of the locations.

140
32 Various challenges faced by political parties are
(a) The parties are lacking internal democracy, which keeps many prospective
leaders deprived of their rights.
(b) There have been dynastic successions in many political parties. This often
deprives the parties of appropriate leadership.
(c) The parties something, indulge in the use of money and muscle power for
winning elections. This hampers development and is against the spirit of
democracy.
(d) There are not many ideological differences between the various parties. So,
there is a lack of meaningful choice before the voters. OR

Regional party National party

Regional party refers to a political National party implies a political

party, which has its base in a party that extends over the entire
particular region and has limited nation, in terms of area of influence.
objectives.

It can be changed and repeated in It has a permanent symbol that

other state. cannot be repeated.

Particular region only Entire country

It should be strong enough in at least It should be strong enough in at least

one or two states. four states.

To promote regional interest. To resolve national and international

issues.

33 Banks help people to save their money in safe custody. To save their
money, people deposit their money with banks.
Banks give interest on the money deposited by the people. Thus, they add to the
141
income of the family.
Many families survive on the bank interest.
Banks provide loans to people for a variety of purposes.
Banks charge low interest rate. To promote regional interest.
Credit provided by banks is crucial for the country’s growth and economy.
Banks boost the industrial sector by providing cheap loans.
They are the backbone of the country’s trade.
Banks employ a large number of people and as such they solve the employment
to some extent.Or
The credit activities of the informal sector should be discouraged because:
85% of loans taken by the poor households in the urban areas are from informal
sources.
Informal lenders charge very high interest on their loans.
They try to charge more and more interest on their loans.
There are no boundaries and restrictions.
Higher cost of borrowing means a larger part of the earnings of the borrowers is
used to repay the loan.
In certain cases, the high interest rate for borrowing can mean that the amount
to be repaid is greater than the income of the borrower.
This could lead to increasing debt and debt trap, therefore the credit activities of
the informal sector should be discouraged.
34.1. (b) Uniforms
34.2. (b) Upper classes
34.3. (a) Colonies
34.3. (b) Hand made

35.1. Three-fourth
35.2. Continuous renewal and recharging of ground water through the
hydrological cycle

142
35.3. Low rainfall,Over use of water any other relevant points
36.1. Dutch speaking, French speaking
36.2. Four times
36.3. Apart from the Central and the State Government, there is a third kind of
government. This ‘community government’ is elected by people belonging to
one language community – Dutch, French and German-speaking – no matter
where they live. This government has the power regarding cultural, educational
and language-related issues.
37. Map question

143
37.

Amritsar
B ra

Narora

Dandi
A Bokaro

Nagarjuna Sagar Dam

Marmangao

144