ATOM Pt II

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 Matter

Element Compound

Atom Molecule Molecule Ion

Example: Iron Oxygen gas (O2) Water Sodium chloride

Sodium Hydrogen gas Carbon dioxide Lithium oxide

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 An atom is the smallest Arrangement of
particle that can atoms in a solid
participate in a chemical
reaction

A molecule is a group
of two or more
atoms which are
chemically bonded
together

An ion is a positively-
charged or negatively
charged particle

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Elements

Made up of a single type of atoms

and their particles may
exist as atoms or molecules
such as O2 or Cu

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Compounds

Substances comprising two or

more elements which combined
Through chemical means.
Example : H2O,NaCl, CO2

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Mixtures

Contain two or more element

and/or compounds which can
be separated through physical
means.
Example :Sand, air

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Definition

Neutron = is a neutral charge inside the

nucleus

Proton = is a positive charge inside the

nucleus

Nucleon = is the number of sum of proton

and neutron

Electron = contain an negative charge

and move around the nucleus

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Symbol of element

Nucleon A
number
X Element

Proton Z
number

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Eg.

Nucleon number 24
Mg Symbol of element for
magnesium

Proton number
12

Number of proton = 12
Number of electrons = 12
Number of neutrons = 24 – 12 = 12

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2.10 The Electronic Structure of an atom
1. Atoms are made up of nucleus and electrons. This
electrons move around the nucleus the atom.
2. Electrons are arranged in these shells.
3. Each shell is numbered 1, 2, 3, and so on.
4. Figure 2.10.1 shows the arrangement of shell in an
atom.

Second shell
electron

First shell nucleus

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5. Each shell can only consists of a certain number of
electrons.
6. Electron will fill in shell from the lowest energy
level which is the one nearest to the nucleus.
7. Electrons arrangement can be drawn by putting the
electrons into the shells without exceeding the
maximum capacity of each shell as shown in Table
2.10.1

Shell Maximum number of electrons

1 2

2 8

3 8

4 8

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8. For example, an atom of calcium has 20 electrons (20
protons). The electron arrangement for the atom can
be shown in Figure 2.10.2.

The electron arrangement for a calcium atom is 2.8.8.2

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2.11 Valence electrons

1. Valence electrons are electrons in the outermost

shell of an atom.
2. The number of valence electrons is the number of
electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.
3. For example, a magnesium atom has an electron
arrangement of 2.8.2. So, it has two valence
electrons.

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2.12 Quick Test
1. Write & draw the electron arrangement for the
atoms below :

(i) 35 Cl
17
Cl

(ii) 27 Al 2.8.7
13

Al
2.8.3
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1. Draw the atomic structure for the atoms below :
(i) 11 Na
23 (ii) 8 O
16

11 p 8p
12n 8n

2.8.1 2.6
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