Answers Student book

1 Forces and motion  b Ice skates have a jagged edge at the front that
skaters use to stop. When the surface of the
1.1 Introduction to forces jagged edge slides over the ice the force of
1 friction is greater and the skater slows down
Force Changes the Changes its
and stops.
speed of the direction
4 It is important to remove the water from between
object
a tyre and the road, so that there is enough friction
Gravity acting on for the tyres to grip the road.
a falling apple
Friction acting 1.4 Gravity
on a car going 1 Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
around a corner Weight is a force – it is the force of gravity
at a steady speed acting on an object.
2 40 N
Friction when a
3 The mass of the astronaut on Mars is the same as
car brakes in a
the mass of the astronaut on Earth. Mass is the
straight line
amount of matter in an object and does not change.
2 People on the other side of the Earth do not fall 4a Gravitational force is like a magnetic force
off because the force of gravity acts towards the because it is a non-contact force that can attract
centre of the Earth, wherever you are. objects.
3 Three of the following: friction, air resistance,  b Magnetic forces can also repel, gravitational
gravity, thrust. forces cannot. Gravitational force is dependent on
4 Pull – force of attraction. mass, magnetic force are not normally.
Push – force of repulsion. 5 72 kg × 4 N/kg = 288 N
5a One of the following contact forces: friction, 1.5 Questions, evidence, and explanations
air resistance, water resistance, upthrust, thrust, 1 Bhaskaracharya could not do any experiments
tension. to test his ideas because it was not possible to
 b One of the following non-contact forces: gravity, perform experiments on the Moon or the planets
electrostatic force, gravitational force. by changing or controlling variables. It is only
1.2 Balanced forces possible to make observations.
1 unbalanced 2 Newton knew a force was acting on the Moon
2 balanced because it had to keep changing direction to stay
3a balanced in orbit around the Earth. An object only changes
 b unbalanced direction if a force is acting on it.
 c unbalanced 3 Any sensible reason, for example: you cannot
4 Alom – if a car is moving at a steady speed, then feel the Earth moving and the Sun moves through
the resultant force would be zero and no resultant the sky; the Sun does not touch the Earth, so how
force would be acting on the car. A resultant can it exert a force on the Earth; the orbiting of
force would only be acting on the car if the forces the Earth had been traditionally explained in a
acting on it are unbalanced, for example when different way, people believed this instead of
the car is accelerating, decelerating, or changing Newton or Bhaskaracharya; they had done no
direction. experiments to prove their ideas.
4 Any sensible reason, for example: you cannot feel
1.3 Friction
the Earth moving and the Moon moves through
1 The force of friction is caused by the uneven
the sky; the Earth does not touch the Moon, so
surfaces of the objects sliding over each other.
how can it exert a force on the Moon; the orbiting
2 Using oil as lubrication reduces friction because a
of the Moon had been traditionally explained in
thin layer of oil it makes it easier for two uneven
a different way, people believed this instead of
surfaces to slide over each other.
Newton or Bhaskaracharya; they had done no
3a The thin layer of water between the blade of
experiments to prove their ideas.
an ice skate and the ice acts as a lubricant and
5 You need less fuel to return to the Earth from the
reduces the friction between the two surfaces.
Moon, because the Earth’s gravity is stronger than
Therefore, the skater can move across the ice
the Moon’s. A spacecraft would be pulled more
more easily.
towards the Earth than the Moon.

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1.6 Air resistance
1a A car is ‘streamlined’ when it has been designed
to reduce the effect of air resistance.
 b A lorry travelling fast would experience more air
resistance than a streamlined car travelling slowly
because it will have a greater surface area that is
in contact with the air, and also it will be pushing
more air out of the way as it is travelling faster.
2 Missing words in order: unbalanced, balanced,
unbalanced, balanced, balanced.
3 A tennis ball and cricket ball will hit the ground
at the same time, even though the cricket ball
is heavier, because they are the same size and
experience the same amount of air resistance. If
there is an equal amount, or no, air resistance, all
objects fall at the same rate.
1.7 Planning investigations
1
Equipment Why Kasini needed it
a large To fill with water and drop
measuring different shapes of clay into.
cylinder
modelling clay To make into different
shapes, with the same mass,
in order to test how the shape
of an object affects resistance.
a stopwatch To time the objects as they
fall through the water.
a balance To measure the clay, so that
the same mass is used for
each shape.
a measuring jug To measure the amount
of water in the cylinder to
ensure the same amount of
water is used each time.
2 It is important to only change one variable at a
time, so that you can see what effect that variable
is having on what you are measuring. If you
change more than one variable, you do not know
which one is causing any differences.
3 Kasini could use more water, repeat her
measurements and take an average, or use
timing gates.
4 units of measurement
5 Any suitable answer – it is important that Kasini
uses the same stop-clock and type of clay for all
of the experiments as changing them could have
an effect, but Kasini is likely to be completing
all of the tests at the same time using the same
equipment and therefore using the same stop
clock and clay.
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1.8 Tension and upthrust
1a Extension: 4.5 cm – 3 cm = 1.5 cm
 b Extension is proportional to the forces. 4 N is
twice as much as 2 N, so the extension would be
2 × 1.5 cm = 3 cm
 c Length of spring = original length plus extension.
6 N is three times as much as 2 N, so the
extension would be 3 × 1.5 cm = 4.5 cm.
4.5 cm + 3 cm = 7.5 cm
2 The upthrust is equal to the weight, so it
is 20 000 N.
3 Diagram of a weight underwater with forces of
upthrust (4 N) and tension (6 N) pointing up and
weight (10 N) down.
4 The elastic limit of a spring is the point where a
spring will no longer return to its original length
when the weight is removed.
5 The weight of an object affects the amount an
elastic material will stretch, its extension. To do
a bungee jump people need to be given a bungee
rope that will stretch the right amount for their
weight.
1.9 Presenting results – tables and graphs
1 A suitable column heading with the units of
measurement.
2 A line of best fit shows the pattern or trend in a
set of data. Joining all of the points may not show
this trend, especially if there are any anomalous
points.
3a
Colour of spring Extension (cm)
 b The colour of spring is not a continuous variable,
so the data collected cannot be displayed on a
line graph.
4 3 N
5 Suma might not have measured the extension
of the spring correctly, she might have misread
the measurement or written it down incorrectly,
she might not have put the right weight onto
the spring.
1.10 Round in circles
1 Centripetal force is a force that keeps an object
moving in a circle. It acts towards the centre of
the circle.
2 Friction between the car tyres and the road
provides the centripetal force when a car moves
around a corner.
3a gravitational force
 b The Moon would carry on moving in a straight
line in the direction it was moving when the force
stopped acting. It would begin to move away from
the Earth.
4 For the satellite to stay in orbit it must be 5a Table D
constantly changing direction. An object can only  b An elastic material will stretch when a force is
change direction if a force is acting on it, so there applied to it, and then return to its original length
must be a force acting on the satellite. when the force is removed.
 c It would not be a good idea to use an elastic band
1.11 Review
in a forcemeter as the amount the band stretches
1 Balanced forces are equal and acting in opposite
is not proportional to the weight hung on it, or the
directions. Unbalanced forces are not the
force applied.
same size.
6a Graph of the points, with a straight line of best fit
Forces are Forces are passing through points 1, 2, 4, and 5
balanced unbalanced  b 4 cm
The object is not  c 2.25 N
moving.  d No, almost all of the results show an extension
There is only one that is proportional to the force applied to the
force acting on spring. If the spring was beyond its elastic limit
the object. this would not be the case.
The object is  e The spring would return to its original length.
accelerating. 7 B and C.
The two forces 8a smaller than
are the same size  b the same as
but in opposite  c bigger than
directions. 9 The ball went a lot further because both the force
of gravity and the air resistance are lower on
The object is
the Moon. The force of gravity is lower, so the
slowing down.
ball will travel further before it falls back to the
The two forces surface. The Moon has a very thin atmosphere, so
are different sizes, there are fewer particles in the air. This means the
but in opposite air resistance is lower and so the ball can travel
directions. further for the same thrust.
The object is 10a lubrication
moving at a  b elastic limit
steady speed in a  c proportional
straight line.  d drag
11a true
2a The motorcycle and the child sitting on a swing.
 b false
 b The child sitting on the swing and trampoline.
 c true
 c The motorcycle. Some of the forces acting on the
 d false
submarine are balanced, but some are unbalanced.
12a Both Newton and Bhaskaracharya wondered why
3a Accelerating downhill: gravity, air resistance,
the Moon went around the Earth.
friction
 b They both worked out that there was a force that
 b Diagram should have an arrow point forwards
attracted the Moon to the Earth.
labelled thrust and one pointing back labelled air
 c The discovery of Neptune proved that Newton’s
resistance and friction. The arrows should be the
prediction, and so his explanation, was correct.
same length and start on the cyclist.
 d Albert Einstein and Edwin Hubble both
4 A car moves forward when the force when
developed Newton and Bhaskaracharya’s
the forces acting forwards are greater or equal
explanations.
to the forces acting against the direction of
motion, drag. Air resistance is one of the drag
forces, it is caused when the car collides with air 2 Energy
particles. Thrust is the force that acts forwards,
2.1 What is energy?
it is provided by the engine. A streamlined car
1 Coal, oil, and wood.
is designed to experience less air resistance, this
2 200 kJ = 200 000 J
means to travel at a steady speed it also needs
3 Keeping the body warm and breathing.
less thrust. The car will use less fuel if it has to
4 Children also need energy to grow.
generate less thrust.
5 1500 kJ / 25 kJ per minute = 60 minutes

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2.2 Energy from the Sun
1 Missing words in order: Sun, photosynthesis,
animals, plants.
2 The energy in chicken comes from the Sun
because the chicken gets its energy from eating
plants, which have in turn used energy from the
Sun to grow.
3 A biofuel is a fuel we get from living things, a
fossil fuel is made from plant and animals that
died millions of years ago.
4 A solar cell converts energy from the Sun directly
into electricity. A solar panel uses energy from the
Sun to heat water.
5 Hydroelectricity is generated from the movement
of water as it falls downhill through a special
dam. This energy is originally from the Sun,
because the Sun evaporates water that will fall as
rain and be trapped behind a dam.
2.3 Energy types
1 The Sun or a candle.
2 Gravitational potential energy
3 Elastic potential energy
4 It has less kinetic energy.
5 The Sun provides energy for the Earth as light
only. This energy is not produced by burning or
a fire. The process that takes place in the Sun to
produce this energy is nuclear fusion.
2.4 Energy transfer
1 Energy transfer diagrams show how energy has
been transferred and transformed by an object or
process.
2 chemical energy EPE kinetic energy
3a Electrical energy is transferred into thermal
energy.
 b Chemical energy in the battery is transferred into
electrical energy, which is then transferred into
light energy and some thermal energy.
 c The chemical energy from the child is transferred
into kinetic energy as he or she moves the swing.
This kinetic energy begins to transfer into GPE
as the swing moves, when the swing reaches the
point where it changing direction all of the kinetic
energy is GPE until it begins to move again and
the GPE transfers to kinetic energy.
4 chemical energy kinetic energy GPE
kinetic energy
5 nuclear energy light energy chemical energy
electrical energy light, sound, thermal
energy
2.5 Conservation of energy
1 The law of conservation of energy is a law that
states that energy cannot be created or destroyed,
it can only be transferred in a process.
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2a A hairdryer. Useful energy = thermal energy.
Wasted energy = thermal energy and sound
energy.
 b A television. Useful energy = light energy and
sound energy. Wasted energy = thermal energy.
 c A kettle. Useful energy = thermal energy. Wasted
energy = thermal energy and sound energy.
3 Missing words in order: useful, wasted, thermal.
4 An energy efficient light bulb produces less
wasted thermal energy, so it would be cooler.
5 More efficient electrical devices save you money
as they waste less energy. This means you use less
electricity, and pay for less electricity, when you
are using them.
2.6 Gravitational potential energy and
kinetic energy
1 Kinetic energy is the energy that an object has
when it is moving. GPE is the energy that an
object has because of its position, for example if
an object is on a high shelf it will have more GPE
than an object on the floor.
2a The man has more kinetic energy because his
mass is larger.
 b They could have the same amount of kinetic
energy if the man was running slower than the
boy, as both speed and mass affect the amount of
kinetic energy something has.
 c The man has more GPE because his mass is
larger.
3 GPE kinetic energy sound energy
4 Energy is wasted on a rollercoaster ride because
they are designed to hold more or heavier people
than they normally do, so that the rollercoaster
will always work. This means they are often
designed to gain more GPE than they might really
need to loop the loop or go up the next hill.
2.7 Elastic potential energy
1a As the student stretches the elastic band it gains
elastic potential energy as it shape changes. When
she lets the band go, the elastic potential energy
changes into kinetic energy.
 b If the band is pulled back further it will gain
more EPE, so the band will move further when
it is released as there is more EPE that can be
transferred into kinetic energy.
2a GPE kinetic energy EPE kinetic energy
GPE
 b Not all of the kinetic energy the bungee jumper
had before he or she bounces is transferred
into kinetic energy after the bounce, some is
transferred to the environment as thermal energy.
Eventually all the energy is transferred to the
environment and the jumper stops bouncing.
3 A ball will never bounce higher than the height 2 Efficiency = 75 J / 100 J × 100% = 75%
you drop it, as some of the GPE and kinetic 3 A machine cannot be more than 100% efficient
energy it has before bouncing is lost to the because energy cannot be created or destroyed,
environment as thermal energy. only transferred, and a machine cannot transfer
more energy than it is given.
2.8 Suggesting ideas
4a Diagram that shows an arrow of 200 J, with 160 J
1 No you cannot answer the question ‘Which fuel
going forwards and 35 J and 5 J lost as thermal
is cheapest?’ with a practical investigation. A
energy and sound energy.
practical investigation involves changing one
 b Efficiency = (useful energy/total energy) × 100%
variable and keeping everything else the same.
= 160 J / 200 J × 100% = 80%
It may be possible to answer this questions by
making observations and collecting data without 2.11 Review
changing or controlling variables. 1a People who do different jobs or sports will use
2 Lumasi’s question is ‘Which fuel heats up water different amount of energy to carry out these
the fastest?’ Liquid ethanol heats up water the activities. Therefore they need different diets in
fastest as it takes the shortest amount of time to order to get the right amount of energy from their
heat 25 cm3 of water from 20 °C to 30 °C. food.
3 Scientists repeat their investigations to improve  b sitting, walking slowly, cycling – sitting requires
their reliability. If you repeat your experiment, the least amount of energy because your body is
you can us an average result, and any anomalous not moving; cycling requires the most amount of
results will stand out from the rest. energy because you are moving quickly and are
providing energy to move the bike as well.
2.9 Suggesting ideas continued
2 20 J, 0.2 kJ, 2000 J, 20 kJ, 2000 kJ
1a A field study is different from a practical
3a Photosynthesis is the process that plants use to
investigation because scientist collect data from
transfer light energy from the Sun into chemical
observations without affecting what they are
energy.
studying. A practical investigation involves
 b A fossil fuel stores energy from the Sun as
changing and controlling variables to find out
chemical energy.
how they affect what the scientist is studying.
 c Hydroelectricity is electrical energy generated
 b A field study is similar to a practical investigation
from the GPE of water held behind a dam
because both are methods of carrying out
transferred into kinetic energy by turbines as the
investigations to collect data that will answer a
water falls. The kinetic energy is transformed into
scientific question.
electrical energy by a generator.
2 Two people may not agree on ‘Which is the best
 d A solar cell transfers light energy from the Sun
fuel?’ because they may not agree on what makes
into electrical energy.
a fuel good. One person may think the best fuel
4 1 – C, 2 – A, 3 – D, 4 – B
is the cheapest, another may think the best fuel is
5 d is incorrect – kinetic energy does depend on the
the one that produces the least greenhouse gases.
mass of the object.
This question cannot be answered by collecting
6a chemical
data because the answer does not depend on data
 b kinetic
but on a persons opinion.
 c thermal
3a Yes – data can be collected about the amount
 d GPE, kinetic energy
of greenhouse gases, particulates or other waste
 e chemical
products a fuel releases into the environment.
7a Energy is wasted as: thermal energy and sound
 b No – scientists could make prediction for the
energy.
future based on data collected on how we use fuel
 b chemical energy kinetic, thermal and sound
now, and how much fuel is left, but our lifestyles
energy (these are drawn as separate transfers)
might change in the future.
8 C
 c No – this question cannot be answered by
9 lamp – light, bell – sound, kettle –thermal,
collecting data, the answer will depend on a
bicycle – kinetic
person’s opinon.
10 C, A, D, B
2.10 Energy calculations and Sankey diagrams 11a B
1 Energy cannot be lost or created. A machine that  b C
is not very efficient transfers more energy into a  c A
form that is not useful, for example a light bulb
wastes thermal energy.

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12a Position GPE (J) KE (J) Total energy (J)
A 6000 0 6000
B 4500 1500 6000
C 3000 3000 6000
D 1500 4500 6000
E 0 6000 6000
 b The law of conservation of energy.
 c I have made the assumption that no energy is
transferred to the environment as thermal energy
as the diver falls due to air resistance.
 d When the diver hits the water most of her kinetic
energy is transferred to the environment as
thermal and sound energy.
13 A – Yes, a practical investigation can be carried
out by stretching the elastics bands with different
forces and measuring the point that they break.
B – Yes, a field study could be carried out to
collect data to answer this question.
C – No, this is a matter of opinion.
14a The student has not included an explanation of
her prediction.
 b No they do not. The results are very similar for all
of the volumes of fuel used.
 c She could measure out a volume of fuel and use
this to heat the same volume of water every time.
 d Chemical energy in the fuel is transferred into
thermal energy in the water and the surrounding air.
 e Yes, both the useful and wasted energy is thermal
energy as thermal energy is transferred to the
environment as well as the water.
 f It is difficult to get accurate results because
a lot of thermal energy is transferred to the
environment.
3 The Earth and beyond
3.1 The night sky
1a Planets, exoplanets and comets.
 b The Moon and artificial satellites.
2 Planets, artificial satellites, natural satellites.
3 A meteor is any piece of dust or rock that enters
the Earth’s atmosphere. A meteorite is a piece of
rock that reaches the surface of the Earth.
4 Uranus and Neptune can only be seen with
a telescope, so they are not called naked-eye
planets.
3.2 Day and night
1a east
 b west
 c midday
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2a At the start and end of the day, this is when the
Sun is lowest in the sky.
 b At midday because this is when the Sun is highest
in the sky.
3 It is unlikely that the Sun is hidden behind clouds
at night because when the Sun goes behind cloud
during the day it does not get dark. The Sun
appears to move as the Earth spins on its axis.
4 Foucault’s pendulum needed a very heavy weight
to keep it swinging for a long time, long enough
to show the effects of the Earth spinning.
3.3 The seasons
1 Towards the Sun.
2 The days are longer, so the Sun warms the Earth
for longer each day. Also, the Sun is higher
in the sky so its rays fall over a smaller area,
transferring their energy to a smaller area and
heating the ground more.
3 The length of the shadow would be less in
summer than in winter because the Sun is higher
in the sky during the summer.
4a The length of a day changes over the year due
to the tilt of the Earth’s axis. The Earth is tilted
towards the Sun during summer, and so has a
longer day. It is more obvious further from the
equator.
 b i December
ii June
5 If the Earth’s axis was not tilted, then day length
and temperature would not vary throughout the
year as they do now. There would be no seasons.
3.4 Stars
1 You cannot see stars during the day because the
Sun is too bright. The light of the Sun is brighter
than the light of the other stars.
2 A constellation is a collection of stars that make a
pattern, like Cassiopeia or Ursa Major.
3 We see different stars in the summer and winter
because the Earth is in different positions of its
orbit around Earth. We can only see the stars
that are in the opposite direction to the Sun, six
months later these would not be visible as they
would be the same direction as the Sun.
4 Most stars move as the Earth turns on its axis,
so it was not possible for sailors to use them for
navigation.
5 14 million years from birth – worked out using
the diagram on page 59.
3.5 Our Solar System
1 Scientists think there could once have been life
on Mars because there are features on the surface
that suggest water once flowed there.
2a From largest to smallest: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
Neptune, Earth, Venus, Mars, Mercury.
 b The Sun is roughly ten times bigger than Jupiter,
the largest planet.
3a The inner planets are much smaller than the outer
planets.
 b The inner planets are made of rock, but the outer
planets are made of hydrogen and helium gas –
Neptune and Uranus both have a rocky centre.
4 Yes – the outer planets are further from the Sun
and have to travel a greater distance to complete
one orbit, a year.
3.6 The Moon
1 New moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing
gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, last quarter,
waning crescent.
2 using a very large pendulum. It would have been
Moon
penumbra
Sun Earth
umbra
3 If the orbit of the Moon was not tilted, we would
not see a full Moon because the Earth would
block the light from the Sun causing a lunar
eclipse every month.
4a We only ever see once side of the Moon because
the Moon completes one turn on its axis in the
same amount of time it takes to orbit the Earth.
This means that the same side of the Moon faces
the Earth at all times.
5b It is possible to take a photograph of the dark side
of the Moon because it isn’t dark. We only call
it the dark side of the Moon because it is never
visible from Earth.
3.7 Explanations – the geocentric model
1 The invention of writing was important for the
development of scientific explanation as people
were able to write down measurements and look
for patterns.
2 People found it easy to believe the geocentric
model because from Earth it looked like the Sun,
Moon, stars and other planets were all moving
around the Earth, and it did not feel like the Earth
was moving at all.
3 Ptolemy changed the geocentric model to explain
the observations of planets that seemed to wander
across the sky. He explained that the planets were
making smaller circles as well as moving in a big
circle around the Earth.
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3.8 Explanation – the heliocentric model
1 In the geocentric model, the Earth is at the centre
and all the stars, planets and the Sun orbit the
Earth, in the heliocentric model the planets all
orbit the Sun, which is at the centre of the model.
2 Galileo Galilei observed four moons orbiting
Jupiter, this piece of evidence was important for
overturning the geocentric model as it showed
that not everything in the Universe orbited the
Earth.
3 It was easier to explain the movement of the
planets using the heliocentric model instead of
using Ptolemy’s explanation that they moved in
smaller circles whilst orbiting the Earth.
3.9 Communicating ideas
1 Foucault proved that the Earth was spinning
possible for earlier astronomers to prove that the
Earth was spinning if they had had the same idea.
2 Merkhets, telescopes, astrolabe, any other
sensible answers not mentioned in the book.
3 It was important to develop new astronomical
instruments in order to make new and more
precise or accurate measurements.
4 If lots of astronomers came together in a new
observatory they could share their ideas and
observations and use them to develop new
explanations together.
3.10 Beyond our Solar System
1 A galaxy is a collection of stars. A solar system is
a group of planets and other objects that orbit one
star. There could be millions of solar systems
in a galaxy.
2 Missing words in order: Kuiper belt, Oort cloud,
galaxy.
3 It is not possible to count all of the stars in the
Milky Way because there are too many stars,
there are billions and billions of stars in the
Milky Way.
3.11 Using secondary sources
1 A primary source is data that you have collected
yourself in a practical investigation, a field study
or by making observations. A secondary source
is data you have not collected yourself, such as
information in a text book or on the Internet.
2 It is important to look at more than one secondary
source to check that the data is reliable.
3 There is no link between day length and year
length as planets with similar day lengths have
very different year lengths.
105
4a Mercury  c One year on Uranus is longer than one year on
 b Mars, Saturn and Neptune Earth because it is further from the Sun and so the
 c Jupiter and Venus distance it must travel to orbit the Sun, also it’s
 d Uranus orbital speed is lower than that of the Earth.
9a The scientist in Egypt might not be able to read
3.12 The origin of the Universe
the scientist in India’s work because it is written
1a Scientists think that the Universe is 13 700
in a different language, or the book might not
million years old.
have reached Egypt.
 b The Solar System is 5000 million years old.
 b For example, the Indian scientist Brahmagupta
2 It is difficult to predict what will happen to the
described the law of gravity 1000 years before
Universe as it depends on the mass of everything
Newton, but Newton did not know about him.
within it. It is not possible to measure the mass
 c It is easier to communicate internationally today
of all the objects in the Universe using the
using the Internet. Most work can be easily
technology we have at the moment.
translated into several languages.
3 No – dinosaurs died out 65 million years ago, but
10a A primary source is data you have collected
humans did not exist then. Humans only appeared
yourself in an investigation or by making
0.5 million years ago.
observations. A secondary source is data that
3.13 Review someone else has collected, it may be from a text
1 1 – C, 2 – A, 3 – D, 4 – B. book, or on the internet.
2 d  b secondary
3a 3  c secondary
 b 1  d primary
 c 2  e The secondary data from a science book is likely
 d 5 to be the most reliable, but all data should be
 e 4 repeated or checked.
4a Sun, Moon, star, comet, Venus
Stage 7 Review
 b You cannot put the objects in order because we
1a Air resistance and friction.
do not know the size of all the object, for example
 b To move at a steady speed the drag forces must be
the unnamed planet could be larger or smaller
equal to the thrust force.
than Earth.
 c An object will only change direction or speed if
 c Earth and Venus, because they are all inner
a force is acting on it. When an object is moving
planets in our Solar System.
at a steady speed the forces acting on it are
 d Star (not our Sun) because they are both stars.
balanced. Thrust is the only force acting forwards
5a 3 months
on the cyclist, whilst air resistance and friction are
 b 6 months
acting to slow the cyclist down. The drag forces
 c 9 months
must be equal to the thrust force for the forces to
 d 150 million km – 60 million km = 90 million km
be balanced.
 e We see different stars at different times of year as
 d It will increase.
we move around the Sun. We can only see stars
 e Speed will increase because the thrust is the
that are in the opposite direction to the Sun, so the
same, but the air resistance is lower. The forces
stars visible at position A would be hidden behind
acting on the cyclist are now unbalanced so he
the Sun at position C.
will accelerate.
6a axis, year
2 There is a force of gravity between any objects
 b south, north, shorter, longer
with mass. There is a force of gravity between me
 c larger, away from
and my chair.
7a A, B, C
3a Water resistance, friction, upthrust, gravity.
 b B, C, D, E
 b 2 cm
 c D
 c When the fish is out of the water the force of
 d Foucault’s pendulum.
upthrust is no longer acting on it, and all of its
8a The further from the Sun a planet is, the longer
mass must be supported by the fisherman.
it’s year is – this is because the orbit is larger.
 d If the fish is half the mass, then the extension will
 b The further from the Sun, the lower a planet’s
be halved too – 1 cm.
orbital speed is.
 e kinetic energy
 f This energy is transferred from stored EPE.

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4a GPE
 b It was transferred from the kinetic energy of the
gorilla as he climbed higher.
 c The small leaf because there was less air
resistance acting on it due to its smaller area. The
larger leaf will fall slower because a greater force
of air resistance is acting on it.
 d GPE kinetic energy EPE & thermal energy
 e The mother because she has a greater mass.
5a 130 J
 b Thermal and sound energy.
 c The law of conservation of energy.
 d Least to most efficient: A, C, B. The most efficient
fan is the one that wastes the least energy, and so
produces the most kinetic energy from the 200 J
of electrical energy that is supplied.
6a Higher because it is much closer to its star than
Earth is to the Sun.
 b 4 Earth days
 c 4 Earth days
 d 51 Pegasi b is similar to the Moon because it
takes the same time to complete an orbit as it does
to spin once on its axis.
 e Yes – it has seasons because its axis is tilted and
therefore the different hemispheres will be tilted
towards or away from the star at different times
of year.
 f A constellation is a collection of stars that makes
a pattern.
 g No – there are billions of stars in a galaxy and
only a few in constellation. A galaxy is collection
of stars gathered together in space, but a
constellation is a pattern applied by humans when
they observe the stars.
7a True: A, B, D, F. False: C, E, G.
 b Primary data.
 c i B
ii A
iii C
4 Forces and motion
4.1 Speed
1 150 km / 2 hours = 75 km/h
2 200 m / 40 s = 5 m/s
3 Nikita
4a True – Car 1 = 100 km / 2 hours = 50 km/h. Car 2 =
100 km / 3 hours = 33.3 km/h.
 b True – Girl = 10 m / 4 s = 2.5 m/s. Boy = 10 m / 3
s = 3.3 m/s.
 c False – Motorbike = 50 km / 0.5 h = 100 km/h.
Car = 100 km / 0.45 h = 133.3 km/h.
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5 The two speeds are measured in different units so
it is not possible to tell which speed is faster by
the number. The speeds need to be changed into
the same units to know which one is fastest.
4.2 Taking accurate measurements
1 Timing gates are more accurate than using a
stopwatch because the measurement is taken
exactly when the light beam is broken. Using a
stopwatch is less accurate because you reaction
times mean that there is a delay in taking the
measurement.
2 Automatic timing is more important for timing
over a short period of time because a delay from
reaction time would have a greater effect on the
results. A sprint takes place over a shorter period
of time than a marathon, so automatic timing is
more important.
3 Kyra’s time is more precise because she measured
to time to a greater number of significant figures.
4a less than 0.2 seconds
 b Typical reaction time is 0.2 seconds. If a sprinter
leaves the blocks less than 0.2 seconds after the
gun, it is unlikely that they are reacting to the
sound and have false started.
4.3 Distance-time graphs
1 Section E – it is the steepest which she has moved
a greater distance in a shorter time, and so is
moving faster than anywhere else on the graph.
2a Amira
 b David – there is a section of his graph where the
distance does not change.
 c David
 d Amira
 e Average speed = total distance / total time =
4500 m / 15 minutes = 4500 m / 900 s = 5 m/s
3 C = 1400 m / 13 mins = 1400 m / 780 s = 1.8 m/s
E = 2100 m / 10 mins = 2100 m / 600 s = 3.5 m/s
4.4 Acceleration and speed-time graphs
1 Speed is the distance travelled in a given time.
Acceleration and deceleration are how speed
is changing over time, acceleration is when the
speed is increasing and deceleration is when it is
decreasing.
2 Correct words in order: acceleration, horizontal,
is not.
3 Acceleration = 25 m/s – 0 m/s / 0.05 s = 25 / 0.05 =
500 m/s2
4 Acceleration = 0 m/s – 10 m/s / 0.1 s = –10 / 0.1 =
–100 m/s2
Deceleration = 10 m/s 0 m/s / 0.1 s = 10 / 0.1 =
100 m/s2
107
5a Car B has the greater acceleration because the 4.7 Review
graph is steeper meaning the speed is increasing 1 A, C, D
more over the same time. 2a m/s, km/s
6b Car B is accelerating at: 45 m/s – 0 m/s / 2.5 s =  b km, m
45 / 2.5 = 18m/s2  c h, s
Car B is accelerating at 18 m/s2, this is greater 3a The line on the graph is straight and is the same
than Car A that is accelerating at 12 m/s2. gradient for the whole graph, this means the girl
was cycling at a steady speed. If she had been
4.5 Presenting results in tables and graphs
moving at different speeds, then the gradient of
1 The number of races a driver has won is a discrete
the graph would change too.
variable and must be shown on a bar chart or pie
 b Speed = 12 km / 120 min = 12 km / 2 h = 6 km/h
chart, it cannot be displayed on a line graph like
4 d
speed and time, which are continuous variables.
5a Speed = 1440 km / 2 hours = 720 km
2a 10 – 14 seconds.
 b accelerating
 b 14 – 18 seconds.
 c The average speed would be lower when the plane
 c 0 – 10 seconds, and 18 – 20 seconds.
has to fly into the wind because it is experiencing
3a 400 m
more drag.
 b The car was moving at a steady speed between 10
6a Speed = 110 m / 10 s = 11 m/s
and 14 seonds, this is not the same as not moving,
 b Speed = 3 km / 0.5 h = 6 km/h
and so the distance moved continued to increase
7 5.14 seconds
during this time.
8a 10 minutes
4a The distance time graph would show a horizontal
 b 3000 metres
line for the time the car was stopped in the pits
 c 50 minutes
because the car is not moving.
 d Aadi travels the fastest between 30 and
 b The speed-time graph would show the car
40 minutes.
decelerating to 0 m/s before a horizontal like
 e Speed = 3000 m / 30 minutes = 3 km / 0.5 h =
when it was stopped in the pits – this is the same
6 km/h
as moving at a steady speed. As the car leaves the
9a Speed = 1 m / 10 min = 0.1 m/min
pits the graph would show acceleration.
 b Speed = 2 m / 8 min = 0.25 m/min
5a Acceleration = 55 m/s – 0 m/s / 4 s = 55 / 4 =
 c Speed = 3 m / 20 min = 0.15 m/min
13.75 m/s2
10a Tables B and D.
 b Acceleration = 78 m/s – 89 m/s / 4 s = –11 / 4 =
 b Tables A and C.
–2.75 m/s2
 c units
Deceleration = 89 m/s – 78 m/s / 4 s = 11 / 4 =
 d Categoric variables: colour, manufacturer.
2.75 m/s2
 e Top speed, engine size, cost.
4.6 Asking scientific questions 11a False
1 Any suitable answers: it would not be possible  b True
to walk, drive, play football, hold objects, etc. It  c False
would still be possible to sit or lie down, swim, etc.  d True
2a When a boat is moving on a river it is slowed  e False
down by forces of water resistance, air resistance 12a
and friction. In order to keep moving at a steady Object Time (s)
speed these forces must be balanced by an equal Tennis ball 0.53
force acting in the opposite direction, this is the Football 0.68
thrust provided by the engine. Therefore the Table tennis ball 0.72
engine must be kept running for the boat to move
at a steady speed.  b Timing gates work by shining a beam of light
 b If the engine was turned off, the boat would slow across the path of the object. When the object
down as the forces acting on it would no longer passes through the top light beam, the beam is
be balanced. The drag forces would be greater broken and the timer starts. When the object
than the thrust and the boat would begin to slow, passes through the second gate, the beam is
it would eventually stop. broken and the timer stops.
3 No it wouldn’t make a difference, as it would not
change the forces acting on the ball.

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 c Tennis ball = 1 m / 0.53 s = 1.89 m/s 4 Any suitable answers: for example, road worker,
Football = 1 m / 0.68 s = 1.47 m/s builder, aeroplane engineer.
Table tennis ball = 1 m / 0.72 s = 1.39 m/s 5 Trucks have very noisy engines, they can
 d Draw a bar chart because the ball types is a damage hearing after 8 hours a day, so truck
discrete variable. drivers should not drive for long periods to avoid
damaging their hearing.
5 Sound 5.4 Loudness, amplitude and oscilloscopes
1 Missing words in order: loud, quiet
5.1 Sound, vibrations and energy transfer
2 How loud a sound is.
1 Any suitable answer.
3 An amplifier increases the amplitude of a sound
2 Sound cannot travel through a vacuum as it is
wave – it will make a sound louder.
the movement of air particles. There are no air
4 b and c
particles in a vacuum.
5 It is a transverse wave because the rope moves
3 Sound travels slower in air than water because
up and down as the wave travels. If it was
the air particles are more spread out than those
a longitudinal wave, the rope would move
in water.
backwards and forwards.
4 Sound is produced in a guitar when the string is
6 The screen of an oscilloscope displays how
plucked. The string then vibrates creating sound
the pressure on the microphone diaphragm is
waves in the air around it.
changing with time. The peaks of the wave are
5.2 Detecting sounds where the pressure is high, a compression, and the
1 Your ear is like a microphone because it converts troughs are where it is low, a rarefaction.
the energy of a sound wave into an electrical
5.5 Pitch and frequency
signal in your auditory nerve.
1 The string is vibrating 512 times a second.
2 The diaphragm.
2 Missing words in order: frequency, shorter.
3
Part of the ear What it does 3 Sound: 30 Hz, 1500 Hz, 4500 Hz.
pinna gathers the sound waves Ultrasound: 30 000 Hz, 100 000 Hz.
and directs it to the 4 whale
eardrum 5 harmonics
eardrum sound waves make this 5.6 Making simple calculations
vibrate and starts the 1 The speed of light is approximately 1 million
ossicles vibrating times faster than the speed of sound.
ossicles passes the vibration from the 2 Distance = speed × time = 330 m/s × 1.5 s = 495 m.
eardrum to the cochlea Distance to the wall is 247.5 m.
cochlea contains fluid that vibrates 3 When the storm is directly overhead, Maria will
and passes the signal to hear the thunder and see the lightning at the
hairs inside it same time.
4 There are speakers behind the starting blocks to
4 It would be dangerous to put a sharp object in ensure that all of the athletes hear the start gun at
your ear as you could pierce your eardrum and it the same time.
would no longer detect sound waves. 5 400 m/s, 1500 km/h
5 Yes, a microphone detects sound waves and
converts them into an electrical signal using a 5.7 Echoes
diaphragm connected to a coil and magnet. A 1 A fisherman can use sonar to find fish by using
speaker converts an electrical signal into a sound the transmitter and receiver to find out where
wave by using a cone, like the diaphragm, using a there are large shoals of fish.
magnet. 2 Time to the seabed = 4/2 = 2 s. Distance = 1500
m/s × 2 = 3000 m/s
5.3 Loudness and the decibel scale 3 Time = distance / speed = 500 m / 1500 m/s =
1 Noise is sound that we do not want to hear. 0.33 s
2 40 dB is ten times louder than 30 dB. 4 Dolphins can find food at greater distances than
3 He could limit the amount of time he listens to bats because sound travels much faster in water
music with earphones and reduce the volume of than in the air.
the music he is listening to. 5 Time = 0.075 m / 1500 m/s = 0.00005 s

© Oxford University Press 2013: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 109
5.8 Review 6 Light
1 1 – C, 2 – D, 3 – B, 4 – A
2a False 6.1 What is light?
 b True 1 Candle and lightbulb.
 c False 2 A shadow can tell you whether the light sources
3a closer together are small or large and spread out.
 b closer together 3a The image will get larger and sharper.
 c less  b The image would be brighter because more light
4a B and C is getting into the camera.
 b D and F 6.2 How do we see things?
 c A and E 1 Light is emitted by objects that give out light.
 d E Light is transmitted when it passes through
 e D an object.
5 2 The Moon is non-luminous. It does not generate
Arrow Wavelength? Amplitude? Neither? light, we can only see it by light from the Sun
A reflected off its surface.
B 3 It is harder to see dark coloured cats at night than
C light coloured cats because most of the light that
shines on them is absorbed, so less is reflected
D
for our eyes to detect. Light-coloured cats reflect
E more light and so are easier to see.
F 4
Eye Pinhole camera
6a A frequency of 1500 Hz means that 1500 hole to let the pupil pinhole
vibrations are occurring each second. light in
 b If the frequency increase to 2000 Hz, the pitch where the retina screen
would get higher. image is formed
7a dB is a decibel – it is a unit of sound intensity.
 b Traffic on the way home would sound the loudest. 5 The eye is not light a camera because it has
 c To reduce the risk of damaging his hearing he different types of cells that are specialised for
could reduce the volume of the music he is seeing in dim light or bright light and colour.
listening to and reduce the amount of time he 6.3 The speed of light
listens to loud music each day. 1 Distances in space are so large that it is not
8 1 – D, 2 – C, 3 – A, 4 – B. practical to use kilometres to measure them.
9a True 2a 8 light minutes × 9.3 = 74.4 light minutes
 b False  b 74.4 light minutes = 4464 light seconds. Distance to
 c True Saturn = 4464 × 300 000 000 = 1 339 200 000 km.
 d True Time in an aeroplane = 1 339 200 000 km /
10a 0.2 seconds 900 km/h = 1 488 000 hours or 62 000 days.
 b Distance = 1500 m/s × 0.2 s = 300 m 3 The light from the stars takes so long to reach us
 c This is the signal from the seabed. The seabed that we are not seeing the star how it looks now, but
is further from the boat than the fish and any how it looked several minutes, days or years ago.
ultrasound that passes through gaps in the shoal 4 The closest distance is when Earth is directly
will detect the seabed, but it will take longer to between the Sun and Mars and the two planets are
return to the receiver than the waves reflected off close together. The furthest the planets could be
the shoal. apart is when the Earth is on the opposite side of
11a 330 m/s × 4 s = 1320 m the Sun to Mars.
 b Adami has assumed that the speed of sound she 5 A metal bar would change length with
is hearing thunder from the flash of lightning that temperature.
she is seeing.
12a The two waves have the same main, fundamental, 6.4 Reflection
frequencies. 1 A, H, I, M, O, T, U, V, W, X, Y
 b The waves have different harmonic frequencies, 2 left eye
so they must be different instruments. 3 The word ‘ambulance’ is laterally inverted on the
front of an ambulance because people in cars in
front of the ambulance will see it in their rear-

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 view mirrors. It needs to be laterally inverted
so that they can read it. Most people behind the
ambulance will be looking at it directly, not in
mirrors, and so the word does not need to be
inverted.
4a Shiny metal reflects light well, so you can see
your face in it like you would in a mirror.
 b Smooth and shiny surfaces reflects light in
a regular way, so you can sometimes see a
reflection in them.
 c A painted white wall is relatively rough, the
light is not reflected in a regular way so it is not
possible to see your reflection.
6.5 Making measurements: the law of reflection
1 They drew two dots on the paper to measure their
results. They make sure the ray hits the mirror
where the normal is drawn.
2 They could repeat each measurement 3 times and
use the average.
3 Each angle of incidence and reflection is 45 °.
4a 90 ° – 30 ° = 60 °
 b The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of
incidence = 60 °.
6.6 Refraction: air and water
1a Their speed would still slow down.
 b Their direction would not change.
2 If they dived at an angle the change in their speed
would change the direction of their dive making it
more difficult to aim.
3 Below – as light changes direction at the
boundary of water and air it makes objects in the
water appear closer than they are.
4 Refractive index = 300 million km/s / 230 million
km/s = 1.3
6.7 Refraction: air and glass
1 Daren’s second prediction is better because
it explains his prediction using scientific
knowledge.
2 As the ray enters the glass block it slows down
and changes direction, when it leaves the glass
block it speeds up by the same amount that it
slowed down by before. The angle of refraction
when it leaves the block is the same as the angle
of incidence when it enters the block and the rays
are parallel.
3 In his diagram the angles of incidence and
reflection where the ray hits the boundary are
not equal.
6.8 Dispersion
1 Twice
2 The spectrum is continuous because all of the
wavelengths have been refracted by different
amounts. The refracted wavelengths can have any
value between the longest wavelength, at the start
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of the red light, to the shortest wavelength at the
end of the violet light.
3 Light can be refracted, for example in through a
rectangular glass block, without being diffracted.
For the spectrum to be visible, diffractions, all
of the wavelength must be refracted by different
amounts so that the different colours spread out –
it will not be visible if this does not happen.
4 Red light travels the fastest in glass. Red light is
refracted the least, which means it is slowed down
the least.
6.9 Colour
1 A green filter only transmits green light – all
other colours of light will be absorbed.
2
Combining … Makes …
red + blue magenta
cyan + red white
blue + yellow white
3 This is not correct. White light is made up of
every colour of light combined, filters absorb
some wavelengths of light so that only one colour
is visible.
4 No light is transmitted. A blue filter absorbs red
and green light transmitting blue light. A yellow
filter absorbs blue light. It would transmit red and
green light but they have already been absorbed,
so no light is transmitted.
6.10 Presenting conclusions: more on colour
1 A yellow flower looks yellow because it absorbs
blue light and reflects red and green light, which
combine to make yellow light.
2 A combination of red, yellow, and blue paint
looks black because red, green, and blue light are
all absorbed and none of the light is reflected.
3a Red shirt and red shorts.
 b Green shirt and green shorts.
 c Black shirt and blue shorts.
4 The red object will also appear red in yellow
light, so this evidence does not support Aru’s
conclusion that a red object will only look red in
red or white light.
6.11 Asking scientific questions
1 The idea that light was made of particles was
popular because people were able to understand
it more easily as they could see other objects that
behaved like particles and also like light, such as
balls that bounced off walls.
2 Newton was famous because he had published
a lot of ideas about gravity and so he was
considered a good scientist.
3a If you throw a football at a wall it will bounce
back in the same way that Newton explained why
light is reflected from a wall. If you throw the
111
 ball at a 90 ° angle it is reflected back directly. If
you throw it at a different angle, e.g. 30 ° to the
normal, it will bounce away at an angle that is 30 °
from the normal in the opposite direction.
 b Any suitable answers: you could show refraction
by rolling a football along one surface onto a
different one, for example a path onto grass, the
change in speed would change the direction of the
football.
4 Any suitable answers: It explains how we can see
a reflection in a window, and that light will also
pass through the window. It does not explain why
the light changes direction when it is refracted.
6.12 Lasers
1 A laser is different to sunlight because the light is
only one colour and the waves are all in step with
each other. A laser also produces a narrow beam
of light, unlike light from the Sun.
2 Using a laser is a very precise way of cutting
material.
3 A high power laser is used to make the pits and a
low-power one will read it. The high powered one
is need to cut the material, but if it was used to
read it as well it would destroy the markings.
4a A laser can be focused precisely on the mirror
on the Moon. It is stronger than normal light
and sunlight so the reflection would be clearly
detectable.
5b They could measure the time it takes for the laser
light to reach the Moon and be reflected back to
Earth to calculate the distance to and from the
Moon. The distance to the Moon would be half of
this distance.
6.13 Review
1a luminous
 b opaque
 c inverted
 d umbra
 e non-luminous
2a reflected
 b absorbed
 c translucent, transparent
 d reflected
 e opaque
 f transparent
3 b
4 A, C, F
5 b, c, e
6a C
 b A
 c B
7a refraction
 b The light changes direction because its speed
changes.
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 c The fish can see the bottom of the lake as well as
the water’s surface and the bank above the river
because some light from the bottom of the lake is
reflected back into the water, whilst light from the
surface and bank is refracted when it enters the
water.
8a 0°
 b The ray at A enters the block and its speed will
reduce, but its direction does not change.
 c 45°
 d The ray is reflected.
 e The critical angle must be less than 45°.
 f If the critical angle was greater than 45°, then the
light would be refracted out of the prism instead
being reflected internally.
9a A, C, E, D, F, B, G
 b This method ensures the measurements of the
angles are as accurate as possible because the dots
show exactly where the light enters and leaves the
block. When the block is removed a straight line
is drawn using a ruler because light travels in a
straight line.
10 B, C
11a green
 b magenta
7 Magnetism
7.1 The properties of magnets
1 Magnetic: steel, iron, nickel.
Non-magnetic: brass, copper, wool, wood, cotton.
2 Steel – steel can be magnetised.
3a B – north pole, C – south pole, D – north pole.
 b Experiment 1 – the magnets will repel each other.
Experiment 2 – the magnets will repel each other.
4a In a magnet there are lots of small regions call
domains, each one behaves like a small magnet
so when a magnet is broken both parts still have a
north and south pole.
 b Heating a magnet disrupts the domains and they
no longer line up.
 c Iron does not stay magnetised because the
domains are easy to line up, this means they are
also easy to disrupt again and they will not stay
lined up.
7.2 Magnetic fields
1 A magnetic field is the region around a magnet
where magnetic materials will experience a force.
2 The magnetic field of a bar magnet is strongest
at the two poles, because if you plot field lines
around a magnet to show the field they are closest
together at the poles, indicating the field is
strongest here.
3a Diagram showing two north poles with field lines
repelling, and north and south pole with field
lines from north to south.
 b If you place a steel ball at the neutral point
nothing would happen.
 c Nothing would happen because the two magnetic
fields have cancelled each other out.
4 He has not made a magnetic field with the iron
filings, he has used the iron filings to show to
location of the magnetic field of a magnet.
7.3 Electromagnets
1 An electromagnet could be used to sort a mixture
of iron and copper pieces by first switching it on
to attract all of the iron to the magnet. The magnet
can then be moved and switched off. The iron
would fall off in this new location to leave two
separate piles of metal.
2 It will reverse.
3a Iron can be easily magnetised to make a strong
electromagnet, but it will not stay magnetised
when the current is switched off.
b Steel will stay magnetised when the current is
switched off.
4 The wire wrapped around the core of an
electromagnet is insulated, so it will not flow
through the core. An electromagnet with an iron
core is strong because iron is easily magnetised.
7.4 Identifying and controlling variables
1 An independent variable is the one that will be
changed during the experiment. A dependent
variable is the variable that will change when the
independent variable changes.
2a Independent variable – force applied
 b Dependent variable – extension
3a surface
 b height of the bounce
 c They could repeat each measurement to get more
accurate results.
 d
Surface Height of bounce (cm)
Surface 1
Surface 2 …
7.5 Using electromagnets
1 You would use a relay when you want to control
a high voltage or high current circuit that it might
be dangerous to control directly.
2a A doorbell circuit is called a ‘make-and-break’
circuit because when the switch is pressed the
current magnetises and electromagnet, which
then attracts a metal strip to break the circuit. The
circuit continues to be made and broken by the
electromagnet being switched on and off for as
long as the switch is held down.
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 b In a relay circuit the armature is either on or off
in order to control a different circuit, in a doorbell
circuit the armature moves backwards and
forwards while the switch is pressed.
 c Both types of circuit use electromagnets and
armatures to make or break a circuit.
3 You could use an electromagnet to make a burglar
alarm. The electromagnet could control the switch
of another circuit, the alarm circuit. Whilst the
electromagnet is on the armature of the switch
is attracted to it and does not complete the alarm
circuit. If the circuit was built onto a door or
window frame so that the current flowed when
they are shut, when the door or window is opened
unexpectedly by a burglar the circuit would break,
the electromagnet would switch off and the alarm
circuit would be completed sounding an alarm.
4 Any suitable answers including: pros – safe,
painless, produce more detailed images than
X-rays; cons – expensive, the patient must lie still
in a small space.
7.6 Review
1a False
 b True
 c False
 d False
2 A, B, C, F
3a A – right, B – down, C – down, D – left.
 b Up. Blue magnet horizontal with the north pole
on the right, bring the north pole of the green
magnet towards the north pole of the blue magnet
from below.
4a magnetic field, magnetic field
 b field strength, high, poles
 c pole
5a Use iron filings to show the field shape, or use
plotting compasses to draw field lines.
 b The neutral point is where the magnetic field of
the two magnets cancel each other out.
 c Magnet 1, the neutral point if further from this
magnet meaning that the field is as strong as the
other magnets field at this point. Because it is
further from the magnet it means the field must
be stronger.
 d Any suitable answer: e.g. Place a steel bead in
different places around the magnets until it is not
attracted or repelled by either of them.
6 In the first picture the compass needle is aligned
with the Earth’s magnetic field. In the second
picture it has aligned to the bar magnets magnetic
field because it is stronger.
7a A magnet that remains magnetised all of the time.
 b A material that will be attracted to a magnet.
 c The area around a magnet where magnetic metals
will experience a force.
113
 d Line that can be drawn to represent the field of a 2
magnet. Statement Applies to Applies to Applies to
 e A metal core made of a magnetic material with light only sound only both light
a coil wrapped around it that only becomes and sound
magnetic when a current runs through the wire. only travels
8a North pole at the bottom and south pole at in a straight
the top. line
 b Compass needles point north when they align
can travel
with the Earth’s magnetic field. This means that
through a
the south pole of the magnetic field is in the
vacuum
northern hemisphere.
 c Arrows should point from the north magnetic pole travels faster
to the south magnetic pole. through
 d Lodestone is naturally magnetic – if it is placed liquids than
near a compass the needle will align to its gases
magnetic field. travels as
9a Abasi should wrap the piece of wire around the waves
nail and use the ends to make a circuit with the travels faster
battery and switch. through gases
 b To increase the strength he could wind more coils than solids or
around the nail, or change the nail to a different liquids
material, use a higher voltage battery or use a is a form of
different kind of wire. energy
 c A, C, D, B is detected by
10 a, d our ears
11a iron
is detected by
 b Copper is not a magnetic material, so it would not
our eyes
be magnetised when current flows through the
wire. Steel would remain magnetised when the 3a Average speed = 384 400 km / 3 × 24 h = 384 400
current is switched off. km / 72 h = 5338.89 km/h
12a type of core  b The speed is the average speed, found by dividing
 b strength of the electromagnet the total distance of the journey by the total time
 c The number of coils, the current of the circuit, for the journey. The speed of the spacecraft would
the object the magnet will be picking up, the type have varied throughout the journey, for example
of wire. slowing as it approached the Moon.
 d Small paper clip – these are most suitable as they  c The rocket is accelerating.
are easy to count, but also easy to pick up if the  d The gradient of the line is increasing.
electromagnet is weak. 4 One day Rajiv was walking to school. He could
 e see people in their cars through the windows
Core metal Number of paper clips
because they were transparent. He could not see
the lorry around the corner through the opaque
wall. He wondered if his friend was in the shop.
Stage 8 review
The light came through the translucent window,
1a A = 20 m/4 s = 5 m/s
but he could not see in.
B = 0 m / 2 s = 0 m/s
5a A and C
C = 10 m / 2 s = 5 m/s
 b D and F
D = 0 m / 2 s = 0 m/s
 c The incident ray is bright than ray A because not
E = 10 m / 4 s = 2.5 m/s
all of the incident ray is reflected directly as ray A,
F = 20 m / 2 s = 10 m/s
some of it is refracted through the glass before it is
 b The graph is not very realistic because does not
reflected, and some passes through the glass and is
normally change so suddenly and distinctly. A
not reflected.
more realistic graph would have curved corners.
 d You do not see a reflection during the day because
the light rays coming through the window is too
bright, it is brighter than the light rays that are
being reflected.

114 © Oxford University Press 2013: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute
 e You can see your reflection at night because the 8 Forces and motion
light rays from inside are reflected. There is less
light coming from outside, so the reflection is 8.1 Pressure
visible. 1
 f You can see the colour of the clothes that you are Force Area Pressure
wearing because the light that reflects off them is 150 N 25 cm2 6 N/cm2
also reflected off the mirror. 60 N 15 m2 4 N/m2
 g It is harder to see the colour of your clothes in a
5N 0.1 cm2 50 N/cm2
reflection at night because the light rays reaching
your eyes are dim. Dim light is detected by cells 2 3N
in the eye that do not detect colour. 3 30 cm2
6a 300 000 km/s × 10 = 3 000 000 km 4 Each foot is 0.04 m2
 b 10 light seconds is the distance that light travels
8.2 The effects of pressure
in ten seconds – it is 3 million km.
1 The feet of camels and wading birds are wide and
 c You do not need to do a calculation to answer
flat to reduce the amount of pressure they put on
part b because light seconds is a measure of
the ground. This means they can walk over sand
distance not time.
and wade in mud without sinking.
 d B, A, C
2 The bird with the larger feet would produce less
7a tension in the string
pressure on the ground.
 b the pitch of the sound produced
3 A road bike has a very thin tyre and would
 c The masses hung on the wire.
produce more pressure than a mountain bike with
 d
Mass (kg) Frequency (Hz) a wide tyre. It would sink into the soft surface.
4 Horse A would produce a greater mass on the
ground because it has a larger mass spread over
 e he could plot a line graph because both variables the same area.
are continuous.
8.3 Pressure in liquids
 f Guitar or other similar instrument.
1 Liquid pressure is due to the force between
8a Diagram of a wave with a greater wavelength and
the particles of the liquid and the surfaces of a
smaller amplitude.
container.
 b Waves of a lower pitch have a longer wavelength,
2 Pressure is higher at the bottom of the Pacific
and softer sounds have a smaller amplitude.
Ocean than near the surface due to the weight of
9a She could use a magnet to find out which rods are
the water above pushing down on the water at the
attracted to it. The rod that isn’t attracted to it is
bottom of the ocean.
the copper rod. The rod that is attracted at one end
3a Hole at the bottom – it is under greater pressure
but repelled at the other is the magnet. The rod
due to the pressure of the weight of water above.
that is attracted to the magnet at both ends is the
 b The pressure is acting at right angles to the
iron.
surface of the bottle, so the water will move in
 b An electromagnet is made by winding a coil
this direction.
of wire around a core, the iron rod would
 c It slows down because there is less force acting
make a good core, and connecting the wire to
on the water because there is less water.
a power source, the battery. When the current
flows through the wire the metal core becomes 8.4 Using pressure in liquids
magnetised. 1 A hydraulic jack can be used to lift a car because
 c The iron rod. Iron makes a good core in an the pressure applied down over the small area of
electromagnet as it is easily magnetised, but one piston will be transferred by the liquid to the
does not remain magnetised when the current is larger piston, which will then act in an upwards
switched off. lifting the car.
 d The compass needle will align with the magnetic 2 Hydraulic brakes are less effective if there is air in
field around a magnet or electromagnet. the liquid, because the air can be compressed and
 e An electromagnet in a scrapyard is much larger so the force is not transferred as effectively.
than one in a lab, it is also much stronger. The
current is supplied by mains electricity instead of
a battery.

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3 3 It will be difficult to get precise results because
Area of Force Pressure Area of Force
piston A applied to in the piston B produced
piston A liquid by piston B
2 cm 2
8N 4 N/cm2 25 cm 100 N
2 experiment that does not work. If Jabari had not
5 cm2 20 N 4 N/cm2 20 cm2 80 N
0.01 m = 6 N
2
0.06 0.1 cm2 0.006 N
100 cm2 N/cm2
4 Area is 3 times bigger, so force is 3 times bigger.
Force B = 3 × 2 N = 6 N
8.5 Pressure in gases
1 Gas pressure is caused by particles in the gas
colliding with the walls of a container.
2 It is possible to compress a gas because the
particles are far apart. The particles in a liquid are
too close together to be compressed.
3 When you pump up a tyre you are increasing the
number of gas particles inside the tyre. These
collide with the walls of the tyre more often and
the pressure increases.
4 Aircraft cabins have to be pressurised to allow
the passengers to breathe. At high altitudes the
atmospheric pressure decreases because there
are fewer particles in the air, humans are used
to the air pressure on the Earth’s surface, so we
would not survive if the aircraft cabin was not
pressurised.
5 The pressure and volume of a gas are inversely
proportional, so if the volume was decreased to
one-third the size of the original volume, then the
pressure would triple.
8.6 Pressure, volume, and temperature in gases
1 Missing words in order: increase, faster, more
2 The circumference of the balloon increased at a
higher temperature because the particles began to
move faster and spread apart. As the temperature
decreased the particles moved slower and were
less spread out, so the circumference of the
balloon decreased.
3a He could measure the temperature using the
thermometer and measure the circumference of
the balloon at different temperatures.
 b His graph would show that as temperature
increases, the circumference of the balloon also
increases. The line of best fit would be positive.
4 This is more likely to happen on a hot day as the
pressure in the tyre increase with temperature.
8.7 Preliminary work
1 Size of the block of ice, how to apply the force,
changed the string for wire, changed the size of
the wire.
2 Jabari wore safety goggles to stop anything, like
the ice or wire if it breaks, getting into his eyes.
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his experiment takes a long time.
4 There are advantages to both approaches, but
preliminary work avoids wasting time on an
done preliminary work he would have wasted a
lot time trying to do an experiment that did not
work.
8.8 Density
1 Water curves upwards at the edges, you can only
see the meniscus if you look straight at the scale.
2a air, petrol, ice, water, flour, silver, lead, gold
 b Ice – most solids are more dense than the same
material in a liquid or gas state.
3a Material A = 30 g / 2 cm3 = 15 g/cm3
 b Material B = 8 g / 10 cm3 = 0.8 g/cm3
 c Material B because liquids are usually is less
dense.
4 Bigger.
8.9 Explaining density
1 Iron is a solid but oxygen is a gas at room
temperature, so there are more particles of iron
in the same volume than of iron making it more
dense. Also the individual particles of iron have
more mass than those of oxygen.
2 Pumice is less dense than water, but ironwood
is more dense than water. Pumice is less dense
because it is a volcanic rock with lots of air
pockets inside.
3 The particle arrangements in both metals will be
similar, so the density is more likely to be a result
of different particle masses.
4a Sink in mercury and water.
 b Float in mercury, sink in water.
 c Float in mercury and water.
8.10 Questions, evidence, and explanations
1 pearl
2 quartz
3 It is very impressive because it took over
700 years for scientist to be able to make as
precise measurements of density.
4a Any suitable answers: e.g. Al-Biruni asked a
questions, developed an explanation and then
collected evidence to see if his explanation was
true. Like scientist today he built on the ideas of
other scientists. He shared his ideas by writing
about them.
 b Any suitable answers: e.g. Al-Biruni did not
specialise in one area of science like modern
scientists. He did not work with a team of other
scientists.
8.11 Levers 8.15 Review
1 Correct words in order: bigger, smaller Quantity Unit name Unit letter
2a C 1
time second smh
 b A minute hour
 c B force newtons N
3 We use tongs in a chemistry lab so that we do
area cm2 m2 centimetres squared,
not get burned holding test tubes or beakers over
metres squared
Bunsen burners.
pressure Pascals Pascals, newtons
8.12 Calculating moments N/m2 N/cm2 per metre squared,
1 Missing words in order: big, small, equilibrium, newtons per
moments centimetre squared
2 When a gymnast puts her arms out they cancel
density g/cm3 Grams per
out the turning force and help her balance.
kg/m3 centimetre cubed,
3 Clockwise – the right side will move down.
kilograms per
4 450 N × 1.2 m = 600 N × ?, ? = 0.9 m
metre cubed
8.13 Planning volume cm3 m3 centimetres cubed
1 Diya repeated her experiment three times for each metres cubed
length to find the average time. mass g kg grams kilograms
2 Aditi timed sets of ten swings and divided by ten
moment Ncm Nm newton centimetres
to find an average time for one swing.
newton metres
3 Aditi’s experiment is better than Diya’s minimises
the effect of reaction time by timing ten swings
and then dividing by ten to find the average time 2 Force (N) Area (m2) Pressure (N/m2)
for one wing. 100 2 50
4 Diya’s experiment is better than Aditi’s because 250 50 5
she repeats each measurement three times. This
1200 6 200
will make any anomalous results more obvious.
5 It is easier to time when the mass is at the top 5 0.1 50
of the swing than at the bottom, because it is 0.01 0.25 0.04
stationary briefly. At the bottom of the swing the
3a The pressure will be higher in the glass of fruit
pendulum is moving at its fastest and it is difficult
juice because there is a greater mass of liquid.
to tell when it passes the same point.
 b C, B, A
8.14 Centre of mass and stability 4a Pressure = 5000 N / 0.25 m2 = 20 000N/m2
1 When you swing backwards in a chair a turning  b Force = 20 000 N/m2 × 0.01 = 200 N
force is being applied around the pivot, which is  c Liquids are used because they cannot be
the back two legs. Normally the centre of mass compressed and so they transfer the force from
of a chair is between the front and back legs, but one piston to another. Gases would be compressed
when you are swinging on it this moves towards and not transfer the force.
the back legs. Up to a point the turning force is 5a The volume of the balloon will increase.
acting to bring the chair back onto all four legs.  b When the gas particles warm up they have more
But if you swing too far the centre of mass moves thermal energy and move faster and further apart
to the other side of the pivot and the turning force increasing the air pressure in the balloon. The
causes the chair to fall over. balloon can stretch so the volume increases.
2 As more acrobats are added to the top the centre 6a 10 cm × 20 cm × 6 cm = 100 cm3
of mass moves higher. If the centre of mass is  b Density = 240 g / 100 cm3 = 2.4 g/cm3
high the pile is less stable and it takes less force 7a False
for it to topple.  b True
3 The centre of mass should be on the handle close  c True
to the head of the brush, because most of the mass  d True
of the brush is in the head. 8 If the fish fills its swim bladder with air it is
4 It is difficult to balance a pencil on its point decreasing the density of its body. The density of
because the centre of mass is very high and it air is so low that the fish is now less dense than
does not take much movement for it to topple the water around it and it rises.
over. 9 c

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10a 6 s / 10 = 0.6 seconds
 b One swing is so short that your reaction time
would have a big impact on the accuracy of the
measurement.
 c Mass has no effect on the period of the swing.
11 b
12a Moment = 10 N × 2 m = 10 Nm
 b Moment = 2 N × 0.4 m = 0.8 Nm
 c Moment = 0.1 N × 0.2 m = 0.02 Nm
13a It will go down at the end where Maria is sitting.
 b He should sit halfway between the pivot and the
end of the see-saw.
 c No, Jamal weighs less than Ryan so he would
need to be sitting further away from the pivot to
balance the see-saw. This is not possible if Ryan
sits at the end of the see-saw.
9 Electricity
9.1 Electrostatic phenomena
1 An atom is neutral because it contains the
same number of positively-charged protons as
negatively-charged electrons.
2a negative
 b positive
 c Attract because a charged polythene rod becomes
negatively-charged.
3 Metal is a conductor, it becomes charged but
because metal is a conductor the extra electrons
flow through the metal and your hand to the earth.
4 She is not correct – the rod repel when they have
similar charges which are the same across the whole
of the rod, two negatively-charged rods would repel
whichever ends or you placed next to each other.
9.2 Dangers of electrostatic phenomena
1 Lightning is a spark of negative charge as it
travels to Earth.
2 Earthing is the process of connecting something
to the Earth by a conductor, so that charge can
flow through the conductor to Earth and prevent a
dangerous build-up of negative charge.
3 An engineer’s wristband acts as an earth as it
conducts any build-up of charge away from
components they may be working on. If the
charge was not conducted away, then it could flow
through the components and damage them.
4a No
 b A plastic handle is an insulator. She gets a shock
from the metal handle because the charge that she
has built up by walking across the carpet sparks
through her hand to door handle to Earth.
9.3 Digital sensors
1 If the dielectric wasn’t made out of an insulator,
the charges would not remain separate and the
electrons would flow onto the positive plate.
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2 A CCD is like a touch screen because it works by
storing charge. When you touch a touch screen or
when light hits a CCD the charge changes. The
difference in charge in different areas lets you use
a touchscreen or capture an image.
3 A pixel is a small dot called a picture element.
4a Diagram showing field lines of two positive
charges being repelled away from each other.
 b The diagram is similar to the magnetic fields of
two similar poles close together.
9.4 electric circuits
1a Appropriate circuit diagrams using the correct
symbols.
 b B
 c Circuit A needs another connecting wire. Circuit
C need one of the cells to be turned around.
2 Conductors: iron, copper, carbon as graphite.
Insulators: wood, carbon as diamond, paper.
3 The wires are covered in plastic because it is an
insulator. This stops people getting shocks from
bare wires.
9.5 Current: what is it and how can we
measure it?
1 Current is the flow of charge rather than the
amount – it is a measure of how many electrons
are flowing per second.
2a charge, second
 b high, charge
 c broken
3 One switch controls the whole of a series circuit –
when it is open the circuit is broken.
4a 0.5 A
 b Current is not used up in an electric circuit so the
current will measure the same either side of the
lamp.
5 Current is a measure of flow of charge, it is the
same all the way around the circuit as it is not
used up around the circuit.
9.6 Parallel circuits
1 In a series circuit there is only one loop. In a
parallel circuit there is more than one loop.
2 The lamps in a house are connected in parallel,
so that they can all be controlled by their own
switches. In a series circuit one switch would turn
all the lamps off or on at once.
3a X and Z
 b Yes, they will all be the same brightness.
 c A switch to turn all the lights on and off it should
be placed before the first branch of the circuit to
lamp X.
4a No, they are different because a different amount
of current is flowing through each branch.
 b 0.2 A + 0.3 A = 0.5 A
9.7 Models for electric circuits
1 In the rope model, a flat battery is represented by
person X not moving the rope around the circle.
In the factory or people model, a flat battery
is represented by a shut factory or by a person
holding an empty pot.
In the water circuit model, a flat battery is
represented by a broken or stopped pump or a
circuit with no water.
2a To represent a parallel circuit using a rope model
use two ropes both controlled at the same time by
X, but one going past Y and the other past a third
person Z.
b The currents in the branches of a parallel circuit
because the charge that flows out of the battery is
divided between the branches.
3 An ammeter would be represented by a person
counting the number of people walking past with
sweets in a certain time.
4 The water represents the flow of charge, electrons,
around the circuit.
5 Any suitable answers, e.g.: To put a switch in
the truck model, she could use traffic lights or a
swing bridge that moves to break the circuit.
To put a switch in the rope model, the knot could
be untied or a person could stand and stop the
rope moving.
9.8 How components affect the circuit
1a C
 b B
2a circuit X
 b circuit X
 c two cells in X = one cell in Y
3 Narrower pipes
4a The rope model explain this by having two ropes
coming from the battery to represent the current
flowing down the two branches of the circuit. One
rope goes down each branch.
 b The current can only pass down one of the loops,
it divides when it reaches the split which is like
splitting at a junction.
9.9 Voltage
1 6 cells
2 Ammeters have no effect on the current, but a
voltmeter connected in series would use some of
the voltage and change the measurement.
3 The voltage that the battery supplies is used up by
the components in a circuit. It is divided between
the components so the voltage across all of the
components will be the same as the voltage of the
battery.
4a 6 V – 2 V = 4 V
 b The current will be the same because the lamp
and buzzer are in a series circuit.
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5 The charge is not used up, but the energy need to
push the charge around the circuit will be used
up.
9.10 Selecting ideas to test circuits
1 It is easier to take a precise reading from a digital
ammeter.
2a Change: thickness of wire, Measure: resistance,
Control: voltage, length of wire, material of wire
 b She might find it difficult to get different
thicknesses of wire in the same material. The
differences may be small and difficult to measure.
3 The wire will get hot when the current is flowing,
so they used a heatproof mat. They should also
avoid touching the wire when the battery is
connected and only connect it for a short amount
of time.
4a Chetana can draw a line graph because thickness
of wire is a continuous variable. Lakshima cannot
draw a line graph because she is testing the
material of the wire which is a categoric variable.
 b
Material Current (A)
9.11 Energy and power
1 2000 W
2 Power = energy/time = 1200 J / 60 s = 20 W
3 LEDs use less power because they are more
efficient than a CFL, but they are more expensive
to produce.
4a Energy = power × time = 0.015k W × 10 h
= 0.15 kWh
 b Incandescent bulb = 10 × 0.6 = 6 rupees
CFL = 10 × 0.15 = 1.5 rupees
LED = 10 × 0.1 = 1 rupee
 c You would save 5 rupees a month.
9.12 Review
1a neutral – has no overall charge
 b charged – has an overall positive or negative
charge
 c charge – when a material has more positive
protons or negative electrons it has a charge
 d earthed – connected to the ground so that any
charge can flow to the ground and not build up
 e conductor – conducts charge and electrons away
quickly
 f insulator – does not conduct charge or electrons
2a charged
 b insulator, charge, conductor
 c charge
 d conductor, charge, earthed
3 1 – C, 2 – D, 3 – B, 4 – A
119
4a cell 3 It takes more energy to heat up 1 kg of water
 b series circuit because it has a greater mass. There are more
 c switch particles in a greater mass, so more energy must
 d parallel circuit be transferred to get them all moving faster.
5a 4 It takes longer to boil a kettle of water, than to
Position of Position of Are the bulbs
heat the same kettle water to a lower temperature
switch on the switch on the on or off?
because you need to transfer more energy to
left right
get the particles moving even faster to reach the
1 2 on higher temperature.
1 4 off
10.2 Energy transfer: conduction
3 2 off 1 A conductor transfers thermal energy very
3 4 on quickly. An insulator transfers thermal energy
slowly.
 b The circuit works because each switch does not
2 It would take a very long time to heat water
have an on and off position, it is relative to the
in a saucepan that is made of a material that
other switch. So if the circuit is connected by
is not a good conductor. To heat water enough
turning on one switch, changing the position of
thermal energy must be transferred to make all
the other switch will break the circuit even though
the particles move faster, if this is transferred at
the position of the first switch has not changed.
a slow rate it will take a long time to reach this
6a Parallel circuit with two branches. Lamp A is in
point.
the circuit before it splits into branches. Then one
3a A drysuit keeps a diver warm because it traps
branch containing only D. The second branch has
a layer of air between the suit and the skin. Air
B and C.
is a poor conductor so thermal energy is not
 b Lamp A will be the brightest as all of the current
conducted away from the body and the diver stays
will flow through it.
warm
  c Lamps B and C will be the dimmest because that
 b A drysuit keeps a diver warmer than a wetsuit.
branch of the circuit has the greatest resistance.
 c When a diver wears a wetsuit there is no layer of
7a Lamps Y and Z are connected in series, but they
air between the suit and the skin, water is also an
are connected in parallel with lamp X.
insulator but not as good as air, so thermal energy
 b A1 will show the lowest reading because it is on
is conducted away from the body much quicker
the branch with the least resistance.
than if there were a layer of air, cooling the diver
 c A3 = A1 + A2
down.
 d Lamp X will be the brightest because the same
4 A blanket is normally made of material that is a
voltage is passing along that branch, but there is
poor conductor of thermal energy. It will keep
only one component.
you warm because thermal energy is not being
 e i Lamps Y and Z would continue to shine.
conducted away from the body as quickly as it
ii Lamp Z would go out and Lamp X would
would be without the blanket.
iii Lamp Y would go out and Lamp X would
8a diagram 10.3 Energy transfer: convection
 b 3 V 1 Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy
 c The voltage is shared equally between through a substance by increasing the energy of
components in a circuit if they are identical. particles. Convection is the transfer of thermal
9 C, A, D, B, E energy by the movement of the substance.
10a The ammeter should be connected in series. The 2 When particles in a gas are heated they gain
voltmeter should be connected in parallel with the more energy. These particles move further apart
buzzer. because they have more energy and the warm gas
 b Corrected diagram with voltmeter connected in becomes less dense. A less dense, warmer, gas
parallel with the buzzer and the ammeter in series. will rise above a more dense, or cooler, gas.
3a anticlockwise
10 Energy  b As the air warms it will become less dense and
rise, but then as it moves away from the Earth’s
10.1 Hot and cold surface it will cool and its density will decrease
1 Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold causing it to sink. Therefore the red part of the
something is. Thermal energy is heat. circle must be gas moving away from the Earth’s
2 Missing words in order: faster, gas, solid. surface, and the blue gas must be moving towards
the Earth’s surface.

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4 There are no convection currents in solids because
the particles cannot move in a solid, they only
vibrate on the spot, when they are heated they just
vibrate faster.
10.4 Energy transfer: radiation
1a The image is created using measurements of
infrared radiation. We cannot see infrared because
the wavelength is longer than the visible range.
 b The person does not emit light because they
are not producing enough thermal energy. On
object will producing visible light if it is emitting
enough thermal energy as radiation.
2 The fire is producing energy that is being
transferred as thermal radiation.
3 The atmosphere does not trap heat, it absorbs and
re-emits thermal radiation that was emitted by the
Earth’s surface, but this has come from the Sun
originally.
4 Icecaps melting, changes in weather patterns.
10.5 Cooling by evaporation
1 Liquid does not evaporate because it boils away.
A liquid only boils when the average temperature
of a liquid reaches its boiling point, but it can
evaporate at much lower temperatures. This is
because some molecules in a liquid have more
energy than others, some of these molecules have
enough energy to leave the surface of the water
and become a gas molecule – they evaporate.
2 Water will evaporate faster if the air around it is
warmer because energy from molecules in the
air will transfer to water molecules when they
collide. This increases the number of molecules
in the water with enough energy to evaporate into
the air.
3 Your hands feel cool if they get wet because
thermal energy from your skin will transfer to the
molecules of water. Some molecules will have
enough energy to evaporate and when they do the
average temperature of the liquid will decrease
and the liquid will get cooler.
4 Evaporative coolers need a supply of electrical
energy to power the fan.
10.6 The world’s energy needs
1a A primary energy source are sources of energy
that can be used directly, some of these sources
of energy are used to create secondary energy
sources.
 b Petrol is a secondary energy source because it is
produced from oil, a primary energy source.
 c Oil is primary energy source because it can be
used to produce energy directly.
2a coal
 b oil
 c ten-times bigger
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3 A renewable source of energy will not run out,
like wind power or solar power. A non-renewable
source of energy will run out, like oil or gas,
because there is only a limited amount available.
4 China, India, and Indonesia
10.7 Fossil fuels
1 Missing words in order: water, steam, turbine.
2 You need to build a fossil-fuel power station near
a river or the sea so that it has a constant and large
supply of water.
3 Coal and oil are both formed by thermal energy
and pressure transforming the remains of living
things into a useful fuel. Coal is created from
the remains of plants and oil is created from the
remains of dead sea creatures.
4 Coal, oil, and gas are called fossil fuels because
they are created from the remains of plants and
animals that lived millions of years ago.
10.8 generating electricity
1 Induced voltage is voltage generated when a
magnet is moved near a coil of wire, or a coil of
wire is moved near a magnet.
2 A bicycle dynamo is much smaller than a power
station generator. It also uses a permanent magnet
rather than an electromagnet like the power
station generator.
3 The voltage will be negative because the field
direction has been reversed.
4a A bicycle dynamo is more environmentally
friendly than using batteries, and it will never run
out.
 b The voltage of the light will depend on how fast
you are cycling, and if you stop, for example at a
traffic light, then your light will turn off, which is
very dangerous.
10.9 Renewable energy: solar and geothermal
1 You need to connect lots of solar cells together
because each one does not produce much voltage
on their own.
2 70% of energy is wasted in a modern solar cell.
3 A modern solar cell is six times more efficient
than an older one.
4 The source of geothermal energy is the thermal
energy of the Earth’s core and magma beneath the
crust. Some of this is stored energy and some is
generated by nuclear reactions.
5a Both power stations use thermal energy, from
beneath the Earth or from burning coal, to heat
water to produce steam that then turns a turbine
and generator to produce electricity.
 b The coal power station burns coal to produce the
thermal energy to boil the water to make steam.
But the geothermal power station heats the water
by pumping it down below the surface of the Earth.
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6 You would need four solar power stations
to produce the same power as the Olkaria II
geothermal power station.
10.10 Renewable energy: using water and wind
1 Tidal power and hydroelectric power both
generate electricity from water trapped behind
a dam or barrage flowing through turbines and
turning a generator.
2 Wind power and wave power are not free – there
is a cost to building a wind farm or a wave power
station.
3a Any suitable answers: The main advantages
of wind power are that it does not produce
greenhouse gases. The main disadvantages of
wind power are that it is an unreliable source of
power, and the turbines contribute to noise and
visual pollution.
 b Any suitable answers: The main advantages
of hydroelectricity are that it can be produced
on demand when it is needed, and it does
not produce greenhouse gases. The main
disadvantages are that it is expensive to build a
hydroelectric power station, it cause flooding and
environmental damage behind the dam.
4 All methods produce greenhouse gases whilst
they are being constructed both to make the
materials they are built from and to provide the
power for building. Once they have been built
they do not produce greenhouse gases.
10.11 Energy for the future
1 Yes, biomass is a renewable fuel because the
plants can be regrown.
2 You do not see many cars powered by hydrogen
because
3a Payback time is how long it takes to save the cost
of installing something.
 b Payback time = 24 000 / 3000 = 8 years
4 It is difficult to decide which is the best source
of energy to use because all of them have their
advantages and disadvantages. Deciding which
one is best is a matter of opinion and different
people will have different opinions
10.12 Review
1a temperature
 b energy
 c more
2a The substance you are heating, and the mass you
are heating.
 b C, A, B
3a Saucepans are made of metal because it is a good
conductor of thermal energy and will heat the
contents of the saucepan quickly.
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 b Black clothes dry quicker in the Sun that white
clothes because they absorb more infrared
radiation.
 c A breeze comes onto the land during the day
because the land warms up when the Sun hits it.
This then warms the air above the land, which
becomes less dense and rises drawing air in off
the sea to take its place.
 d A bird plumps up its feathers when it is cold
because this increases the amount of pockets of
air between the feathers. Air is a good insulator
and stops the bird losing so much thermal energy.
4a The thermometer with the bulb covered in black
paper.
 b The black paper absorbs the energy from the bulb
and warms up. The foil reflects more of the heat
and does not warm up as much.
5a Some of the thermal energy of the tea is
conducted through the cup to the table and into
the environment. This cools the tea.
 b Convection
 c Radiation
 d Putting a lid on the top of the cup of tea will
reduce the amount of thermal energy lost to the
surroundings keeping the tea warmer for longer.
6a The greenhouse effect warms the Earth’s surface
as heat from the surface after it has been warmed
by the Sun is emitted. This heat is absorbed by
greenhouses gases and some is emitted back
towards the surface keeping the atmosphere
warm.
 b The greenhouse effect is a good thing as it means
the Earth is warm enough to support life.
 c The greenhouse effect is a problem because it is
contributing to climate change.
7a Infrared radiation from the Sun is absorbed by the
drink warming it up. Inside the house the drink
would not be exposed to the infrared radiation
from the Sun.
 b The can is cooler because water evaporates from
the pot lowering the average temperature of the
rest of the water. This cools the pot because the
water has sunk into it and its contents.
 c He has to keep pouring water over it so that water
can keep evaporating, as once it has all evaporated
the pot will warm up again.
8a B, D, F, H, I, J, L
 b A, C, E, G
 c A, C, G, I
 d A, C, G, L
 e D, H, J
 f Electricity is a secondary energy source, all of the
rest are primary sources.
9a False
 b False
 c True
 d True
 e False
10a E
 b B
 c A
 d D
 e C
 f Turbine, generator, water, steam.
 g Turbine and generator.
11a Hydroelectricity
 b Coal, oil, gas and biomass.
 c Hydroelectricity, tidal
 d Sunlight, wind, and waves.
 e Coal, oil, hydroelectricity, uranium, gas, biomass.
12a 40 m2
 b 300 kg
 c Maximum – the amount of energy that solar
panels produces depends on the weather. This
information has been provided by the company
that sells them, so it is likely they will use the best
figures possible.
Stage 9 Review
1a Pressure = 20 000 N / 250 cm2 = 80 N/cm2
 b The pressure will now be bigger, because the area
in contact with the ground is smaller.
 c The air can be compressed, so the pressure
wouldn’t be transferred from the small to the
large piston.
 d More oil is let in so the handle can be pumped
several times and move the large piston far
enough.
 e Pressure = 20 000 N / 100 cm2 = 200 N/cm2
 f Force = 200 N/cm2 × 5 cm2 = 1000 N
 g A lever is a long rod that pivots at a point along
its length.
 h Moment = 1000 N × 5 cm = 5000 Ncm. Force =
5000 Ncm / 20 cm = 250 N.
2a the water
 b The density of the banana is more than the density
of the oil, but less than the density of the water.
 c She would need a balance and a measuring
cylinder with water in.
 d To find the density of something you need to
know the mass and volume. The balance can
be used to measure the mass of the banana. To
measure the volume of the banana she can place
it into the measuring cylinder and calculate the
change in volume. If it was a regular shape she
could measure each side and calculate the volume
from the measurments.
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3a Electrons have been transferred from the balloon
to her clothes.
 b The wall is neutral because it has the same
number of positively-charged protons as it has
negatively-charged electrons.
 c The electrons in the wall can move, they are
attracted towards the positively-charged balloon
and so the area of the wall near the balloon
becomes negatively charged.
 d Electrons will slowly move from the wall to
the balloon until the balloon is no longer be
positively-charged. It will then fall off the wall.
 e It won’t work. Metal is a conductor, so it will
conduct any charge away quickly and the balloon
will not stay charged.
4a 0.4 A
 b The readings on A2 and A3 would swap as well.
The reading on A1 would stay the same.
 c The current will increase. A battery with a higher
voltage has more energy to push the charge
around the circuit.
 d A3 would still be 0.1 A, but A1 would change to
0.3 A.
 e Connect the voltmeter in parallel around the
motor.
 f Connect the voltmeter in parallel around the
battery.
 g The voltage would be the same because each
branch of a parallel circuit is independent of the
other branches.
 h If you added another lamp the current would
decrease, because the resistance of that loop has
increased.
5a Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold
something is, thermal energy is the energy
something has due the motion of its particles.
 b Energy from the Sun reaches the runner as light
energy.
 c Thermal energy from the skin is transferred away
from the body to the particles of sweat. When a
particle of a liquid has enough energy it will leave
the liquid and move into the air – evaporation.
As the liquid evaporates and particle with higher
energy leave, the average temperature of the
liquid decreases.
 d From him to the room.
 e Thermal energy will be being transferred
by conduction, to the floor and other solids,
convection, his thermal energy will heat the air
close to his skin that will then get less dense and
rise, and the thermal energy will also leave his
body as infrared radiation.
6a Solar power is renewable as energy is always
reaching the Earth from the Sun.
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 b Any suitable answers: e.g. The solar cell does
not produce carbon dioxide when it is generating
electricity, but it is unreliable because it can only
produce electricity during the day and when the
weather is bright.
 c The output of the solar cell would start low and  
increase towards noon as the Sun rises and then
decrease again towards sunset. When the Sun is
directly overhead the energy is concentrated on  
a smaller area, so more energy would reach each
square metre of solar panel, but when it is low
in the sky it is spread over a large area, so less
electricity can be generated by each square metre
of solar panel.
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 d When a fuel is burned to produce electricity, the
thermal energy it produces is used to heat water
until it boils. The steam then turns a turbine,
which drives a generator that produces the
electrical energy.
e Fossil fuels are made from the remains of plants
and animals that lived millions of years ago,
similar to fossils.
f Any suitable answer: yes, fossil fuels are going
to run out; most renewable sources of energy
produce less or no greenhouse gases.