Watch, Understand, Analyze!

Name: Kate Jasmine M. Aliñabon Course, Yr. & Sec.: BSN 2-B .
Date: October 18, 2022 Score: _________________________

I. Fill in the matrix below based on the video:

Astronomers Year Major Contributions
to Astronomy
Aristarchus - Aristarchus was
most known for
being the pioneer
in the idea of a
- Born around 310 sun-centered
BCE cosmos
- 310 BC - 230 BC (Heliocentrism).
- He put the sun at
the center of the
solar system and
put the planets in
Picture not mine-Credits to the owner
the correct order
around it.
- He claimed that the
other stars were
like the sun, just
farther away.
- He deduced that
the Earth rotates
on its axis.
- He is renowned for
his innovative
efforts to measure
the sun's and
moon's sizes and
distances.
 Ptolemy - Ptolemy combined
Greek
understanding of
the known cosmos.
- Ptolemy adapted
Aristotle's
geocentric theory,
- Born around 85 according to which
CE the Sun and the
planets rotate
Picture not mine-Credits to the owner
around a spherical
Earth.
- He envisioned
Earth to be at the
heart of a system
of transparent,
nesting spheres.
- He incorporated
the idea of
epicycles from
Hipparchus. The
planets were
thought to travel in
epicycles, which
were tiny circular
orbits around
hypothetical
centers on which
they were said to
revolve around the
Earth.
- His tables enabled
astronomers to
make accurate
predictions of
planetary positions
and solar and lunar
eclipses, promoting
acceptance of his
view of the cosmos
in the Byzantine
and Islamic worlds
and throughout
Europe for more
than 1400 years.
 Nicole Oresme - He proposed
rotation of the
Earth some 200
years before
- Born in 1320 in Copernicus.
Normandy, France - He promoted
- 1377 heliocentrism,
according to which
the Earth may
revolve around the
sun.
Picture nit mine-Credits to the owner
- He compiled
arguments in "The
Book of Heaven" in
favor of or against
Earth rotating on its
own axis.
- He pointed out that
moving the Earth
made more sense
than having the sky
revolve around it.
- He made
contributions to
both mathematics
and physics, and
he was a pioneer in
the use of
mathematical
graphs to depict
the motion of
things in space and
time.

Major Contributions to
Year Astronomy
Astronomers
 Nicolaus Copernicus - He was the first
European scientist
to propose that
Earth and other
planets revolve
- Born in 1320 in around the sun, the
Normandy, France heliocentric theory
- 1377 of the solar system.
- He came to the
conclusion that
retrograde motion,
in which planets
appear to move in
Photo not mine-Credits to the owner
loops, was not
possible.
- He also rejected
Ptolemy's equant
point, a
mathematical
concept that
helped early
astronomers
perceive the
uniform motion of
planets.
- He postulated a
heliocentric
universe, in which
the Earth orbits the
sun once every 12
months and rotates
once every 24
hours on its own
axis.
Rheticus - Rheticus was
among the first to
adopt and spread
the heliocentric
theory of Nicolaus
- 1540 Copernicus.
- He produced "The
First Account", also
known as Narratio
Prima.
- The opening of
Photo not mine- Credits to the owner Copernicus' De
 Revolutionibus
Orbium Coelestium
is called the
Narratio Prima.
- As a result, more
people became
aware of Nicolaus
Copernicus'
heliocentric theory.

II. Based on the completed matrix above, trace how the paradigm shifted from the
Ptolemaic model to the heliocentric model of the solar system.

The geocentric models, which put the Earth at the center of the Solar System,
are the main emphasis of the Ptolemaic model. He modified Aristotle's geocentric
theory, which holds that the Sun, the planets, and the Earth are spherical and revolve
around one another. Ptolemy believed that the world was made up of a series of nested
spheres that encircled the Earth based on the information he had found. He thought that
the Moon was nearest to the Earth in its orbit, then Mercury, Venus, and finally the Sun.
There were three more spheres, Jupiter, Saturn, and Mars, beyond the Sun. All of the
stars in the 48 constellations that Ptolemy listed in his writing could be found in the
outermost sphere.

The complicated epicycles and enormous defenses concentrated on Earth and

the planets in Ptolemy's model made it difficult to understand. Ptolemy had planets
actually traveling around both rings to explain the retrograde motion of the planets.
During retrograde motion, when the planet traveled backwards, the brightness of the
planet seemed to rise. This fits the Ptolemaic model. In its most basic version, the
model was sound conceptually and fit the vast range of observations; however, utilizing
just one epicycle was insufficient to accurately predict the positions of the planets,
therefore epicycles were continuously added to improve the model's fit with the data.
Additionally, Ptolemy was compelled to introduce a new component, the equant, which
caused the system to cease being completely geocentric by shifting the centers of the
various circles away from the Earth. It was a clever maneuver, but the timing of the
seasons was suddenly off by a few days.

The model was utilized again and again, and it was improved to fit the data.
Aristarchus had previously proposed a Sun-centered model, but it had been
disregarded for a number of reasonable and less-than-reasonable reasons, such as the
lack of parallax observation (which was reasonable given that parallax angles are
incredibly small), "God" reasons, and the fact that it did not make sense in terms of
common sense. Therefore, Aristarchus's theory stayed dormant, but Ptolemy's theory
was accepted despite its flaws since it made rather accurate predictions.

The Copernican system, which is the Heliocentric model, eventually emerged. In

comparison to the previous Ptolemaic system, this provided a more accurate image.
Copernicus promoted Aristarchus' Heliocentrism theory and supported it. The idea
accurately represented the Sun's position in relation to Earth and other planets as being
in the middle. The Ptolemaic equant circle is replaced by extra epicycles in the
Copernican Model. Ptolemy's model, which he employed for 1500 years, allowed
Copernicus to estimate the movements of the planets with more precision. Since more
epicycles were discovered to provide more accurate measurements of the planets'
positions, Copernicus' system had more epicycles than Ptolemy's system for the main
reason why it did.

In addition, the Heliocentric view has gained significant support among scientists.
It gained more attention after the De Revolutionibus was published and made people
aware of this. It demonstrated how the more contextual and unified Heliocentrism
paradigm fits the cosmos better than the Geocentric one. In particular, retrograde
motion vanished, established a clear order for the planets, and increased the size of the
universe by 20 times across Ptolemy. Finally, the De Revolutionibus was more widely
available, which helped people learn more about the Heliocentric approach. The
Copernican theory eventually replaced the Ptolemaic theory as a result of this.

III. Name two other paradigm shifts that you know of.

1. Quantum Mechanics - While Albert Einstein should be given credit for

transforming the field of physics, his own contributions also underwent a
paradigm shift in the second half of the 20th century. Einstein's theories were
challenged by quantum mechanics, which then started to provide solutions.
Research in this area, including studies of black holes, the evasive properties of
waves and particles, and other topics, constantly introduces perplexing new
ideas to our comprehension of the cosmos.

2. Relativity - Up until Albert Einstein appeared in the picture, Isaac Newton's work
maintained the fundamental principles of physics. As it turned out, 1905 would go
on to be remembered in the history as a brave new year for science, as
Einstein's dissertation on special relativity started to address the paradoxes that
 Newtonian physics had been leaving open. A decade later, general relativity,
another scientific theory contributed by Einstein, changed our knowledge of the
physical cosmos in a significant way.

Reference:

The Scientific Revolution: Crash Course History of Science #12