BIO105 Genetics

Names: April Wency Tugahan Section: A3A78 Score ___________

Levi Ianu Pepaña Date Submitted: 2/00/2022

Jade Rex Mamailao

EXERCISE 2
Gene Segregation and Integration
I. Simulation activities using Coins (Use BLUE FONT for all answers.)
A. Monohybrid Cross.

T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt

Based on this cross, what do you anticipate the genotypic and phenotypic ratios
to be?
Table 1:
Expected Genotypic Ratio 1:2:1
Expected Phenotypic Ratio 3:1

Table 2:
Genotypes Number
TT 15
Tt 28
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 tt 21
a. Based on your results in Table 2, what are the genotypic and phenotypic
ratios?
Genotypic ratio: 15:28:21
Phenotypic ratio: 33:21
b. Albinism, a recessively inherited trait, results in organisms that lack pigment
in the skin, hair or eyes. A female with normal pigmentation, but who had an
albino mother, mates with an albino male. They have one child. Using the
information you have learned so far, complete Table 3. But first, choose a
letter to represent the dominant and recessive traits.
Legend: A- dominant; a-recessive
Table 3:

Genotype of child’s mother Aa

Genotype of child’s father aa

Possible gametes of mother AA,Aa

Possible gametes of father aa

Possible genotype and phenotype AA,Aa,aa

of the offspring

Genotypic ratio of children 0:2:2 and 0:4:0

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 Phenotypic ratio of children 2:0 and 4:0

B. Dihybrid Cross

Phenotype COIN COMBINATION Tally Expected Experimental

(Freq) probability probability
(Outcome)
5-peso 5-peso 10-peso 10-peso 19
Full, HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD 1 ÷ 16 = 19 ÷ 200 =
Green GENOTYPE(S) GENOTYPE(S) 0.0625 0.095
pods FF only GG only
Full, 5-peso 5-peso 10-peso 10-peso 15 2 ÷ 16 = 15 ÷ 200 =
Green HEAD HEAD
GENOTYPE(S)
HEAD TAIL
GENOTYPE(S) 0.126 0.075
pods FF only Gg or gG
Full, 5-peso 5-peso 10-peso 10-peso 28 4 ÷ 16 = 28 ÷ 200 =
Green HEAD TAIL HEAD TAIL 0.25 0.14
pods GENOTYPE(S) GENOTYPE(S)
F f or f F Gg or gG
Full, 5-peso 5-peso 10-peso 10-peso 15 2 ÷ 16 = 15 ÷ 200 =
Green HEAD TAIL
GENOTYPE(S)
HEAD HEAD
GENOTYPE(S) 0.126 0.075
pods F f or f F GG only
Full, 5-peso 5-peso 10-peso 10-peso 42 1 ÷ 16 = 42 ÷ 200 =
Yellow HEAD HEAD TAIL TAIL 0.21
pods GENOTYPE(S) GENOTYPE(S) 0.062
FF only gg only 5
Full, 5-peso 5-peso 10-peso 10-peso 28 2 ÷ 16 = 28 ÷ 200 =
Yellow HEAD TAIL TAIL TAIL 0.126 0.14
pods GENOTYPE(S) GENOTYPE(S)
F f or f F gg only
Constrict 5-peso 5-peso 10-peso 10-peso 18 1 ÷ 16 = 18 ÷ 200 =
ed, TAIL TAIL HEAD HEAD 0.09
Green GENOTYPE(S) GENOTYPE(S) 0.062
pods ff only GG only 5

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Constrict 5-peso 5-peso 10-peso 10-peso 25 2÷ 16 = 25 ÷200 =
ed, TAIL TAIL HEAD TAIL 0.126 0.125
Green GENOTYPE(S) GENOTYPE(S)
pods ff only Gg or gG
Constrict 5-peso 5-peso 10-peso 10-peso 10 1÷ 16 = 10 ÷200 =
ed, TAIL TAIL TAIL TAIL 0.05
Yellow GENOTYPE(S) GENOTYPE(S) 0.062
pods ff only gg only 5

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II. Simulation activities using Drosophila melanogaster populations
A. MONOHYBRID CROSSES
1. Autosomal Inheritance
Table 1. Practice Population 1
Character Body Type
Dominant Wild type
Recessive Tetrapter
Table 2. Parental Cross 1 using Population 1
Individual # 36 84
Gender Female Male
Genotype aa aa
Phenotype Tetrapter Tetrapter
Table 3. Composition of F1 generation (Character Body Type)
Phenotype Male Female number TOTAL
Dominant trait Wild type 0 0 0
Recessive Tetrapter 37 34 71
trait
If you cross any fly from F1 with another F1 fly, what genotype/s and phenotype/s
do you expect in the F2 generation? Explain briefly.
The expected genotype will be homozygous recessive “aa” and the
expected phenotype will be the recessive trait “tetrapter”. This is because of the
cross breeding between both homozygous recessive F1 flies.
Table 4. F1 Individuals Crossed
Individual # 9 61
Gender Female Male
Genotype Aa Aa
Phenotype Wild type Wild type

Table 5. Composition of F1 generation (Character Body Type)

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 Phenotype Male Female TOTAL
number
Dominant trait Wild type 24 38 62
Recessive Tetrapter 9 14 23
trait
a. Based on the data shown in Table 5, is it possible to determine the genotypes
of all flies showing the dominant trait? Why or why not? Answer briefly.
No, because the genotypes of a dominant trait caneither be homozygous
dominant “AA” or heterozygous dominant “Aa”.
b. Is it possible to determine the genotypes of all flies showing the recessive
trait? Why or why not? Answer briefly.
Yes, because the genotype of a recessive trait canonly be homozygous
recessive “aa”.
2. Autosomal Codominance
Table 6. Practice Population 4 (Character: Wing Shape)
Variants Phenotype Genotype
1 Wild type A
2 Fluted B
3 Jaunty AB

Table 7. Parental Cross 1 using Population 4

Individual # 7 81
Gender Female Male
Genotype AB A
Phenotype Jaunty Wild type

Table 8. Composition of F1 generation

Character Phenotype Male Female TOTAL
number
Fluted 0 0 0
Jaunty 17 25 42
Wild type 15 22 37

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Table 9. Crossing of F1 individual with another F1 individual.
Individual # 147 101
Gender Male Female
Genotype AB A
Phenotype Jaunty Wild type
Table 10. Composition of F2 generation
Character Phenotype Male Female number TOTAL
Fluted 0 0 0
Jaunty 22 17 39
Wild type 23 27 50
a. Do males and females show equal chances of inheriting the trait? (Yes or No)
Why or why not? Answer briefly.
Yes, because codominance is not sex-linked. Also, based on the data, the
trait distribution is random and the difference between the male and female
inherited traits are close and not too far off.
b. Is there a specific feature/s of the F2 generation that was not observed in the
previous mode of inheritance? Explain briefly.
Yes, the phenotype “fluted” is not expressed because the cross in F1 flies is
between jaunty (AB) and wild type (A). The resulting genotype and phenotype
between the two could only either be AA or A (wild type) and AB (jaunty).
c. Is it possible to determine the genotypes of the parents based on the
phenotypes of the offspring? Yes or No? If yes, how? Answer briefly.
Yes, it is possible by test crossing. By using the genotypic and phenotypic
results from Table 10, where there are only jaunty (AB) and wild type (AA/A) flies,
it can be inferred that the parents could also either be jaunty and wild type.
Because if one of the parents is fluted (BB/B), the offspring could either be fluted
and jaunty or all jaunty.
B. DIHYBRID CROSS
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1. Autosomal traits (not genetically linked):
Table 11. Practice Population 5
Character Antennae Wing Veins
Dominant Aristapedia Wild type
Recessive Wild type Cleft
Table 12. Parental Cross 1 using Population 5
Individual # 99 22
Gender Male Female
Antenna Aristapedia Antenna Aristapedia
Phenotype
Wings Wild type Wings Cleft

Table 13. Composition of F1 generation

Character 1: Character 2:
No. of No. of TOTAL
Antennae Wing Veins Males Females number
Ph Aristapedia Cleft 9 5 14
en Wild type Cleft 3 11 14
ot Aristapedia Wild type 15 16 31
yp
Wild type Wild type 26 15 41
es

Table 14. Crossing F1 individual with another F1 individual.

Individual # 190 164
Gender Female Male
Phenotype Antenna Aristapedia Antenna Aristapedia

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 Wings Wild type Wings Cleft
Table 15. Composition of F2 generation
Character 1: Character 2:
No. of No. of TOTAL
Antennae Wing Veins Males Females number
Ph Aristapedia Cleft 18 18 36
en Wild type Cleft 7 0 7
ot Aristapedia Wild type 12 13 25
yp
Wild type Wild type 5 5 10
es
a. Does a trait always go together with another trait in one individual? Yes or
No? If yes, identify the traits that go together. If no, explain briefly why not?
Yes, the following antennae-wing vein traits are: aristapedia and cleft, wild
type and cleft, aristapedia and wild type, and wild type and wild type.
b. Based on the data in Table 15, what are the possible genotypes of the F1
individuals that you crossed (see Table 14)?
A_ - Aristapedia aa - Wild type
W_ - Wild type ww - Cleft
Male parent: A_ww
Female parent: A_W_

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