A

Seminar Report
Entitled

3D Volumetric Construction of Concrete

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted by

Mr. Shinde Akash Ashok

(PRN: 2054491191015)

Guide

Dr. Shrikant Randhavane

Civil Engineering Department

Shri Vile Parle Kelwani Mandals’ Institute of Technology,
Dhule, Maharashtra (India).
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 Civil Engineering Department
SVKM’s Institute of Technology, Dhule-424001

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar/ mini project report entitled “3D Volumetric Construction
of Concrete” submitted by Mr. Shinde Akash Ashok (PRN NO. 2054491191015), in partial
full fulfillment of the award of the degree of “Bachelor of Technology”, in the Department of
Civil Engineering at SVKM’s Institute of Technology, Dhule-424001, is a record of his own
work carried out under my supervision and guidance.

(Dr. S.B. Randhavane)

Head

Department of Civil Engineering,

SVKM’s Institute of Technology,

Dhule-424001.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude and sincere valuable assistance and
inspiration from my guide Dr. Shrikant Randhavane whose experience and inspiration have
helped me a lot. I am also thankful to the Head of the civil department, Prof. Shrikant
Randhavane for giving me the opportunity to express interest in the “3D Volumetric
Construction of Concrete” topic. I also thank to staff members and respected professors of
the civil department who have helped me a lot in every possible way.

I am also pleased by the way my friends and colleagues in the civil department and engineers
of the study area supported me, without the support of this fine person this project would not
have been possible.

Shinde Akash Ashok

VII Semester

Civil Engineering Department

SVKM’s IOT Dhule.

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 INDEX

Sr. No Topic Page No.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 3
LIST OF FIGURES 5
ABSTRACT 6
1 INTRODUCTION 7
1.1What is modular construction? 8
1.2What are the Benefits? 8
1.3What is the environmental impact? 9
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10
3 OVERVIEW 13
4 TYPICAL MODULAR UNITS 14
5 DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR 3-D VOLUMETRIC 16
CONSTRUCTION FOR CONCRETE
6 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 17
7 CONNECTIONS 19
8 FRAMEUP CONCEPT 21
8.1 Step-by-step execution process 21
9 FRAMEUP COMPONENTS 23
9.1 Modular building 23
9.2 Lifting system 24
9.2.1 Sliding cantilevers 25
9.2.2 Conveyor system 25
10 CONCLUSION 27
11 REFERENCES 28

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 List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO.

Figure 1. Typical connection mechanisms for precast

13
components.

Figure 2. Typical tower floor plate. 14

Figure 3. Typical modular units. 14

Figure 4. Diaphragm to transfer lateral loads to the shear core

18
wall.
Figure 5. Typical vertical and horizontal connection for abutting
19
walls.

Figure 6. Typical floor connection. 19

Figure 7. Six first stages of the Frameup concept 21

Figure 8. Four stages of the Frameup concept 22

Figure 9. Conceptual view neglecting façade 23

Figure 10. Conceptual view 23

Figure 11. Snapshot of the assembly of one 3D module 24

Figure 12. Detailed section of a sliding cantilever in lifting

25
operation

Figure 13. Different horizontal positions according to the

26
sequence of construction

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 ABSTRACT
This composition presents a new system to illustrate the feasibility of 3D topology creation.
We predicate the 3D construction process on testing real cases of perpetration of 3D parcel
construction during a 3D cadastral system. With the use and development of thick civic space,
true 3D geometric volume savages are demanded to represent 3D parcels with the proximity
and prevalence relationship. We present an effective straightforward approach to relating and
constructing the valid volumetric cadastral object from the given faces, and make the
topological connections among 3D cadastral objects on- the- cover, supported input
conforming of loose boundary 3D faces made by surveyors. this is frequently drastically
different from utmost being styles, which specialize in the confirmation of single volumetric
objects after the supposition of the object's creation. Being styles do not support the demanded
types of figure/ topologies (e.g., non-2- manifold, curiosities) and the way to produce and
maintain valid 3D parcels is still a challenge in practice. we'll show that the system doesn't
change the faces themselves and faces in a given input are singly specified. colourful
volumetric objects, including non-manifold 3D cadastral objects (legal spaces), are frequently
constructed rightly by this system, as are going to be shown by the results.

Keywords:
3D construction printing; additive manufacturing; workforce; construction
labour; immigrant workers.

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 1. INTRODUCTION
Construction assiduity is among the main diligence that contributes to countries’ profitable
development, with a 9 GDP (gross domestic product) share and about 7 of the total employment
around the world [1,2,3]. Being huge profitable contributors, the assiduity is yet characterized by
low productivity with low technological advances, minimal robotization, robotic operation, etc.
Traditionally, construction systems are largely fractured and unique in nature which stymies
[4]
the robotization process of this assiduity. also, as mentioned in . the construction assiduity
receives fairly low investment in technology which further hampers productivity growth.
There's a strong link between the position of digitization in a sector and its productivity
enhancement. The construction assiduity in the U.S. has invested only 1.5 of value added on
technology which is much lower than the manufacturing assiduity (3.3) and the overall normal
in the frugality of 3.6. colorful analyses portray that the productivity in the construction
assiduity has remained nearly the same over the last many decades, whereas the productivity
[5,6]
in manufacturing has nearly doubled . Being huge profitable contributors, the assiduity is
yet characterized by low productivity with low technological advances, minimal robotization,
robotic operation, etc. Traditionally, construction systems are largely fractured and unique in
nature which stymies the robotization process of this assiduity. also, as mentioned in [7]. Labour
plays an important role in the construction industry. As mentioned earlier, according to the
International Labour Organization [3].

3DP is a new technology in the construction sector; there are strong arguments on the benefits
offered and challenges to overcome by this technology. Among the numerous prospects of
3DCP as set up in the literature, cheaper construction, reduced material use, better safety, lower
reliance on mortal resources, better branding and request share, durable and sustainable
[8,9,10,11]
construction, etc., are considerably mooted . Building and construction industries are
the last to adopt the 3DP technology considering the fact that building construction is incredibly
different from industrial factories which can produce multiple copies of a single
product [12,13,14]. Construction assiduity produces about 8.4 employment in the world. In the
negative, the assiduity is floundering to ameliorate productivity for decades since construction
workshops are largely dependent on mortal workforces with little use of technology and
industrialization [15,16].

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 1.1.What is modular construction?

Modular construction is the idea of constructing a structure off-pointing and bringing it in once
the work is complete. Modular structures can be created and assembled with the same outer
menses and specifications as traditional construction, but in a plant down from the design point.
After the structure has been completed, the sections will be transported to the design point and
assembled shortly after. The idea is principally to plan, design, and fabricate everything off-
point, with the end of finishing systems in a shorter quantum of time.

1.2.What are the Benefits?

One of the main benefits of using modular construction techniques over traditional ones is that
the work can generally be completed a lot faster, suffering from far fewer delays than the
average project might. We all know that systems can frequently get delayed because of a
multitude of reasons, with rainfall conditions being one of the further frequent reasons. By
assembling everything inside of a plant, rainfall no longer becomes an issue and the work can
be completed at an accelerated rate.

Modular systems have been known to be completed up to 50 faster than traditional construction
styles, according to exploration. This kind of trust ability can prove to be veritably useful when
trying to successfully plan a design. Using modular construction styles is also a veritably
affordable option as well, for analogous reasons as we’ve just mentioned. Detainments aren't
only time-consuming, but expensive too, performing in further plutocrat being spent on
stipends and potentially new accoutrements.

Being able to use the same materials to build a modular building takes significantly less time
to construct, therefore resulting in a reduction of costs, which is a positive for everyone
involved. By manufacturing everything away from the project site, you eliminate a lot of the
risks to injury not only to the workers but to the general public as well. Falling materials or
harmful fumes can lead to potentially fatal injuries, so carrying out a large amount of work
away from the public is definitely a positive.

Modular construction is a very safe way of doing things, and you can rely on vigorous checks
in the factory to ensure that parts will not leave the factory unless they are 100% perfect.

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 1.3.What is the environmental impact?

According to research, off-site construction sees a 40% carbon footprint reduction compared
to on-site construction.

Due to the shorter construction timeframes, the quantum of carbon emigrations being produced
will be much lower. This makes modular construction a much more environmentally friendly
and sustainable way of making structures, taking up to 67 lower energies to manufacture.

Another added bonus to constructing everything off-site is the noise pollution, or should we
say the lack of it. Construction sites can be really loud thanks to heavy machinery and large
groups of people trying to work, but it’s not just the workers that have to put up with it. With
construction companies always trying to find ways to be more environmentally friendly, we
think this might just be the answer.

A huge benefit to modular buildings is the fact that they can essentially be relocated without
much trouble. This kind of flexibility comes in handy when trying to move, and is split into
parts means that it doesn’t go to waste if the building is no longer needed, often being used for
other purposes. Being able to manufacture everything away from the general public will result
in a drastic drop in noise pollution, and will benefit all of the surrounding areas. Less noise
means fewer complaints, and less time wasted on dealing with issues surrounding the amount
of noise being produced.

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 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Abhijeet. S. Hodge: This project report is about the modular house design which is a house
constructed in a factory but assembled on-site. The present-day methods for the
construction of modular homes prove to be efficient but are found to be of typical design
and for one of many reasons the popularity of modular homes has gone down in many
places on the planet.
2. Jun Uehara: Freehand 3-D ultrasound (3DUS) system is a promising technique for
accurately assessing muscle morphology. However, its accuracy has been validated mainly
in terms of volume by examining lower limb muscles. This study was aimed at validating
3DUS in the measurements of 3-D surface shape and volume by comparing them
with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements while ensuring the reproducibility
of participant posture by focusing on the shoulder muscles.
3. Demosthenes, D. Cokins, et.al: In this paper recent advances in vascular ultrasound
imaging techniques are discussed, including three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS),
contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), and strain- (SE) and shear-wave-elastography
(SWE). 3DUS imaging allows visualization of the actual 3D anatomy and more recently of
flow, and assessment of geometrical, morphological, and mechanical features in the carotid
artery and the aorta. CEUS involves the use of microbubble contrast agents to estimate
sensitive blood flow and neovascularization (formation of new microvessels).
4. Suvash Chandra Paul, Alayna Zhumabekova, et.al: The construction industry is very
labor-intensive and one of the major sources of employment in the world. The industry is
experiencing low productivity with minimum technological innovations for decades. In
recent times, various automation technologies including 3D printing have received
increasing interest in construction. 3D printing in construction is found to be very
promising to automate the construction processes and have the potential of saving laborious
work, material waste, construction time, risky operation for humans, etc. There has been a
comprehensive body of research conducted to understand the recent advances, future
prospects, and challenges of the large-scale adoption of 3D printing in construction
projects.
5. Lihue Wang, Z. M. Bi: A critical task of vision-based manufacturing applications is to
generate a virtual representation of a physical object from a dataset of point clouds. Its
success relies on reliable algorithms and tools. Many effective technologies have been
developed to solve various problems involved in data acquisition and processing. Some

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 articles are available on evaluating and reviewing these technologies and underlying
methodologies. However, for most practitioners who lack a strong background in
mathematics and computer science, it is hard to understand the theoretical fundamentals of
the methodologies.
6. Bon-Gang Hwang, Ming Shan, et.al: Prefabricated prefinished volumetric construction
(PPVC) is an innovative and cleaner approach that has restructured the product of the
construction assiduity. It can ameliorate workflow durability, increase the edge in the use
of coffers, minimize construction waste, and reduce the number of on-point contractors as
well as construction durations. While the benefits of PPVC have been extensively honored
over once two decades, the constraints on using PPVC remain unexplored. As a result, the
points of this study are to probe the significant constraints demotivating the relinquishment
of PPVC and to propose a group of doable mitigation strategies to attack these constraints.
7. Tobias Heiman, Hans-Peter Mizner, et.al: Statistical shape models (SSMs) have by now
been forcefully established as a robust tool for the segmentation of medical images. While
2D models have been in use since the early 1990s, widespread application of three-
dimensional models appeared only in recent times, primarily made possible by
improvements in the automatic discovery of shape correspondences. In this composition,
we review the ways needed to produce and employ these 3D SSMs. While we concentrate
on corner-grounded shape representations and completely examine the most popular
variants of Active Shape and Active Appearance models, we also describe several
indispensable approaches to statistical shape modeling. Structured into the motifs of shape
representation, model construction, shape correspondence, original appearance models, and
search algorithms, we present an overview of the current state of the art in the field.
8. Patrick Bedaft, Alessandro Dutto, Michele Zamani, et.al: Large-scale cumulative
manufacturing for construction has gained instigation during the last two decades as a
promising fabrication technology that can save accouterments, labor, and costs. Although
lathers are a significant material group in construction and explored in 3D printing (3DP)
studies, no comprehensive review about this field exists to date. Accordingly, the end of
this review is to define the field of froth 3DP (F3DP) in construction and give an overview
of applicable developments, challenges, and unborn exploration. Grounded on the analysis
of further than 150 peer-reviewed papers and exploration reports, three major themes within
the academic debate about F3DP could be linked to developments in material composition
and material design, printing and processing technologies, and unborn challenges in
operation and material processing development.
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9. Pedro Andrade, Milan Veljko Vic, Daniel Pak, et.al: In demand for the increased
effectiveness of construction styles, it's always necessary to meet sustainable conditions
that fit guests’ interests. Modular construction, therefore, plays an important part in
perfecting construction effectiveness. thus, the process of gathering consummately all the
pieces of the construction mystification, and not just the modular rudiments, produce the
challenge of the construction operation. The present paper exhibits the use of modular
construction along with an innovative prosecution process intended for the construction of
pupil lodgment and extensible also to budget hospices.

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 3. Overview
3- D volumetric construction (3DVC) evolved from traditional precast concrete construction
where precast factors in two confines were assembled on point. Traditional precast concrete
construction generally consists of crossbeams, shafts, columns, and wall factors connected on-
point via a bearing, pressure, or shear joint (Figure 1). Moment joints are less common.
Connection strategies may involve employing corbel, half-joints, or open pockets for in situ
grouting with placed-on-point underpinning bars. a gap in a structural element may be formed
by pipes allowing room for the imbrication of underpinning bars; the remaining voids can also
be grouted with high-strength grout. Other connecting joints may contain sword plates with
simple on-point bolting. Shear resistance at interfaces could also be achieved using corrugated
or ragged concrete shells (acting as a shear key) or C- shaped links with cottoning bars (using
underpinning bar dowel action). To repel pressure forces, the application of high-strength
sword cables can be an effective result.

Figure 1. Typical connection mechanisms for precast components.

When precast crossbeams, shafts, columns, and walls are assembled in the plant, rather of on-
point, this becomes 3- D modular concrete construction. vastly further trouble is needed to
produce a 3- D element in a plant. The builder needs to be apprehensive that this 3- D element
is also larger and heavier to manoeuvre, hoist, store, and transport.

One advantage of using 3DVC is the increase in speed and productivity on-point, especially
when time constraints are tight and labour costs are prohibitively high. Also, as the
prefabrication is carried out in a plant-controlled terrain, prefabricated modules can be
manufactured to an advanced-quality standard. To take full advantage of modular construction,
the structure itself must be modular and repetitious so that the number of different modules can
be minimized to achieve husbandry of scale. The flashback that portions of the structure which
cannot be modularized will have to be cast in situ, on point. It isn't uncommon to see 3DVC
technology for high-rise domestic systems where there are a large number of repetitious
domestic units, similar to condominiums and apartment apartments. The bedrooms and living
apartments of similar domestic units are generally standard within the same mound and with
minimum variations across the heaps. Also, domestic developments bear much less MEP
(mechanical, electrical, and plumbing) input compared to other structure types, making it
favorable for minimizing connecting workshops across the modules.

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 4. Typical Modular Units
A typical high-rise residential high-rise is shown in Figure 2. Each residential unit is often
compartmentalized into several rectangular box modules. Each bedroom is usually one
module. The front room modules might be larger and sometimes integrated with a kitchen or
a cantilevered balcony. there'll still be areas on a floor plate that require in-situ casting work,
like the elevator lobby and corridor access into the dwelling units.

Figure 2. Typical tower floor plate.

Figure 3 shows some typical five-sided or six-sided 3DVC models. The six-sided modules have
the advantage of a working platform in the form of a ceiling Arbor, adding to its severity as a
complete and completely enclosed box. still, the double Arbor (ceiling and bottom) at every
position will consume precious headroom and the dead space between Arbor’s is wasted. thus,
five-sided modules are frequently preferred (i.e., without ceiling Arbor). still, temporary
severity, especially in torsion, needs to be considered and a temporary working platform needs
to be handed to workers working on top of the module during installation.

Figure 3. Typical modular units.

In ultramodern concrete construction for domestic homes, shafts aren't preferred for aesthetic
reasons. The presence of shafts would allow kinks (i.e., ray profile) to be visible at the wall and
ceiling Arbor interface, especially where false ceilings aren't constructed. thus, the strategy
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would be to design one-way gauging crossbeams to be supported by walls and forget the shafts.
In domestic units, as the span of crossbeams is generally 9.8 to 13 bases (3- 4 measures), it's
possible to have fairly thin crossbeams of roughly 6 elevations (150 mm) for crossbeams
supported by walls. In areas where ray support is necessary, retired shafts (i.e., a localized
strengthened strip of Arbor) or band shafts (i.e., shallow and wide shafts) are introduced. also,
columns aren't a favoured option for the same reason and long slim walls are frequently used
in place of columns for domestic construction.

Thus, it's sensible to design a box 3DVC module using only structural walls and crossbeams,
without the need for shafts and columns. The walls need to be strategically located to avoid
coinciding with openings needed for doors and windows, and they can be designed to a suitable
length to meet strength and stiffness conditions. Non-structural walls can be used to fill up
remaining voids to compartmentalize spaces. Walls are made as thin as possible to reduce
overall weight but also need to feed to fire resistance and slenderness considerations.

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 5. Design Strategies for 3-D Volumetric Construction for
Concrete
3D volumetric construction is one of the most ultramodern structure construction ways in civil
engineering moment. It's a form of out-point construction in which units are manufactured in
a plant and also transported to the point for assembly. The system of construction within a plant
setting ensures that the necessary structure accoutrement is brought in just in time and the
modules can be constructed irrespective of the rainfall outdoors. The products can be
transported to points in colourful countries of finish (modules, introductory structural blocks,
or semi-finished) ready for assembly in situ. The introductory idea is that an important structure
is constructed off-point (in a plant assembly line) and only brought to the point for completion.

Three-dimensional (3- D) volumetric construction is additionally known as concrete modular

construction or Prefabricated Prefinished Volumetric Construction (PPVC). This construction
system involves the mounding of blockish plant-finished modular factors on-point to make a
complete structure, analogous to Lego ® bricks. Joints are generally grouted with special
interfacing details. to realize speed and high productivity, the factors need to be mainly
completed with minimum point work. This composition looks at a number of the crucial design
considerations and strategies that contrivers need to suppose about when using this type of
construction system.

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 6. Analysis and Design

The structural analysis for modular construction isn't too different from that of a conventional
corroborated concrete structure. The structure must satisfy strength and stiffness conditions in
the agreement with the applicable design law. For utility, the structure cannot crack, redirect,
or joggle exorbitantly to an extent conspicuous and alarm the stoner. The structure aspect rate
(e.g., height/ breadth lesser than 7 might be considered slender) and structural element sizes
need to be acceptable to address these enterprises.

Still, there are several peculiar issues associated with modular construction that contrivers need
to be apprehensive of. One, diaphragm action is frequently assumed for a cast-in-place concrete
Arbor. Besides defying perpendicular graveness loads, crossbeams play an important part in
transmitting the side loads to the perpendicular structural rudiments similar to walls and
columns, using diaphragm action. thus, it's important to ensure that crossbeams between
modules are tied together adequately so that they act integrally and don't scrap under cargo. Tie
underpinning between crossbeams of bordering volumetric modules must be suitable to take
the minimum tying force specified by the applicable canons.

Next is the treatment of border walls. Should the binary wall configuration be modelled
collectively or as a compound wall? The answer will depend on how the perpendicular common
connection is being designed and detailed. For simplicity, it's easier to model them as individual
walls with ties at applicable separate locales. typically, the design force to tie the two walls
won't be exorbitantly large. High-strength non-shrink grout filling the voids between the
bordering walls will primarily act as void padding and not be needed to insure compound
action. However, also the connection details would need to be unsure of acceptable shear
transfer in the perpendicular and vertical directions If the binary walls were designed as
compound walls.

Thirdly, the volumetric units must be suitable to repel forces convinced during the hoisting
operation when supported at the lifting points as well as any other temporary condition during
transportation, handling, and storehouse. Lifting hooks should be planned similarly so that
they've sufficient development length and produce invariant cargo distribution. In addition, the
module should be stable and not cock during hoisting. It's also good practice to use a sword
lifting frame to lift the modules, rather of inclined cables which would introduce inclined forces

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into the module. However fresh temporary supports may need to be introduced during the
lifting operation, If necessary.

Figure 4. Diaphragm to transfer lateral loads to the shear core wall.

Side loads for a high-rise structure may generally be comprised of wind, ideational, fault, and
seismic loads (Figure 4). For an altitudinous structure, the wind cargo may be critical,
especially in areas where wind pets are high. fault loads are sided loads assessed due to the out-
of- raised of perpendicular members (i.e.,1/200 for Eurocodes) or geometric defects. In the
heritage British norms, corroborated concrete structures must repel a minimal ideational cargo
of 1.5 of dead cargo to regard for defects.

For seismic regions, there are specific conditions on vertical diaphragms and shear walls. First,
the developer needs to consider whether bottom diaphragms are outgunned or unstopped, as
there are restrictions on the use of unstopped diaphragms. Next, the American Concrete
Institute’s ACI 318 Building Code Conditions for Structural Concrete and Commentary, also
has specific conditions for using disunion measure μ = 1 when counting on shear disunion.
also, for shear walls, there are vittles to allow yielding only at the sword and to achieve
satisfactory post-yield performance. Localized regions in the diaphragm and shear walls might
bear fresh strengthening, similar to at the edges and equipoises. As similar, it might not be easy
for volumetric construction to misbehave with the onerous conditions needed at largely seismic
regions.

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 7. Connections

The connections of a volumetric construction are the most critical factors in determining the
success or failure of the design. There are primarily three types of connection the wall-to-wall
connections between bordering modules (perpendicular joint type) and between upper and
lower modules (vertical joint type) (Figure 5) and the Arbor-to-Arbor connection (vertical joint
type) at the bottom position (Figure 6).

Figure 5. Typical vertical and horizontal connection for abutting walls.

Figure 6. Typical floor connection.

Arbor joints are designed to take pressure to meet the minimum tying force, icing integral
diaphragm action to help fragmentation. A fund is designedly left open at the Arbor edge which
interfaces with a conterminous Arbor. Linking C- shaped underpinning bars are also placed in
situ to sew across the two crossbeams with cottoning bars, icing acceptable harbourage. The
joint is also cast with high-strength grout. It's important to note that a rigid bottom diaphragm
needs to be tied internally in two orthogonal directions and externally at the fringe of the
structure.

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Vertical wall-to-wall joints will take nominal tying force if the walls are designed as an
individual, separate walls. The external wall face which faces a conterminous wall from the
bordering module would generally be ragged and corrugated. This enhances the shear transfer,
indeed if a similar shear transfer isn't needed by design. High-strength line ropes from both
modules lap with a fresh underpinning bar fitted into the circle. The void is also filled with
high-strength grout.

A horizontal wall-to-wall connection will be needed to take pressure performing from side
forces causing overall capsizing moments. The pressure is taken by underpinning bars which
extend from the lower module to the upper module with acceptable development length. These
underpinning bars are fitted in round-shaped (preferred over indirect) corrugated pipes which
run throughout the height of the wall. Grouting is carried from the bottom position to two-
thirds of the story height (e.g., roughly 6.6 bases or about 2 measures). This is to grease the
insertion of the coming position underpinning bars which can extend into one-third of the
ungrouped story height. This would also insure the durability of perpendicular ties along the
walls throughout the entire height of the structure superstructure.

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 8. Frameup concept

The Frameup concept introduces a new approach in terms of prosecution fashion which
consists of the prosecution of a structure starting from the roof to the 1st bottom. The actuality
of a lifting system constituted of a vertical rigid frame- grid- in combination with lifting halls-
pylons- permits the construction of the structure, promoting each time the structure is lifted, a
concurrence of one- bottom- height plus forbearance at the ground position. This creates room
enough for the assembly of the lower bottom from below the preliminarily assembled bottom.
The procedure is repeated several times according to the number of bottoms until the 1st bottom
of the structure, the last bottom of the prosecution sequence, is assembled.

8.1 Step-by-step execution process

Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 introduce the accretive procedure of the Frameup system in an abstract
development system, where, for the sake of visualization, the façade is neglected. First, the
Lifting system is assembled and rightly aligned with the construction axes of the structure (a)
(see Fig. 7). The roof and the rudiments attached to it are installed (b) and formerly finished,
the roof is lifted up once story height plus the necessary forbearance (c). The structure, 3D
modules, claddings, serviceability, etc. benefit from being assembled at the ground position as
they're defended from climate constraints (d). formerly ready, the grid descends until the
column splices from the roof and bottom can be connected (e). The rigid frame is released from
the structure, returning to its original position (f), permitting the construction of the structure
and the posterior assembly of the coming new bottom.

Figure 7. Six first stages of the Frameup concept

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The Lifting system initiates its ascension (g) (see Fig. 7) for assembly of the floor below (h),
and, once ready, connects it to the building structure (i) so the process moves to the next step
(j).

Figure 8. Four stages of the Frameup concept

The assembling of the bottom should include all the rudiments which constitute it, similar to
clad dings, services, and all kinds of installations. still, some internal tasks (i.e., service
connections and homestretches) may be latterly on completed from inside the structure. Once
the structure construction is finished, the Lifting system is disassembled and may be
reassembled for the construction/ reconstruction of other structures.

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 9. Frameup components
9.1 Modular building
The pupil hearthstone considered in this study is a six-story structure where 3D modules
are intended to give lodgment for scholars. The structure has a height of 21 m (3.2 m per
bottom), is11.6 m long and10.8 m wide; leading to a gross area of125.3 m2. The structure
is composed of semi-continuous three-dimensional frames modeled in a grid of 11.1 m
x10.3 m, with two kudos of 5.4 m along the length and three kudos of 3.8 m,2.3 m, and
3.832 m along the range. A total height of 20.337 m,3.203 m per bottom, from top-of-sword
to top-of-sword, and 1.190 m height of the structure of the roof. Fig. 9 illustrates an abstract
representation of the 3D modules within the sword structure of SHS 250x10 columns and
RHS 250x150x8 shafts, whereas Fig. 10 shows the full representation of the structure
including the claddings.

Figure 9. Conceptual view neglecting façade Figure 10. Conceptual view

The eight 3D modules per bottom resting on the shafts have no donation to the structural
performance of the structure, which allows them to be taken directly from the structure by a
forklift and to be replaced by new or refurbished 3D modules. also, the number of stories can
fluently be acclimated if asked in order to increase or drop the number of bottoms. therefore,
the Lifting system just needs to be reinstalled in place.

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The eight 3D modules per bottom resting on the shafts have no donation to the structural
performance of the structure, which allows them to be taken directly from the structure by a
forklift and to be replaced by new or refurbished 3D modules. also, the number of stories can
easily be shaped if asked in order to increase or drop the number of bottoms. thus, the Lifting
system just needs to be reinstalled in place.

9.2 Lifting system

The Lifting system constitutes the structure and the mechanisms which perform the
construction of the Frameup structure. thus, the structural analysis of the Lifting system
should be performed on the base of its conduct during the prosecution. Within the
prosecution process, the Lifting system should be suitable to keep its structural integrity for
further exercise during all the stages, similar to transportation, assembling in-situ,
disassembling, and especially during its operation. Fig. 11 reveals a shot of the construction
sequence where one bottom is assembled.

Figure 11. Snapshot of the assembly of one 3D module

The stiffness of the grid is veritably important for the structure since it provides the stability
during construction. In order to keep the balance in the grid, the hydraulic jacks shall keep the
grid directly balanced. nonetheless, the grid’s stiffness, handed by the six long RHS
500x300x16 shafts, compensates for small variations on an eventual lack of delicacy.

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9.2.1 Sliding cantilevers
Sliding cantilevers are structural elements fixed to the grid which promote the building's
erection by applying vertical forces on the beams in the vicinity of the columns (see
Fig. 12).
As shown in Fig. 12, they are mainly composed of two tubes, attached to the grid, where
the internal tube moves freely inside the outer tube which is welded to the grid. Two
distinct positions are possible to admit; either in, beneath the building, to promote the
building’s erection, or out, allowing the grid to move freely throughout the outer
perimeter of the building. The sliding cantilever length covers the distance from the
grid to the building’s beams, which implies the 3D modules (172.5 mm), claddings (200
mm), and the necessary tolerances (95 mm) for the grid to operate according to Fig. 11.

Figure 12. Detailed section of a sliding cantilever in lifting operation

9.2.2 Conveyor system

The conveyor system results from research performed to streamline the assembly of all
the elements in the building, by moving/sliding the elements directly from the lorry to
its final position (see Fig. 13). The conveyor system is fixed to the grid and unloads the
elements from the lorry by lifting and sliding them to their final position according to
the sequence of assembly, reducing the maneuvering time. Thus, transportation of the
elements to the construction site follows the construction sequence while the conveyor
system unloads and assembles.

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Figure 13. Different horizontal positions according to the sequence of construction

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 10. Conclusion

The design platoon, including the design mastermind, when applying for erecting blessing,
would need to move the original structure authority (Authority Having governance, AHJ) on
the safety and viability of any recently proposed volumetric construction system, including
compliance with applicable canons. A design grounded on sound engineering principles with
a proven track record of successfully enforced styles or systems would be helpful in giving
confidence to authorities when proposing a new volumetric construction result for a design.

Three-dimensional (3- D) volumetric construction is a feasible construction system in civic

surroundings, especially when speed and productivity are crucial enterprises. Besides dealing
with the specialized considerations, contrivers should examine the graces of each design to
assess whether espousing volumetric construction can achieve husbandry of scale and is worth
the trouble. originally, there would be a literacy wind during the installation of the first many
batches of modules. When the installation platoon is well-clued with the sequence of work, the
installation would gain effectiveness and speed.

The relinquishment of product modularity in the house-structure design can contribute to the
perpetuation of the mass customization approach in this assiduity, despite the differences
between manufacturing and construction. The main theoretical donation of this disquisition is
the relinquishment of two different Sustainability perspectives on product armature that should
be considered in the design of house-structure systems, vicelike the element perspective, and
the special perspective. While the first perspective is extensively espoused in the manufacturing
assiduity, the spatial perspective is necessary due to the fact that the primary functions of
structures are performed by people in spatial voids, rather than by solid mass.

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