The

Integumentary
System
The Largest Organ in the Body
 THE INTEGUMENTARY
(IN-TEG-Ū-MEN′TĂ-RĒ)
SYSTEM CONSISTS OF
THE SKIN AND
ACCESSORY
STRUCTURES, SUCH AS
HAIR, GLANDS, AND
NAILS.

INTEGUMENT MEANS
COVERING
THE
INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM The Human Anatomy and Physiology
The Anatomy of an Excellent Presentation
•GLANDS
Parts

•NAILS
•HAIR
•SKIN
•PROTECTION.
•VITAMIN D PRODUCTION.
THE SKIN FORMS A RELATIVELY
WATERPROOF LAYER THAT WHEN EXPOSED TO
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, THE
PROTECTS THE DEEPER AND Integumentary
SKIN PRODUCES A
MORE DELICATE STRUCTURES.
System MOLECULE THAT CAN BE
•SENSATION.
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM HAS
Major TRANSFORMED INTO

SENSORY RECEPTORS THAT CAN Functions VITAMIN D.

DETECT HEAT, COLD, TOUCH,

•EXCRETION.
PRESSURE, AND PAIN.
SMALL AMOUNTS OF
WASTE PRODUCTS ARE
• TEMPERATURE REGULATION.
LOST THROUGH THE SKIN
BODY TEMPERATURE IS REGULATED
BY CONTROLLING BLOOD FLOW AND IN GLAND
THROUGH THE SKIN AND THE SECRETIONS.
ACTIVITY OF SWEAT GLANDS
 Organs Involved
-THE MUSCLE S
THE BODY IS T HIS AMAZING, DYNA MI C SYST EM WHI CH USES
MUSCLE TO GENERATE HEA T T O KEEP T HE R EST OF THE B ODY
WARM, INCLUDING YOUR HA N DS." - AMER I CA N JOUR N A L OF
PHYSICAL ANT HROPOL OGY, 2 0 1 8

-THELIVER
"THE LIVER IS ALWAYS MET ABOL ICA L L Y ACT IVE, I T GEN ER A TES
A LARGE AMOUNT OF HEAT T HAT IS HEL PF UL I N KE EP I N G YOUR
BODY WARM."

-THE DIGEST IVE

"EATING GENERALL Y L EADS T O A SL IGHT I N CR EA SE I N B ODY
TEMPERATURE, AS YOUR ME T ABOL IC R A T E I N CR EA SES I N
ORDER TO ALL OW THE DIGEST ION OF F OOD."
 E C H A N I S M O F H E A T L OSS
M
1. Evaporation, the body is cooled when heat is used to convert the water
in sweat to water vapour.

2. Radiation, exposed parts of the body radiate heat away from the body.

3. Conduction, clothes and other objects in contact with the skin take up
heat.

4. Convection, air passing over the exposed parts of the body is heated
and rises, cool air replaces it and convection currents are set up. Heat is
also lost from the clothes by convection.

 Control of Body
Temperature

The hypothalamus checks our

current temperature and compares it
with the normal temperature of about
37°C. If not, it controls the body
temperature through autonomic
nerve stimulation of the sweat glands
when body temperature rises

The vasomotor center in the medulla oblongata controls the diameter of the small arteries and arterioles, and therefore the
amount of blood which circulates in the capillaries in the dermis. The vasomotor center is influenced by the temperature of its blood
supply and by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus.

 The
SKIN
The skin is the largest organ of the body,
with a total area of about 20 square feet.
The skin protects us from microbes and
the elements, helps regulate body
temperature, and permits the sensations
of touch, heat, and cold. Skin has three
layers: The epidermis, the outermost
layer of skin, provides a waterproof
barrier and creates our skin tone.


Epidermis

The epidermis is stratified squamous epithelium, and

it is separated from the dermis by a basement
membrane.

Cells of the epidermis:

1.Keratinocytes- they produce a protein mixture called keratin which
makes the cells hard.
Keratinocytes are responsible for the ability of the epidermis to resist
abrasion and reduce water loss.

Epidermis

Cells of the epidermis:

2.Melanocytes- contribute to skin color,
3. Langerhans cells - are part of the immune system
4. Merkel cells - are specialized epidermal cells associated with the nerve
endings responsible for detecting light touch and superficial pressure.

Cells are produced by mitosis

Keratinization
in the deepest layer of the
epidermis. As new cells are This process
MAKES DATAisMORE
called
formed, they push older cells keratinization (ker′ă-tin- i-
MEMORABLE
zā′shu ̆ n ) because the cells
to the surface, where they
slough off, or desquamate. become filled with keratin. As
The outermost cells in this keratinization proceeds, the
stratified arrangement protect
ADDS MORE
epithelial CONTEXT
cells die, producing
the cells underneath, and the an outer layer of dead, hard

deeper replicating cells TO THE TOPIC

cells that resists abrasion and
replace cells lost from the
forms a permeability barrier
surface. As they move from
the deeper epidermal layers to
the surface, the cells change
shape and chemical
SUPPORTS YOUR CL AIMS
composition.


5 STRATA

Stratum Basale Stratum Spinosum

Stratum Granulosum

The stratum granulosum consists of two to five layers of
Is the deepest layer of the epidermis, consisting of a single The cells in this stratum begin to differentiate. They diamond-shaped cells.
layer of cuboidal or columnar cells.In the stratum basale, flatten and produce keratin fibers and lipid-filled, This stratum derives its name from the nonmembrane-bound
cells divide by mitosis and some of the newly formed cells membrane-bound organelles called lamellarbodies. protein granules of keratohyalin, which accumulate in the
become the cells of the more superficial strata.
cytoplasm of the cell.

Stratum Lucidum
The stratum lucidum is a thin, clear zone above the stratum
granulosum, consisting of several layers of dead cells with
indistinct boundaries.

Stratum Corneum
is the most superficial layer of the epidermis, consisting of 25 or
more layers of dead squamous cells joined by desmosomes.
Eventually, the desmosomes break apart, and the cells
desquamate from the surface of the skin.

Thick
LARGE AMOUNTS OF
MELANIN ARE FOUND IN

Skin

Skin
CERTAIN REGIONS OF THE

SKIN, SUCH AS FRECKLES,

MOLES, NIPPLES,
AREOLAE OF THE

Color
HAS ALL FIVE EPITHELIAL BREASTS, AXILLAE, AND
STRATA, AND THE GENITALIA.
STRATUM CORNEUM HAS

MANY LAYERS OF CELLS.

VFOUND IN AREAS

Thin
SUBJECT TO PRESSURE §PIGMENTS IN ,
OR FRICTION, SUCH AS THE SKIN,

Melanin
THE PALMS OF THE BLOOD
HANDS, THE SOLES OF CIRCULATING
THE FEET, AND THE
FINGERTIPS.

Skin THROUGH THE
SKIN, AND THE
THICKNESS OF
IS THE GROUP OF

THE STRATUM
COVERS THE REST OF THE CORNEUM PIGMENTS
BODY AND IS MORE TOGETHER RESPONSIBLE FOR
FLEXIBLE THAN THICK DETERMINE SKIN, HAIR, AND EYE
SKIN. EACH STRATUM SKIN COLOR. COLOR. MOST MELANIN
CONTAINS FEWER LAYERS
MOLECULES ARE
OF CELLS THAN ARE BROWN TO BLACK
FOUND IN THICK SKIN;
THE STRATUM

PIGMENTS, BUT SOME
ARE YELLOWISH OR
GRANULOSUM REDDISH.
FREQUENTLY CONSISTS §MELANIN PROVIDES
OF ONLY ONE OR TWO
PROTECTION AGAINST
LAYERS OF CELLS, AND
THE STRATUM LUCIDUM
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
GENERALLY IS ABSENT. FROM THE SUN.
HAIR IS FOUND ONLY IN

THIN SKIN.

The Integumentary System

Albinism
(AL′BI-NIZM) IS A RECESSIVE
GENETIC TRAIT THAT CAUSES A
DEFICIENCY OR AN ABSENCE
OF MELANIN. ALBINOS HAVE
FAIR SKIN, WHITE HAIR, AND
UNPIGMENTED IRISES IN THE
EYES.

 SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE
ALSO KNOWN AS CORIUM

Dermis vattaches the skin to underlying bone and

muscle and supplies it with blood vessels and
nerves.
THE DERMIS IS THE SECOND LAYER OF SKIN WHICH vIt is adipose tissue in most locations, but
PRESENT UNDERNEATH THE EPIDERMIS AND OVERHEAD
where there is little fat, such as in the eyelids
THE SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER. IT IS THE MOST
IMPENETRABLE LAYER OF THE SKIN, AND GENERALLY, IT IS
and penis, it is areolar connective tissue.
vSubcutaneous tissue is not part of the

COMPOSED OF ELASTIC AND FIBROUS TISSUE. IN SHORT,

IT DELIVERS STRENGTH AND ELASTICITY TO THE SKIN. integumentary system
valternate name for subcutaneous tissue is the
hypodermis
DIVIDED INTO 2 LAYERS Hair
HAIR IS A PROTEIN FILAMENT
1.Superficial papillary (pap′i-lār-ē) layer
THAT GROWS FROM FOLLICLES
Ø is areolar connective tissue with thin fibers that are somewhat
FOUND IN THE DERMIS. HAIR IS
loosely arranged. The papillary layer also contains blood vessels
ONE OF THE DEFINING
that supply the overlying epidermis with nutrients, remove waste

The Human Anatomy and Physiology

CHARACTERISTICS OF
products, and aid in regulating body temperature. MAMMALS. THE HUMAN BODY,

APART FROM AREAS OF
2. Deeper reticular (re-tik′ū-lăr) layer. GLABROUS SKIN, IS COVERED IN
-is composed of dense irregular connective tissue, is the main FOLLICLES WHICH PRODUCE
layer of the dermis. It is continuous with the subcutaneous tissue THICK TERMINAL AND FINE
and forms a mat of irregularly arranged fibers that are resistant VELLUS HAIR. MOST COMMON
to stretching in many directions. INTEREST IN HAIR IS FOCUSED
-The elastic and collagen fibers are oriented more in some ON HAIR GROWTH, HAIR TYPES,
directions than in others and produce cleavage lines, or tension AND HAIR CARE, BUT HAIR IS
lines, in the skin ALSO AN IMPORTANT

BIOMATERIAL PRIMARILY
COMPOSED OF PROTEIN,
NOTABLY ALPHA-KERATIN.
 Hair
Structure

-THE SHAFT OF THE HAIR T H E M E D U L L A ( M E - D O O L ′ Ă ) I S

PROTRUDES ABOVE THE THE CENTRAL AXIS OF THE
SURFACE OF THE SKIN, HAIR, CONSISTING OF TWO
WHEREAS THE ROOT IS BELOW OR THREE LAYERS OF CELLS
THE SURFACE. CONTAINING SOFT KERATIN.
VTHE CORTEX FORMS THE
-THE BASE OF THE ROOT IS
BULK OF THE HAIR AND
EXPANDED TO FORM THE HAIR
CONSISTS OF CELLS
BULB.
CONTAINING HARD KERATIN.
-MOST OF THE ROOT AND THE
T H E C U T I C L E ( K Ū ′ T I - K L ) I S A
SHAFT OF THE HAIR ARE
SINGLE LAYER OF CELLS, WITH
COMPOSED OF COLUMNS OF HARD KERATIN, THAT FORMS
DEAD KERATINIZED THE HAIR SURFACE
EPITHELIAL CELLS ARRANGED
IN
THREE CONCENTRIC LAYERS:
1.THE MEDULLA,
2.THE CORTEX,
3.THE CUTICLE.


HAIR -When the next growth

GROWTH stage begins, a new
hair is formed, and the
Hair is produced in old hair falls out.
cycles that involve -A loss of
a growth stage approximately 100
and a resting scalp hairs per day is
stage.vThe normal.
duration of each Although loss of hair
stage depends on normally means that
the hair—eyelashes the hair is being
grow for replaced, loss of hair
approximately 30 can be permanent.
days and rest for -The most common
105 days, whereas kind of permanent hair
scalp hairs grow loss is “pattern
for 3 years and baldness.”
rest for 1–2 years.

hair color
ØHAIR COLOR IS DETERMINED
BY VARYING AMOUNTS AND
TYPES OF MELANIN.
ØTHE PRODUCTION AND
DISTRIBUTION OF MELANIN BY
MELANOCYTES OCCURS IN THE
HAIR BULB BY THE SAME
METHOD AS IN THE SKIN.
ØWITH AGE, THE AMOUNT OF
MELANIN IN HAIR CAN
DECREASE, CAUSING THE HAIR
TO BECOME FADED IN COLOR,
OR THE HAIR CAN HAVE NO
MELANIN AND BE WHITE.
GRAY HAIR IS USUALLY A
MIXTURE OF UNFADED, FADED,
AND WHITE HAIRS
 Major Glands

SEBACEOUS ECCRINE SWEAT APROCRINE SWEAT

GLANDS GLANDS GLANDS
-are simple or compound alveolar -are simple, coiled tubular glands üare simple, coiled, tubular glands
glands located in the dermis. Most are located in almost every part of the skin that produce a thick secretion rich in
connected by a duct to the superficial and are most numerous in the palms organic substances.
part of a hair follicle. and soles. üThey open into hair follicles, but
üSebaceous glands produce sebum, an -They produce sweat, which is a only in the axillae and genitalia.
oily, white substance rich in lipids. secretion of mostly water with a few üApocrine sweat glands become

salts. active at puberty because of the

influence of sex hormones.

OTHER SKIN GLANDS

1.The ceruminous (se ̆-roo′mi-nu ̆s) glands are modified
eccrine sweat glands that produce cerumen, or earwax.
2.The mammary glands are modified apocrine sweat glands
located in the breasts. They produce milk.

Nails NAIL
THE NAIL IS A THIN
PLATE, CONSISTING
OF LAYERS OF DEAD
STRATUM CORNEUM
CELLS WITH HARD
KERATIN
Structure ØThe nails in human beings are
equivalent to the claws, horns
and hoofs of animals.
ØThey are derived from the
same cells as epidermis and hair
and consist of a hard, horny
PARTS OF A NAIL keratin plate.
They protect the tips of the

fingers and toes.

1.Nail body
2.Nail root
3.Nail fold
4.Cuticle
5.Nail matrix
6.Nail bed

 OtherStructure
01 Blood Vessels
ØArterioles form a fine
network with capillary
in the Dermis
branches supplying sweat
glands, sebaceous glands,
hair follicles and the dermis.
The epidermis has no blood
supply. It obtains nutrients
and oxygen from interstitial
02
fluid derived from blood
vessels in the papillae of the
dermis.
03
Lymph Vessels
-These form a network
throughout the dermis. It
fulfills important homeostatic
functions such as providing
nutrients for the skin and
regulating the immunologic
processes.
Sensory Nerve Endings
-Sensory receptors which are
sensitive to touch, change in
temperature, pressure and
pain are widely distributed in
the dermis.
-Nerve impulses, generated in
the sensory receptors in the
dermis, are conveyed to the
spinal cord by sensory
(somatic cutaneous) nerves,
then to the sensory area of
the cerebrum where the
sensations are perceived.
 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM IS USEFUL IN

as a Diagnostic Aid
The Integumentary DIAGNOSIS BECAUSE IT IS OBSERVED
EASILY AND OFTEN REFLECTS EVENTS
OCCURRING IN OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY.
1.SKIN COLOR
2.RASHES
3.LESIONS
System
4.CONDITION OF THE SKIN, HAIR, AND

NAILS IS AFFECTED BY NUTRITIONAL
STATUS.

5. VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY THE SKIN
PRODUCES EXCESS KERATIN AND ASSUMES
A CHARACTERISTIC SANDPAPER TEXTURE.
6. IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA THE NAILS
LOSE THEIR NORMAL CONTOUR AND
BECOME FLAT OR CONCAVE (SPOON-
SHAPED).

 Skin Cancer Squamos Cell

Carcinoma
The Integumentary System

the abnormal growth of skin cells —

most often develops on skin exposed to
the sun. But this common form of cancer
can also occur on areas of your skin not
ordinarily exposed to sunlight.
-Arises from cells in the stratum
spinosum and can appear as a warlike
growth; a persistent, scaly red patch; an
open sore; or an elevated growth with a
central depression.
ØBleeding from these lesions can occur.
Removal or destruction of the tumor
cures most cases of squamous cell
carcinoma.

Basal Cell
Carcinoma
Melanoma
Øthe most common type of skin cancer,
arises from cells in the stratum basale.
ØBasal cell carcinomas have a varied
appearance. Some are open sores that
-Is the least common, but most deadly,
bleed, ooze, or crust for several weeks.
type of skin cancer, accounting for over
ØOthers are red- dish patches; shiny,
77% of the skin cancer deaths in the
pearly, or translucent bumps; or scarlike
United States.
areas of shiny, taut skin.
EFFECTS ON AGING IN THE
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
-As the body ages, the skin is more easily
damaged because the epidermis thins and
the amount of collagen in the dermis
decreases.
-A decrease in the number of elastic
fibers in the dermis and loss of fat from
the subcutaneous tissue cause the skin to
sag and wrinkle.

TYPE OF WOUNDS

Crushed wound

Burn wound ABRASION wound

STAB WOUND

Punctured wound GUNSHOTWOUND

SURGICAL WOUND
CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR
Wound Healing
1.Systemic Factors
-These include good
nutritional status and
general health. Infection,
impaired immunity, poor
blood supply and systemic
conditions, e.g. diabetes
mellitus and cancer, reduce
the rate of wound healing.
2. Local Factors
-Good blood supply
providing oxygen and
nutrients and removing
waste products
Stages in the
DIFFERENCES OF PRIMARY & Tissue Repair
SECONDARY HEALING 1.INFLAMMATION
-BECOME INFLAMED AND BLOOD
C L O T A N D CFERLO L
M T
DHE
EBMR
ILL
ISERF
S ILL THE GAP
BETWEEN THEM IN THE FIRST FEW
HOURS
Primary Healing 2. PROLIFERATION
-This method of healing follows -THE EPIDERMIS MEETS AND GROWS
UPWARDS UNTIL THE FULL THICKNESS
minimal destruction of tissue IS RESTORED.
when the damaged edges of a 3. MATURATION
wound are in close apposition
-THE GRANULATION TISSUE IS
REPLACED BY FIBROUS SCAR TISSUE.
Secondary Healing REARRANGEMENT OF COLLAGEN
FIBERS OCCURS AND THE STRENGTH
-characterized by visible OF THE WOUND INCREASES.
granulation tissue and the scar
will be bigger than in wounds
healed by first intention. The
simple fact alone that wounds
healing by second intention will
be open for longer will render
them at high risk of infection.
 Skin Conditions,
DISORDERS
HUMAN
HERPES SIMPLEX IMPETIGO
PAMPILLOVIRUS
VIRUS
(HPV

& VIRAL INFECTIONS

ACNE
is a skin condition that occurs when
your hair follicles become plugged
with oil and dead skin cells

BURn
is injury to a tissue caused by heat,
CHICKEN POX PSORIASIS
cold, friction, chemicals, electricity, or
HEAD LICE

radiation

ENDS 15.03.19
14 RUSTON PLACE, ROSEBERY
 THE
Group Members

PPT BY:

Kaxandra Erika P. Lagrada