Integumentary System

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

To Do Now Questions on
Google Classroom
 Integumentary System Outline
1. General Functions of the 3. Accessory Structures of the
Integumentary System Integumentary System
2. Structure of the Skin A. Hair
A. Epidermis 1. Hair
B. Dermis 2. Hair Follicles
C. Hypodermis B. Nails
3. Skin Pigmentation C. Glands
A. Melanocytes and Melanin 1. Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
2. Sweat Glands
 • Made up of the skin and its
accessory structures (hair,
Integumentary System nails, glands)
• Generally, provides the
body with protection
 Organization of the Body and Organ Systems
C
Keratinocytes el
ls
Epithelial + Connective Tissue
Tissue

Skin, Hair, Nails, Glands

Organs

Integumentary System Organ System

Human Organism
General Functions of the
Integumentary System

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

 General Functions of the Integumentary System
• Protection (of deeper tissues)
• From physical damage (bumps and cuts), infections, chemicals, UV
radiation
• Sensations
• Such as pressure, vibration, heat, cold, pain
• Thermal Regulation
• Through sweating and increasing or decreasing blood flow to the skin
• Vitamin D Synthesis
• Sunlight converts cholesterol molecules on skin into Vit. D
• Urea Acid Excretion
• Through sweat
 General Functions of the Integumentary System
What does it do?
Mechanical Damage
Chemical Damage
Infections
Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation
Keeps fluids in body
Sensations
Thermal Regulation
Vitamin D Synthesis
Urea Excretion
How does it do it?
Keratin (a protein) produced by keratinocytes (a specialized cell that
produces keratin) toughens cells, Adipocytes (fat cells) cushion deeper
organs from physical damage
Provides Water-resistant keratinized cells
protection
Sebaceous (oil) gland secretions (sebum) contain chemicals that kill
from: bacteria
Melanin produced by melanocytes protects against UV damage
Hardened keratin protects the skin from water loss
Water-resistant glycolipids (A carbohydrate attached to a fat molecule)
Sensory Receptors (Touch, Temperature, Pressure, Vibration, Pain)
Heat Removal: Activating sweat glands, increasing blood flow to the surface
of the body
Heat Retention: Constricting blood flow to the surface of the body
Cholesterol molecules in skin converted to vitamin D by sunlight
Part of the sweat produced by sweat glands
 Checkpoint!
• Skin is the main organ of the integumentary system, but 3 other
“accessory structures” are equally important. What are they?
 Checkpoint!
• Skin is the main organ of the integumentary system, but 3 other
“accessory structures” are equally important. What are they?

Hair
Nails
Glands (sweat and oil/sebaceous)
 Which of the following is a vital function of the skin?

It aids in the transport of oxygen It converts modified epidermal

and nutrients throughout the body. cholesterol to vitamin D.

It absorbs vitamin C so that the

The cells of the epidermis store
skin will not be subject to
glucose as glycogen for energy.
diseases.
 Which of the following is a vital function of the skin?

It aids in the transport of oxygen It converts modified epidermal

and nutrients throughout the body. cholesterol to vitamin D.

It absorbs vitamin C so that the

The cells of the epidermis store
skin will not be subject to
glucose as glycogen for energy.
diseases.
Structure of Skin

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

 Structure of Skin

3 Main Layers of Skin

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
 Structure of Skin

“Epi-” Epidermis

“Derm-” Dermis

“Hypo-” Hypodermis
 Structure of Skin

• Most superficial layer of skin

• Composed of stratified squamous
epithelial tissue
Epidermis

Dermis

Hypodermis
 Structure of Skin Blisters can form when a burn
or friction causes the epidermis
and dermis to separate
allowing fluid to move in
between them

• Most superficial layer of skin

• Composed of stratified squamous
epithelial tissue
Epidermis

• Middle layer of skin

• Composed of loose and dense Dermis
connective tissue

Hypodermis
Structure of Skin Blisters can form when a burn
or friction causes the epidermis
and dermis to separate
allowing fluid to move in
between them
 Structure of Skin

• Most superficial layer of skin

• Composed of stratified squamous
epithelial tissue
Epidermis

• Middle layer of skin

• Composed of loose and dense Dermis
connective tissue

• Deepest layer Hypodermis

• Composed mostly of
aka “Subcutaneous
adipose tissue (fat)
Tissue”
 Structure of Skin

Subcutaneous injections used for drugs that

you want to absorb slowly
 Ada got her microscope slides mixed up in the lab since they were unlabeled.
The 1st slide she checks contains a structure that is abundant with adipose tissue.
The part with adipose tissue should be labeled as the ________.
 Ada got her microscope slides mixed up in the lab since they were unlabeled.
The 1st slide she checks contains a structure that is abundant with adipose tissue.
The part with adipose tissue should be labeled as the ________.
 The epidermis is composed of which type of tissue?

loose connective tissue stratified squamous epithelium

adipose tissue dense connective tissue

Cells of the Body

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

 Organization of the Body and Organ Systems
C
Keratinocytes el
ls
Epithelial + Connective Tissue
Tissue

Skin, Hair, Nails, Glands

Organs

Integumentary System Organ System

Human Organism
 Organization of the Body and Organ Systems
C
Keratinocytes el
ls
Epithelial + Connective Tissue
Tissue

Skin, Hair, Nails, Glands

Organs

Integumentary System Organ System

Human Organism
 Cell
The basic structural and functional unit of living organisms

Cells Cells Cells

(Neurons) (Cardiomyocytes) (Sperm and Egg Cells)
 Cell
The basic structural and functional unit of living organisms

Cells Cells
(Erythrocytes and a (Egg Cell being
Leukocyte) fertilized via In Vitro
Fertilization)
>200 types of cells exist in the human body
that vary by:
Shape
Function
What makes a cell a cell
then? What makes cells
similar to each other?
 The Generalized Cell
• Describes a cell that has structures
and functions that are common to all
cells at some point in their
development
 The Generalized Cell Nucleus
• 3 Main Regions
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Cell Membrane

Cell Cytoplasm
Membrane
 The Generalized Cell Nucleus
• Nucleus
• Control Center of the Cell
• Contains DNA (genetic material)
• Holds instructions for building
proteins
• Necessary for cell reproduction
• Cytoplasm
• Cell Membrane

Cell Cytoplasm
Membrane
 The Generalized Cell Nucleus
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Everything in between the nucleus
and cell membrane
• Site of most cellular activities
• Cell Membrane

Cell Cytoplasm
Membrane
 The Generalized Cell Nucleus
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Cell Membrane
• Outermost surface and barrier for cell
• Dotted with proteins that:
• regulate movement of substances
in and out of cell
• allow connections between cells

Cell Cytoplasm
Membrane
 The Generalized Cell
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Cell Membrane
• Outermost surface and barrier for cell
• Dotted with proteins that:
• regulate movement of substances
in and out of cell
• allow connections between cells
 The Generalized Cell
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Cell Membrane
• Outermost surface and barrier for cell
• Dotted with proteins that:
• regulate movement of substances
in and out of cell
• allow connections between cells
Tissues of the Body

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

 Organization of the Body and Organ Systems

Tissue
A group of many similar cells
that work together to perform a
specific function
 4 Major Types of Tissue

Epithelial tissue Connective tissue

from a skin from a breast

Muscle tissue from a Nervous tissue

heart from a brain
Epithelial Tissue and Connective Tissue
• Covers exterior surfaces of body
• Lines internal cavities and passageways
• (interaction between environment and the
internal parts of body)
• Forms most of the structure of glands
Epithelial tissue
from a skin

• Connects different tissues and organs

together
• Provides support and protection for
organs
Connective tissue
from a breast
 Epithelial Tissue – Structural and Functional Features
Structural Functional

• Little to no space between cells • Provides body’s first line of

• tight junctions, anchoring junctions, and protection
gap junctions keep cells close together • all substances that enter the body must
and allows them to interact cross an epithelium
• Nearly completely avascular • Some epithelial cells can secrete
• i.e. no blood vessels enter into epithelial mucous and other specialized
tissue enzymes
 Epithelial Tissue – Classification
• Classified and named based on:
• Shape of cells
• Number of cell layers
 Epithelial Tissue – Classification
• Classified and named based on:
• Shape of cells
• Squamous  Flattened, Thin
• Cuboidal  Boxy
• Columnar  Taller than wide
• Number of cell layers
 Epithelial Tissue – Classification
• Classified and named based on:
• Shape of cells
• Squamous  Flattened, Thin
• Cuboidal  Boxy
• Columnar  Taller than wide
• Number of cell layers
• Simple  1 layer
• Stratified  Multiple layers
• Pseudostratified  1 layer but
looks like >1 layer
 Epithelial Tissue - Classification
Number of Layers of Cells

Shape of Cells
Why does the shape and layering of the different epithelial tissue matter?

• The shape and layering of epithelial tissue correlates with its function
• Example: Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue is flat and thin so it can
be found where the body needs molecules and substances to pass
through quickly
Why does the shape and layering of the different epithelial tissue matter?

• The shape and layering of epithelial tissue correlates with its function
• Example: Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue has a larger cytoplasm
to accommodate the larger number of “machinery” to make stuff
Epidermis and
Epithelial Tissue

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

 Structure of Skin

• Most superficial layer of skin

• Composed of stratified squamous
epithelial tissue
Epidermis
• Middle layer of skin
• Composed of loose and dense
Dermis
connective tissue

• Deepest layer Hypodermis

• Composed mostly of aka “Subcutaneous
adipose tissue (fat) Tissue”
 Structure of Skin

Epidermis

Dermis

Hypodermis
 What actually is the skin we can see all the time?
• Nearly all cells in the epidermis are
keratinocytes that produce keratin
• Keratin
• a fibrous protein
• provides hardness and water-resistance to skin,
hair, nails
 How does the epidermis get nutrients?

• Cells in epidermis are avascular

• They do not receive blood supply directly
• There are no blood vessels in the epidermis
layer
• Instead they receive oxygen and nutrients from
the deeper dermis layer through diffusion
 How does the epidermis get nutrients?
High concentration Low concentration

= small molecules
(O2, nutrients)
 How does the epidermis get nutrients?

• Cells in epidermis are avascular

• They do not receive blood supply directly
• There are no blood vessels in the epidermis
layer
• Instead they receive oxygen and nutrients from
the deeper dermis layer through diffusion
Epidermis Characteristics
• The stratum basale (deepest layer of
epidermis) is made up of new and actively
dividing keratinocytes
• As new keratinocytes form, existing layers
of keratinocytes are pushed towards surface
• The epidermis is completely replaced every
28 days!
Epidermis Characteristics
• The stratum corneum (most superficial
layer of epidermis) is:
• made up of only dead keratinocytes that
are
• filled with large amounts of keratin
• This superficial layer constantly sheds
• 21,000,000 cells/hour
• 500,000,000 cells/day
• 2 pounds of cells/year
 4 Epidermis Layers (sometimes 5!)
Stratum Corneum
•~20-30 layers of flattened, dead keratinocytes
• Can be ~100 layers in areas of thick skin (palms of hands, soles of feet)
• In between the keratinocytes are glycolipids that repel water and “glue”
keratinocytes together (ceramide, cholesterol)

Stratum Lucidum*
• Thin, translucent layer of dead keratinocytes found only in thick skin
Stratum Granulosum
• ~3-5 layers
• Keratinocytes become flatter, larger amounts of keratin produced, organelles and
nucleus start breaking down
Stratum Spinosum
• ~8-10 layers of keratinocytes
• Keratin and glycolipids begin to be made here
• A type of white blood cell called Langerhans cell patrols this area

Stratum Basale
• Single layer of actively dividing keratinocytes
• New cells push existing keratinocyte layers to surface
• Pigment-producing cells called melanocytes give color to skin
• Specialized receptors called Merkel cells respond to light touch
• Connects epidermis layer to dermis layer
 4 Epidermis Layers (sometimes 5!)
Stratum Corneum
•~20-30 layers of flattened, dead keratinocytes
• Can be ~100 layers in areas of thick skin (palms of hands, soles of feet)
• In between the keratinocytes are glycolipids that repel water and “glue”
keratinocytes together (ceramide, cholesterol)

Stratum Lucidum*
• Thin, translucent layer of dead keratinocytes found only in thick skin
Stratum Granulosum
• ~3-5 layers
• Keratinocytes become flatter, larger amounts of keratin produced, organelles and
nucleus start breaking down
Stratum Spinosum
• ~8-10 layers of keratinocytes
• Keratin and glycolipids begin to be made here
• A type of white blood cell called Langerhans cell patrols this area

Stratum Basale
• Single layer of actively dividing keratinocytes
• New keratinocytes push existing keratinocyte layers to surface
• Pigment-producing cells called melanocytes give color to skin
• Specialized receptors called Merkel cells respond to light touch
• Connects epidermis layer to dermis layer
 Thick Skin vs. Thin Skin

• Has 5 layers (stratum lucidum) • Has 4 layers

• Epidermis layers thicker • Epidermis layers thinner
• More folds along length of • More folds along length of
epidermis (dermal papillae) epidermis (dermal papillae)
 Why does your skin get dry in the winter and if you are frequently washing?

*We lose some water (300-400mL)

through our skin normally during the
day
(Trans-Epidermal Water Loss or TEWL)
Why does your skin get dry in the winter and if you are frequently washing?
Why does your skin get dry in the winter and if you are frequently washing?
 How can dry skin be prevented or repaired?
*Lotions, Creams, and
Ointments differ
mainly in water to oil
ratio
• Creams are close to
50:50 water to oil
• Lotions have more
water
• Ointments have
more oil
 3 parts to moisturizers
• Humectants  Attract moisture from the dermis
layer and environment into epidermis
• glycerin
• hyaluronic acid (HA)
• urea
• Emollients  Replace the missing glycolipids in
epidermis
• ceramide
• cocoa butter
• shea butter
• jojoba oil
• Occlusives  prevent TEWL by acting as protective
top layer
• petroleum jelly
• dimethicone
3 parts to moisturizers
Questions

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

 You stupidly decide to run outside barefoot. You step
on a rusty nail that penetrates to the deepest layer of
the epidermis on your foot. This layer is the ________.

Stratum Corneum Stratum Granulosum

Stratum Lucidum Stratum Basale

Oxygen and nutrients reach the surface of the skin
(epidermis) through the process of _______.

diffusion active transport

osmosis evaporation
 Which statement correctly states a notable feature of
the stratum corneum layer?

It is where keratinocytes are

It is richly supplied with blood
rapidly dividing to make new
vessels.
keratinocytes.

It is found only in areas of thick It consists of keratin filled cells

skin with glycolipids in between cells.
 How does the epidermis get nutrients?
High concentration Low concentration

= small molecules
(O2, nutrients)
Skin
Pigmentation

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

What gives skin its color?

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

 Melanin produced by Melanocytes
• Melanocytes
• Spider-shaped epithelial cells found in stratum
basale in skin, hair, and nails
• Produce melanin
• a pigment ranging in color from red to
yellow to brown to black
 Melanin produced by Melanocytes
• Melanocytes
• Every person has same number of melanocytes
• Color of skin dependent on amount of melanin
produced
• Amount of melanin produced dependent on:
• Genetics
• Amount of UV exposure
 What determines skin color?
• Melanin
1. Produced and accumulates in an organelle
called a melanosome
 What determines skin color?
• Melanin
1. Produced and accumulates in an organelle
called a melanosome
2. Melanin-containing melanosomes are
carried close to keratinocytes
 What determines skin color?
• Melanin
1. Produced and accumulates in an organelle
called a melanosome
2. Melanin-containing melanosomes are
carried close to keratinocytes
3. As keratinocytes move up layers, they
absorb melanosomes
 What determines skin color?
• Melanin
1. Produced and accumulates in an organelle
called a melanosome
2. Melanin-containing melanosomes are
carried close to keratinocytes
3. As keratinocytes move up layers, they
absorb melanosomes
4. Melanin forms an umbrella around nucleus
of keratinocytes
 What determines skin color?
• Melanin
• Protects the DNA of cells of the skin and
deeper tissues from UV damage
• Prevents Folate (Vitamin B9) from being
degraded
• Folate important:
• DNA synthesis
• Brain and spine development in fetuses
 Pigments Contributing to Skin Color

Melanin Carotene Hemoglobin

• Red color from

blood cells in
Reddish Orange- dermis blood
yellow vessels
brown to
pigment • amount of red
black from some tone
pigments vegetables determined by
oxygen
content
 Alterations in Skin Color

Redness (erythema) Pallor (blanching)

• Inflammation, • Anemia, low blood
hypertension, fever, pressure, impaired
allergy, embarrassment blood flow to an area,
emotional stress

Jaundice (yellowing) Bruising

• Alcoholic Liver Disease • Contusions
• Hepatitis • Hematomas
Why do we have different skin tones in the
first place?
 Annual Average UV Radiation at the Earth’s Surface

NASA TOMS 7 Satellites

Skin Tones of Original Inhabitants
Average Annual UV Radiation at the Earth’s Surface
and
Skin Tones of Original Inhabitants
 Melanin is our natural sunscreen
• Earliest humans evolved to have
more melanin production to protect
from UV rays
 Melanin is our natural sunscreen
• Earliest humans evolved to have
more melanin production to protect
from UV rays
• Migration out of Africa led to areas
with less UV rays
• Migrating humans evolved to have
less melanin production to absorb
more UV rays
 Melanin is our natural sunscreen
• Differences in skin color originally
thought to be due to evolutionary
protection from skin cancer
• Skin cancers typically appear after
50 years old
 Melanin is our natural sunscreen
• A current hypothesis is the Folate-
Vitamin D hypothesis
• UV rays degrade Folate (B9)
• Folate important for brain and
spinal growth in fetus
• Melanin protects against folate
destruction
• UV rays synthesize Vitamin D
• Current research shows link
between low vitamin D and
pregnancy complications
• Melanin decreases Vitamin D
synthesis
 Melanin is our natural sunscreen
• A current hypothesis is the Folate-
Vitamin D hypothesis
• UV rays degrade Folate (B9)
• Folate important for brain and
spinal growth in fetus
• Melanin protects against folate
destruction
• UV rays synthesize Vitamin D
• Current research shows link
between low vitamin D and
pregnancy complications
• Melanin decreases Vitamin D
synthesis
What is happening here?
Dermis and
Connective Tissue

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 Organization of the Body and Organ Systems

Tissue
A group of many similar cells
that work together to perform a
specific function
 How do our tissues and organs stay in place?
Connective Tissue
o Provides support and protection for
FUNCTIONS

organs
o Binding of epithelial tissue and other
tissues to each other

o Under skin
LOCATIONS

o Surrounding organs
o Blood
o Bones, Ligaments, Tendons, Cartilage

o Adipocytes
o Osteocytes
o Chondrocytes
o Fibroblast
CELLS
 What separates connective tissue from other tissue?
• Different degrees in vascularity
• Some connective tissue are poorly
vascularized
• Cartilage*, ligament, tendon
• Most connective tissue are well
vascularized
• Bone, Adipocytes (fat cells), etc.
 What separates connective tissue from other tissue?
• Composed mainly of non-living
material called Extracellular Matrix
(ECM)
• The material that is produced by and
surrounds the cells of connective
tissues
• Essential for the connective tissue to
perform its functions
 Extracellular Matrix
• Produced by connective tissue cells
• Excreted to the exterior of
connective tissue cells
• Provides the structure to allow cells
to organize into tissues and
communicate/signal with each other
 2 Components to the Extracellular Matrix
• Ground Substance (“glue”/“gel”)
• Water + adhesion proteins +
polysaccharide molecules
• More ground substance in a connective
tissue = more fluid and gel-like
• Protein Fibers
• Fibroblast Cells produce the main
types of fibers
• Collagen fibers (resists stretching)
• Reticular fibers
• Elastic fibers (stretches and recoils)
 2 Components to the Extracellular Matrix
• Specific type of connective tissue
determined by:
• Different types of protein fibers
• Different amounts of protein fibers
relative to the amount of ground
substance
 5 Types of Connective Tissue
Rigid Structure Soft/Jelly Structure
(More protein fibers) (Less protein fibers)Fluid

Dense Loose
Bone Cartilage Connective Connective Blood
• Bone cells = • Cartilage cells = • Main matrix element is • Fat cells = Adipocytes • Blood is composed of:
Osteocytes* Chondrocytes* collagen fiber • Fat tissue = Adipose • Red Blood Cells =
• Bone tissue = Osseous • Cartilage is avascular tissue Erythrocyte
tissue • Receives NO blood • Tendons • Most widely • White Blood Cells =
vessels • Muscle to Bone distributed throughout Leukocyte
• Ligaments body • Plasma
• Elastic cartilage • Bone to Bone • Dermis (Superficial
• Provides elasticity • Dermis (Deeper layer) • Plasma acts as the
layer) ECM
• External ear
• Fibrocartilage
• Highly compressible • Less cells • More cells • Unique in not having
• Cushion-like discs • Less ground substance • More ground protein fibers similar to
between vertebrae of • More protein fibers substance other connective tissue
the spinal column • Fewer protein fibers types
CONNECTIVE TISSUE = CELL + GROUND
SUBSTANCE + PROTEIN FIBERS
 Dense vs. Loose
Dense Connective Tissue
• Protein Fibers > Ground Substance
• Many collagen fibers
• Tendons (muscle-bone), Ligaments (bone-
bone), and Dermis (deeper layer of skin)
Loose Connective Tissue
• Protein Fibers < Ground Substance
• Few collagen fibers
• Areolar Tissue (empty spaces)
• Wraps/cushions organs
• Lies just deep to epithelial tissue
• Soaks up extra fluids in surrounding area
• Adipose Tissue
• Insulates and protects internal organs
• Provides source of reserve energy
• Reticular Connective Tissue
• Forms soft internal framework of the spleen,
lymph nodes, and bone marrow
What is going on here?
 Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
• A group of rare genetic disorders of connective tissue
• Characterized by one or another of several features
• Skin hyperextensibility
• Joint hypermobility
• Underlying pathophysiology
• Inherited alterations in genes affecting the synthesis and processing
of different forms of collagen fibers
• Collagen fibers important in the structure of many tissues and
organs, including the skin, tendons, ligaments, vasculature, skeleton,
and eyes
Dermis Layer

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

 Structure of Skin

• Most superficial layer of skin

• Composed of stratified squamous
epithelial tissue
Epidermis
• Middle layer of skin
• Composed of loose and dense
Dermis
connective tissue

• Deepest layer Hypodermis

• Composed mostly of aka “Subcutaneous
adipose tissue (fat) Tissue”
Dermis Characteristics
• Main function  Support the
epidermis
• Contains nerves, blood vessels, sweat
glands, and hair follicles
• Blood vessels, sweat glands, and
hair play important roles in
regulating body temp.
• Nerves and hair sensitive to touch,
pressure, and vibration
• Specialized immune cells also
populate the dermis
 Overall Dermis Structure
• Collagen and elastic fibers found
throughout the dermis
Younger • Collagen fibers provides some
Skin structure to skin
• Elastic fibers provides some
flexibility to skin

Older
Skin
Dermis Layers
• 2 layers of connective tissue make up
the dermis
• Papillary Layer
• Reticular Layer
Dermis Layers – Papillary Layer
• Thin layer made of mainly loose
connective tissue
• Relatively more ground substance
than protein fibers
• Collagen fibers loosely arranged
Dermis Layers – Papillary Layer
• Contains projections into the
epidermis called dermal papillae
• Maximizes number of blood vessels
available to provide epidermis with
oxygen and nutrients
• Maximizes number of sensory
receptors (pain, touch, vibrations)
• Strengthens bond with more
superficial epidermis
Dermis Layers – Papillary Layer
• Contains projections into the
epidermis called dermal papillae
• Arranged in clear patterns on the
palms of hands and soles of feet
(thick skin, fingerprints)
• Increases friction and gripping
ability of fingers and feet
Dermis Layers – Reticular Layer
• Thick layer of irregularly arranged
dense connective tissue
• Relatively more protein fibers than
ground substance
• Collagen fibers in this layer:
• form thicker bundles
• interweave with elastic fibers
• extends into papillary layer and
hypodermis
Dermis Layers – Reticular Layer
• Contains sweat glands and oil
(sebaceous) glands
• Well-vascularized
• Rich with sensory neurons
 Which statement correctly identifies a difference between the
dermis and the epidermis?

The epidermis is composed of connective

tissue while the dermis is composed of The dermis is the more superficial layer.
epithelial cells.

The dermis is vascularized while the The dermis is not part of the skin while
epidermis is not vascularized. the epidermis is.
 Which statement correctly identifies a difference between the
dermis and the epidermis?

The epidermis is composed of connective

tissue while the dermis is composed of The dermis is the more superficial layer.
epithelial cells.

The dermis is vascularized while the The dermis is not part of the skin while
epidermis is not vascularized. the epidermis is.
 Complete the sentence: Dermal papillae __________.

are found in the papillary layer of the

connect the dermis to the hypodermis.
dermis.

are found in the reticular layer of the

are composed of dense connective tissue.
dermis.
 Complete the sentence: Dermal papillae __________.

are found in the papillary layer of the

connect the dermis to the hypodermis.
dermis.

are found in the reticular layer of the

are composed of dense connective tissue.
dermis.
Aging and the Skin

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

 Aging brings with it reductions in:
• Cell division (mitosis)
• Metabolic activity
• Blood circulation
• Hormonal levels
• Muscle strength
 Aging and the Skin
• Decreased cell division in the basal layer of the epidermis
• Thinner skin at the epidermis
• Decreased production of protein fibers in the dermis (collagen, elastin)
• Wrinkling of the skin as the s
• Slower wound healing
 UV-B
•Shorter wavelength
•Reaches the epidermis
•Damages keratinocytes at the
epidermis
•Associated with suntans,
sunburns, and skin cancers
•Basal Cell Cancer
•Squamous Cell Cancer
•Malignant Melanoma
•Blocked by windows
UV-A
•Longer wavelength
•Reaches the dermis
•Breaks down the collagen and
elastin of the dermis
•Associated with premature
skin aging
•Passes through windows and
clouds
 UV-B
•Shorter wavelength
•Reaches the epidermis
•Damages keratinocytes at the
epidermis
•Associated with suntans,
sunburns, and skin cancers
•Basal Cell Cancer
•Squamous Cell Cancer
•Malignant Melanoma
•Blocked by windows
UV-A
•Longer wavelength
•Reaches the dermis
•Breaks down the collagen and
elastin of the dermis
•Associated with premature
skin aging
•Passes through windows and
clouds
 UV Radiation and the Skin
• A 69-year-old man presented with a 25-
year history of gradual, asymptomatic
thickening and wrinkling of the skin on
the left side of his face.
• The patient reported that he had driven a
delivery truck for 28 years. Ultraviolet A
(UVA) rays transmit through window
glass, penetrating the epidermis and upper
layers of dermis.
• Chronic UVA exposure can result in
thickening of the epidermis (stratum
corneum), as well as destruction of
Unilateral Dermatoheliosis, New England Journal of Medicine 2012
collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis
 Collagen in creams is (mostly) a marketing gimmick!

Molecule is too big to

get through epidermis!
 Antiaging
• SUNSCREEN
• “SPF” (Sun Protection Factor)
• SPF 30 allows ~3% of UVB rays to skin
• SPF 50 allows ~2% of UVB rays to skin
• “Broad Spectrum”
• Moisturizers
• Trans-Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL)
• Water from deeper epidermal layers moves upward to hydrate stratum corneum
cells and is then lost to evaporation
• Improve skin hydration and increase stratum corneum water content by:
• Forming a protective barrier to reduce trans-epidermal water loss
• Covering small skin fissures and protecting skin from friction
 Antiaging and Ingredients
• Topical Vitamin A (Retinoids/Tretinoin/Retin-A)
• Stimulate new keratinocyte production
• Stimulate collagen production and inhibit the breakdown of collagen that already
exists
• Side Effects
• Redness, dry and scaly skin and itching or burning
• Increased sensitivity to UV rays
• Ceramides (“Cerave”)
• Naturally produced lipids (fatty molecules) that help bind the keratinocytes of the
stratum corneum together
• Helps prevent TEWL by repelling water
• Decreased ceramide levels are also associated with dry skin conditions such as atopic
dermatitis, eczema and psoriasis
 How are these two different?
Henna Tattoo
 How are these two different?
Henna Tattoo
• Red-orange pigment (Lawsone) • Synthetic pigments
derived from henna plant • Penetrates into dermis
• Doesn’t penetrate into dermis
Tattoos are permanent by injecting ink into the dermis
• Dermis layer thickness can
range from .6mm (eyelids) to
4mm (back)
• What happens if ink is
accidentally deposited into the
hypodermis (subcutaneous
layer)?
Tattoos are permanent by injecting ink into the dermis
• Dermis layer thickness can
range from .6mm (eyelids) to
4mm (back)
• What happens if ink is
accidentally deposited into the
hypodermis (subcutaneous
layer)?
• Tattoo “blowout”
Accessory Structures of the
Skin

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 Accessory Structures of the Skin
• Cutaneous (Skin) Glands
• Sebaceous (oil) glands Exocrine
• Sweat glands Glands

• Hair
• Hair follicles
• Nails
 Glands
Exocrine Endocrine
Glands Glands
Does it have
Yes No
ducts?

Sweat, Enzymes, What does it

Hormones
Mucus, Sebum release?

Into a hollow
How does it Directly into
internal organ or
release stuff? blood vessels
external surface

Sweat Thyroid
Salivary Examples Parathyroid
Sebaceous Liver Pituitary Adrenal
 Sebaceous (oil) Glands
• Produce sebum (oil) Sweat
• Mixture of oil and fragmented pore

keratinocytes
• Lubricant for skin
• Keeps skin soft
• Prevents brittle hair
• Kills bacteria

Sebaceous Sweat
gland gland
 Sebaceous (oil) Glands
• Secretes mostly onto hair follicles Sweat
pore
• More oil glands on the scalp and
face
• Nearly none on the palms of the
hands and soles of the feet
• Amount of sebum produced is:
• based on genetic inheritance
• but also increases during puberty

Sebaceous Sweat
gland gland
 Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
• Produce sweat Sweat
pore
• Widely distributed in skin
• >2.5 million sweat glands
• 2 types of sudoriferous glands
found in the body
• Eccrine Glands
• Apocrine Glands

Sebaceous Sweat
gland gland
 2 Types of Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
The apocrine gland secretions in other
• Eccrine glands mammals act as pheromones

• Found throughout body

• Especially in palms, soles, and
forehead
• Have long ducts that open onto pores on
the surface of skin
• Release sweat to lower body temperature
• Apocrine glands
• Found at the axillary (armpit) and genital
areas
• Ducts open onto hair follicles
• Release sweat that contains fatty acids
and proteins (milky or yellowish color)
What causes body odor?

When bacteria that normally lives

on your skin consume the fatty
acids and proteins produced by
apocrine glands, they release the
odor we think of as B.O. as a
byproduct
 Sweat
• Composition Sweat
pore
• Mostly water
• Salts
• Vitamin C
• Trace amounts of waste
• Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine
only)
• Function
• Helps lower body temperature
• Excretes waste products
• Acidic nature inhibits bacteria Sebaceous Sweat
growth gland gland
The sebaceous and sweat glands associated with the skin are classified as ________
glands because they release secretions to the skin's surface via ducts.

Endocrine Mucus

Exocrine Glands
The type of gland responsible for body temperature regulation
is the ________ gland.

Oil Sebaceous

Eccrine (Sweat) Gland Apocrine (Sweat) Gland

Hair

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

 What is hair? Where does it come from?
Hair • Strands of dead, keratinized cells
Hair Shaft • Hair shaft
Follicle • Part of hair not anchored to follicle
• Keratinization is complete
• Hair root
• Part of hair enclosed by follicle
• Keratinization is ongoing

Hair
Root
 What is hair? Where does it come from?
Hair • Originates in the hair follicle
Shaft • An epidermal penetration into the
Hair
Follicle dermis
• Stratum basale (basal layer) of each
follicle has actively dividing cells that
will keratinize
• Melanocytes in the basal layer produce
melanin

Hair
Root
 How does hair get its color?
• Originates in the hair follicle
• An epidermal penetration into the
dermis
Hair • Stratum basale (basal layer) of each
Papilla follicle has actively dividing cells that
will keratinize
• Melanocytes in the basal layer produce
melanin

Melanocyte
What causes hair to have different textures?
• Medulla (C)
• Central core
• Made up of large cells and air spaces
• Cortex (B)
• Several layers of flattened cells
• Cuticle (A)
• Heavily keratinized cells
• Overlap one another like roof shingles
• Keeps inner hair layers compact
• Wearing away of the cuticle at the tip
causes “split ends”
 What causes hair to have different textures?
• Medulla (C)
Healthy • Central core
hair • Made up of large cells and air spaces
• Cortex (B)
Conditioner works by filling in the
• Several layers of flattened cells
“gaps” in the “shingles”
• Cuticle (A)
• Heavily keratinized cells
Damaged • Overlap one another like roof shingles
hair • Keeps inner hair layers compact
• Wearing away of the cuticle at the tip
causes “split ends”
 What causes hair to have different textures?
Hair texture determined by shape of hair follicle which influences shape and
structure of the hair cortex and medulla as hair grows
What is happening with goosebumps?
• Arrector pili muscle
• Small band of smooth muscle
attached to each hair follicle
• Pulls hair upright when person is:
• Cold, to trap warm air close to
body
• Frightened, in response to the
hormone adrenaline
 Hair is composed primarily of ________.

melanin keratin

carotene karats
"Goosebumps" are caused by contractions of the ________.

Eccrine (Sweat) Glands Apocrine (Sweat) Glands

Arrector Pili Muscles Canadian Geese