NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology

Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
LECTURE ACTIVITIES NO. 5
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Name: Santiago, Prancheska Abigayle P. Section: 12 Date Submitted: October 03, 2020

I. INTRODUCTION
The integumentary system serves various vital functions for the human body which
include protection, sensation, temperature regulation and excretion among others. It
consists of the skin and accessory structures, such as hair, glands, and nails.
II. ACCOMPLISH THE ACTIVITY TABLE 1.

GUIDE QUESTIONS ANSWERS

5.01A. Describe the general functions of
the integumentary system.
5.02A. Describe the structure and function
of the epidermis.
5.02B. Describe the epidermal strata and
relate them to the process of keratinization.
5.02C. Describe the structure and discuss
the function of the dermis.
A collection of the body’s hair, skin, nails, and skin-based
glands, the integumentary system provides a layer of
protection from the outside world. It serves as a first-line
of defense against bacteria, viruses, and other harmful
microorganisms. It is also responisble for storing water,
fat, glucose, and vitamin D. It has sensory receptors that
can detect heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain. And has
excretion and temperature regulation.
The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a
waterproof barrier, creates our skin tone, and resists
abrasion. The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains
tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is made of
fat and connective tissue.
The epidermis is composed of distinct layers called
strata. It is : stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum
granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The dermis is divided into a papillary region and a
reticular region. It contains contains hair roots,
sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nerves, and blood
vessels. The primary function of the dermis is to cushion
the body from stress and strain, and to also provide:
elasticity to the skin, a sense of touch, and heat.

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Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
5.02D. Explain how melanin, blood,
carotene, and collagen affect skin color.
5.03A. Describe the structure and discuss
the function of the subcutaneous tissue.
5.04A. Describe the structure of a hair and At any given time, a random number of hairs will be in
discuss the phases of hair growth.
5.04B. Name the glands of the skin and
describe the secretions they produce.
5.04C. Describe the parts of a nail and
explain how nails grow.
Carotene is an orange-yellow pigment that accumulates
in epidermal cells and fatty tissue of the
dermis. Blood supply affects skin
color because blood contains red blood cells with
hemoglobin (a red pigment). Increased blood flow to
the skin results in a flushed appearance.Melaninis the
group of pigments primarily responsible for skin, hair,
and eye color. Skin collagen molecules connect to each
other and form a matrix, which includes other molecules,
thus creating the skin organ.
The subcutaneous tissue is essential because of its role in
padding the body. This enables it to protect the bones,
muscles, and organs under the skin from physical
damage. It does this by storing excess fat around the
body in the subcutaneous layer, to cushion the body and
protect it from injury.
one of three stages of growth and shedding: anagen,
catagen, and telogen. Anagen is the active phase of the
hair. The cells in the root of the hair are dividing rapidly.
Scalp hair stays in this active phase of growth for two to
six years.
Sebaceous glands are the oil secreting glands of your
body. This is why they are also called the
oil glands. They are a type of holocrine simple saccular
(alveolar) gland. Their function is to secrete a substance
called sebum, a mixture of fatty substances, entire
sebum-producing cells, and epithelial cell
debris.Eccrinesweat glands are simple, coiled, tubular
glands and release sweat by merocrine secretion. They
produce a secretion that is mostly water with a few salts.
A fingernail consists of several parts including the nail
plate , the nail bed, the cuticle, the nail folds, the lunula
and the matrix. The average growth rate for nails is 0.1
mm each day (or 1 centimeter in 100 days). The exact rate
of nail growth depends on numerous factors including
the age and sex of the individual and the time of year.
Fingernails generally grow faster in young people, in
males, and in the summer. Fingernails grow faster than
toenails. The fingernails on the right hand of a
righthanded person grow faster than those on their left
hand, and vice versa.
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
5.05A. Discuss the specific functions of
skin, hair, glands, and nails.
1. Skin
Protection: Skin gives an anatomical barrier between the
internal and external environment in bodily defense;
Langerhans cells in the skin are part of the immune
system.
Sensation: Skin contains a variety of nerve endings that
react to heat, cold, touch, pressure, vibration, and tissue
injury.
Heat regulation: The skin contains a blood supply far
greater than its requirements which allows precise
control of energy loss by radiation, convection and
conduction. Dilated blood vessels increase perfusion and
heat loss while constricted vessels greatly reduce
cutaneous blood flow and conserve heat. Erector pili
muscles are significant in animals.
2. Hair
Hair on the scalp provides insulation from cold for the
head. The hair of eyelashes and eyebrows helps keep
dust and perspiration out of the eyes, and the hair in our
nostrils helps keep dust out of the nasal cavities.
3. Glands
There are four types of glands in the integumentary
system: sudoriferous (sweat) glands, sebaceous glands,
ceruminous glands, and mammary glands. These are all
exocrine glands, secreting materials outside the cells and
body. Sudoriferous glands are sweat producing glands.
These are important to help maintain body temperature.
Sebaceous glands are oil producing glands which help
inhibit bacteria, keep us waterproof and prevent our hair
and skin from drying out. Ceruminous glands produce
earwax which keeps the outer surface of the eardrum
pliable and prevents drying. Mammary glands produce
milk.
4. Nails
The fingernail generally serve two purposes. It serves as
a protective plate and enhances sensation of the fingertip.
The protection function of the fingernail is commonly
known, but the sensation function is equally important.
The fingertip has many nerve endings in it allowing us to
receive volumes of information about objects we touch.
The nail acts as a counterforce to the fingertip providing
even more sensory input when an object is touched.
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
5.06A. Explain how the integumentary
system can be used as a diagnostic aid.
5.07A. Classify burns on the basis of the Burns are classified as first-, second-, or third-degree,
amount of skin damage produced.
5.08A. Name and define the types of skin
cancer.
5.09A. List the changes the integumentary Blood flow decreases and skin becomes thinner due to
system undergoes with age.
The integumentary system is useful in diagnosis because
it is observed easily and often reflects events occurring in
other parts of the body. For example the sudden change
of skin color, hair falling, and what the white dots
indicates in the nails.
depending on how deep and severe they penetrate the
skin's surface.
1. First-degree (superficial) burns it affect only the
epidermis, or outer layer of skin. The burn site is red,
painful, dry, and with no blisters. Mild sunburn is an
example. Long-term tissue damage is rare and usually
consists of an increase or decrease in the skin color.
2. Second-degree -(partial thickness) burns involve the
epidermis and part of the dermis layer of skin. The burn
site appears red, blistered, and may be swollen and
painful.
3. Third-degree (full thickness) burns destroy the
epidermis and dermis. Third-degree burns may also
damage the underlying bones, muscles, and tendons. The
burn site appears white or charred. There is no sensation
in the area since the nerve endings are destroyed.
1. Basal cell carcinoma: Basal cell carcinoma begins in
the basal cells — a type of cell within the skin that
produces new skin cells as old ones die off. Basal cell
carcinoma often appears as a slightly transparent bump
on the skin, though it can take other forms.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: Squamous cells are thin,
flat cells that look like fish scales, and are found in the
tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the
hollow organs of the body, and the lining of the
respiratory and digestive tracts.
3. Malignant melanoma:Melanoma, also known
as malignant melanoma, is a type of skin cancer that
develops from the pigment-producing cells known as
melanocytes. Melanomas typically occur in the skin but
may rarely occur in the mouth, intestines or eye
(uveal melanoma).
decreased amounts of collagen. Decreased activity of
sebaceous and sweat glands make temperature
regulation more difficult, and loss of elastic fibers cause
skin to sag and wrinkle
III. CONCLUSION: Make general
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
statement (Maximum of three sentences on what you have learned on this activity.
The integumentary system acts as a barrier and protection for our body. It covers the whole of
our body which plays a very significant and important role to among the 11 body systems. And
how we take care of our skin, hair, and nails could give a possible feedback to the people we
encounter everyday.

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Biofacultymember2020