Final Paper

Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-RPAF
MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

Document Title: Research Proposal Application Form
Lucena City
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An Autonomous University
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Effectivity Date: August 2017

DR. CESAR A. VILLARIBA RESEARCH AND
Prepared by: DCAVRKMI
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE
Reviewed by: QMR
Approved by: President

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PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF FINANCIAL INSTABILITY TO JEEPNEY DRIVERS

DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
A Research Study presented to the Basic Education-Senior High School Department
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
Lucena City
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Course
Practical Research I
By:
De Mesa, James Paul D. Magno, Aldwinson A. Mirasol, Angeline Joy A.
Gregg, Jose Magadia, Geselle S.
November 2021
Acknowledgment
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Dedication
This study is dedicated to those who are in despair, those who are bereaved, and those who are
suffering as a result of the pandemic. For everyone who persevered and inspired us to conduct
this research. The completion of this research study would not have been possible without the
participation of all members of Group 1 STEM11A6 who gave their all to carry out this study, as
well as the assistance of our understanding and skilled research teacher, Ms. Hazel Flancia. The
group would like to express their heartfelt gratitude and indebtedness to everyone who has
contributed to this study. We also thank God for the wonderful wisdom and knowledge that was
given to us and served as a bridge in carrying out this research.
Cordially,
STEM11A6, Group 1
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Setting …………………………………………….… Page 4-12
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature and Studies………………..…………….. … Page 13-31
Chapter 3: Research Methodology …………………………………………………… Page 31-38
References…………………………………………….……………………………… Page 39-47
Research Instrument …………………………………………….…………………… Page 48-53
Curriculum Vitae …………………………………………….……………………… Page 54-58
List of Figures
Figure # 1: Conceptual Framework ………………………………………………..… Page 10
(Psychological Impact of Financial Instability to Jeepney drivers)
Figure# 2: Satellite Map of Lucena City ……………………………………………….. Page 35
List of Tables
Table # 1: Demographics Table for Questionnaires ……………………………… ……. Page 53

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Chapter 1
The Problem and its Setting
INTRODUCTION
Financial Instability is the main issue our country have, which leads to poverty and the
need to figure out how to get by in the face of adversity. As a result of not finishing school and a
lack of opportunity, many of us are unable to find adequate employment; so, the majority of
individuals are looking for alternative sources of income, such as working as a public
transportation driver.
Even without a pandemic, financial instability can be witnessed. To put it another way, the
crisis that many of us are facing has gotten worse as a result of our economy being shut down to
protect our lives and health. And Jeepney drivers are among the most impacted; they have
endured a great deal, not just because of a shortage of income, but also because of too much
thinking on how they used to live has harmed their mental health.
According to Alegado and Alonzo (2020) conducted article, some of the 600,000 or so
jeepney drivers nationwide have built small online businesses or pivoted to delivery services. But
like many informal workers, most are strapped for cash and ill-suited for hi-tech services, leaving
some to beg for money got back on the road, Floranda (2020). Earnings are down by 50% with
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so few people venturing out, Serapion (2020). Hence, with the economy stagnating and Jeepney
drivers refusing to travel, they attempted a variety of things to make ends meet, and when they
returned, half of their typical revenue was all they had.
The reason for performing this study is to give hope and a way forward in life to those who
are already struggling due to over-thinking about how and where else to earn a living. Good
mental health allows for cognitive and emotional flexibility, which are the basis for social skills
and resilience in the face of stress (Euro World Health Organization, [WHO]).
This mental capital is vitally important for the healthy functioning of families, communities
and society, Prince M et al. No health without mental health . Our main goal is to instill hope in
them as soon as they recognize their capacity and path forward. Positive mental health is a state
of well-being in which an individual recognizes his or her own potential, is able to cope with
daily pressures, is able to work successfully and fruitfully, and is able to contribute to his or her
community, (Euro World Health Organization, [WHO])
This research focuses on the Psychological Impact of Financial Instability in Jeepney drivers.
The researchers will conduct a counseling with a select group of people, and researchers will
provide him - his suggestion for assisting and meeting their needs.
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study aimed to determine the Psychological effect on Financial Instability of
Jeepney Drivers during the COVID - 19 Pandemic.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. What difficulties do Jeepney drivers encounter as a result of COVID - 19 Pandemic?
2. How financial instability affect their mental health?
3. What assistance can be given to pandemic - affected Jeepney Drivers?
4. What are Jeepney drivers coping methods in the event of pandemic?
5. What were Jeepney drivers experiences throughout the pandemic

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
We all know that a lack of money makes it difficult to fulfill daily necessities and to do
other activities that are beneficial to a person's mental health. Lack of money can produce a
psychological impact on a person due to the mental and excessive tension that comes with it.
Owing to this, the researchers believes there is a way to assist people who are experiencing
financial difficulties in finding solutions and improving their mental health. Therefore, the
researchers believes that people who have emotional or mental problems will need assistance in
order to avoid a painful incident, and that there are appropriate approaches and solutions to assist
them.
This research is seen to be significant to the following:
1. To Jeepney drivers, who do not earn enough money and are having mental and emotional
problems as a result of their financial challenges. This is to ensure that, Jeepney drivers can learn
about different ways to earn money and how to eliminate negative thoughts in their minds.
2. To family of the Jeepney drivers, who would be interested in learning how their parent or
spouse earns money. This is to ensure that, they can be aware of the areas in which their parent
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or spouse is experiencing difficulties, as well as to help their relationship become more resilient
to life's challenges.
3. To society, who wants to be receptive to the effects of a lack of money on one's mentality.
This is to ensure that, we can assist anyone who is experiencing financial difficulties or mental
health challenges.
4. To the economy of our country, that is also having financial difficulties as a result of the
ongoing pandemic. This is to ensure that, Jeepney drivers will be provided jobs or income, which
will improve our country's economy.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
This study aims to know the financial stability and mental health of the Jeepney drivers
amidst the pandemic. The occurrence of financial instability has a psychological impact on a
person due to the mental and emotional stress that comes with it. The researchers, believe that
this phenomenon demands scientific inquiry in order to arrive at a proper solution. The
researchers will know how the Jeepney drivers budget their daily expenses and how their mental
health affects in life, in order to overcome these difficulties during the pandemic. To gained
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information or knowledge, that could be applied to aid Jeepney driver's problems and to the
future researcher's who may have the same topic, they will know about the Jeepney driver's
challenges that may encounter in amidst the pandemic that results in financial stability and their
mental health.
The study will take place at Lucena City, which we believe is the optimal location for
our chosen Jeepney driver, and will include a route from the site to Bayan (vice versa). The study
will last for a month, during which time researchers will gather data that will strengthen our
research; the approach that the researchers will employ to collect data is an interview. The
research is delimited to external factors that may contribute to financial instability, as well as
financial instability that affects a person's mental health. Their families, the economy, and the
environment in which they live or work are all examples of external forces.
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
INPUT OUTPUT
PROCESS
 Jeepney drivers  The researchers

of Lucena City understand the
that travel from psychological
Site to Bayan
Set of question problems that
(vice versa) 
Jeepney drivers
 Background story for the Interview are experiencing
of Jeepney
drivers living in  Program and
the midst of ideas presented
pandemic and it for Jeepney
affects in their drivers who
mental health experience
financial
instability and
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework on the Psychological Impact of Financial Instability on
Jeepney drivers who travel from Site to Bayan (vice versa) at Lucena City as basis for
developing ideas and program in helping Jeepney drivers find another way to cope up in life.
The primary goal of this research is to discover the psychological effects of financial
instability on Jeepney drivers, as well as how the researcher may assist them mentally and
financially. The conceptual framework depicts the steps used by the researchers to assess the
psychological effects of financial instability on Jeepney drivers in Lucena City. The respondents
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were given a set of questions to answer verbally using a social media platform, therefore the
interview was conducted via video call. The researchers were able to evaluate the psychological
effects of financial insecurity on Jeepney drivers based on the results of the interview.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
To understand the study more, the following terms will be conceptually and operationally
defined:
Adversity: a state or instance of serious or continued difficulty or misfortune. In this study, it
refers to problems that Jeepney drivers may face throughout their lives
Adequate: enough for some need or requirement. In this study, it refers to Jeepney drivers
unable to obtain the suitability or appropriateness of a job or work
Eliminate: to remove or take away someone or something. In this study, it is used to determine
ways to eliminate or wipe away bad thoughts from Jeepney drivers' minds
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Emotional flexibility: the ability to flexibly regulate emotions in a context-appropriate manner,
and to recover from the primary emotional response when the context changes, thereby creating
a best possible match with the ever changing environment. In this study, it's used to emphasize
the significance of excellent mental health in relation to emotional situations.
Financial instability: problems (or concerns about potential problems) within institutions,
markets, payments systems, or the financial system in general significantly impair the supply of
credit intermediation services - so as to substantially impact the expected path of real economic
activity. In this study it's a difficulty that Jeepney drivers face, and it's one of the reasons why
psychological problems occur.
Instill: gradually but firmly establish (an idea or attitude, especially a desirable one) in a person's
mind. In this study, it is used to express how the researcher can deliver hope to Jeepney drivers
who are struggling in life.
Psychological Impact: pertaining to the mind or to mental phenomena as the subject matter of
psychology; pertaining to, dealing with, or affecting the mind, especially as a function of
awareness, feeling, or motivation. In this study, it pertains to the mental health of Jeepney drivers
who are affected by financial instability

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Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies
The researchers employ new methodologies, new knowledge, and even develops new tactics,
processes, or procedures throughout exploration. This study focuses in the elements that
contribute to mental health problems as well as the causes of financial instability. COVID-19 has
produced a pandemic, which has resulted in financial and mental health issues. Because of the
high frequency of mental health issues caused by a shortage of funds among Jeepney drivers,
researchers decided to perform a study on the psychological impact of financial instability on
Jeepney drivers. This chapter provides a brief overview of relevant literature and studies, both
domestic and international.
Experiences of Jeepney drivers during the Pandemic
After being disrupted in their daily routine due to the pandemic, truckers appeal to the
government for assistance. (Caymaniantimes, 2020 ). Those who live in "Dutch houses," as
locals refer to them, are helpless drivers of public utility jeeps that used to patrol the capital's
roadways prior to the outbreak. (Lucenio, 2020). The Philippine "Jeepney" driver is now begging
for money to feed his impoverished family on the streets of Manila. ( Lopez, 2020 ). Other
drivers wear plastic compartments and cardboard placards around their necks to catch passers-
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attention by's and compassion. As he sat inside his Jeepney, (Flores, 2020) told AFP, "We have
nothing left to spend." To offer the family some solitude — and a sense of safety from the virus
they think is waiting outside — flattened cardboard boxes cover the side windows and back
entrance. Flores has no idea when he'll be able to get behind the wheel again. He picks up odd
jobs from time to time, such as selling scrap metal, painting, or welding. However, it is
insufficient to feed his family (Arab News, 2021). Sesinando Bondoc, 73, began driving a
Jeepney at the age of 28 and believes it is hard for him to find another employment at his age.
Bondoc says his need to eat outweighs his fear of the virus or fast cars as he stands on the side of
a busy road in the scorching heat with other drivers begging for money (Arab News, 2021).
The government has provided money and food to the taxi drivers. However, it is insufficient
to compensate for their lost earnings (Arab News, 2021). To comply with social-distancing
requirements, drivers had to make their vehicles virus-proof by adding plastic seat dividers and
lowering capacity. Some people are concerned that they may never be able to drive again as the
government phase out smoke-belching Jeepneys 15 years and older (Arab News, 2021). Since
the lockout, some Jeepney drivers have devised new ways to meet their daily necessities and
cover their expenses. Some of them sell fruits and vegetables to supplement their diet.
Nobody relies on Jeepney drivers because they have nowhere to go. It's uncomfortable to
ask their relatives for aid every day, so the drivers summoned the bravery to seek assistance from
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others who are willing to assist them so they may eat. Other people would gladly offer a Jeepney
driver any amount of money, and they would gladly receive it in exchange for a meal. However,
they may only take once a day on occasion. This is how they feel during the lockdown. Some of
them claim that if their partner assists the Jeepney driver, they don't eat at all (Yahoo News,
2020). Even if the drivers are injured, they have little choice except to risk their lives by begging
for money to buy food for their families and eat. The government attempted to compensate them
financially, but it was insufficient (Yahoo News, 2020).
Public Transportation drivers experiences during the COVID-19 Pandemic
When the COVID-19 Pandemic spreads, Americans become panicked and rush to acquire
supplies, causing drivers to take longer to transport their shipments to retailers and put in more
hours. According to (Joseph, 2020), a driver must go in and out and has no control over the
situation. The job of a driver, according to Joseph, is a lonely one, especially because the new
normal for COVID-19 issues is social isolation. Due to the epidemic, many enterprises that trade
between Canada and the United States have closed their doors, despite the fact that drivers play
an important role in conveying the supplies that people require. (Cable News Network [CNN]
Business, 2020) spoke with a number of transporters about their ongoing conflicts. Many
claimed they operate under difficult conditions that include extended hours, crowded stops, and
difficulty finding food, as well as concerns about their safety and well-being. We're not medical
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services laborers, and we're not anything special. Is it necessary to maintain it, given what else
we've said we'll do now? (McFarland, 2020).
The Corona Virus pandemic has impacted taxi, limousine, and other transportation services.
Fares plummeted by more than two-thirds in March 2020 as a result of increased demand,
putting pressure on ride operators. The salary of taxi drivers has been impacted as a result of the
lockdown, which makes it difficult to operate. With the government's permission, a restricted
number of taxi firms are permitted to provide emergency services. Both drivers and passengers
are expected to maintain the greatest level of hygiene. Companies require drivers to adhere to all
etiquette while maintaining social distance from passengers and fellow drivers. To relieve the
ambulance services' workload, the taxi driver's company provides emergency transportation
services. (Technology Business Research [TBR] Company, 2020).
People should learn how to clean the fundamental items they used as a car to avoid the
infection from spreading. Sanitize any surfaces that people will come into contact with (Wiltshire,
2020). Individuals should pack hand sanitizer when traveling and utilizing public transportation,
wear the mask, and don't take it off (Wiltshire, 2020). If you come across a transporter while out
seeking for basic necessities, take advantage of the opportunity to show them some appreciation
by thanking them if you can (Padfield, 2020). "Keep putting in the miles and staying safe, and
we'll get through this together" (Peterson, 2020)

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Challenges faces by the Jeepney drivers during the Pandemic
The government imposes a strict curfew, culminating in the cancellation of the iconic
Philippine car "King of the Road." Many drivers are begging on the roads for a modest amount
of money from the government in the hopes of being able to drive again. The government has
plans and procedures in place to improve public transportation in the event of a pandemic,
including the phase-out of Jeepneys. This effort sought to modernize and improve passenger
safety and convenience. (Favila, 2020 ) The government should investigate the initiative,
according to (Recio, 2020), because low-income Jeepney drivers cannot afford the new vehicle.
For the Jeepney drivers, this will mean job loss and suffering. Life was difficult even prior to
COVID-19. It was bearable, however (Kalagayan, 2020) Jeepney drivers are now suffering not
just from their inability to drive, but also from the government's plan to evict all antiquated
vehicles such as Jeepneys. Drivers have no objections to modernizing the Jeepney, but they do
ask for some care during the pandemic.
The drivers and owners of the renowned Philippine Jeepneys are pleading to be allowed to
drive again in order to replace money lost due to the pandemic problem. However, according to
presidential spokesperson (Roque, 2020), due to high coronavirus rates, Jeepney drivers will not
be allowed to return to work. According to Harry Roque, the Jeepney was the last on their list to
return because of the heightened risk commuters face due to the cramped seating and close
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proximity of passengers.As the epidemic spread across the country, they were compelled to
abandon their regular routine in order to avoid seeing one another, resulting in a lack of funds to
spend with their families. Another source of concern for them is the government's plan to
modernize vehicles this year. They are concerned that they will no longer be able to drive. The
program was supposed to end this year, but the government has yet to say whether or not the
deadline will be extended (Calleja, 2020).
Challenges faced by the Public Transportation drivers outside the country
Obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes are all problems that many commercial drivers
encounter. They are at a greater risk of getting COVID-19 because of these circumstances. This
stress, combined with health issues, has placed additional mental and physical demands on
drivers, putting them at greater risk for COVID-19. When drivers become ill, it affects everyone.
At truck stops and delivery stops, people will come into contact with these drivers. If they are
severely sick, their driving abilities may be hampered, and when they come home, they risk
infecting their family and friends (Emerly, 2020).
COVID-19 deaths have not been reported by drivers in the Washington region, according to
several local industry executives. However, according to reports from transit, ridesharing, and
taxi drivers across the country, the virus is killing people. To provide some business to the
drivers, local governments established giving programs that provide transportation for low-
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income individuals, retirees, or people with special needs (Lazo. 2020). Taxi drivers are
considered one of Washington's frontline workers. Coronavirus caused problems for drivers in
Washington. The drivers are frightened to risk their life, but the government of Washington has
not desolate them by offering temporary jobs.According to (Farrel, 2020), for clear
communication about all of the COVID-19 related changes, drivers are looking for assistance.
As the COVID-19 Pandemic spreads, drivers are searching for more than simply money.
They want assurance, help, and security for their own businesses. Companies should not abandon
them and should supply all of their needs (Lazo. 2020). No one should be left behind in the event
of a pandemic. Vehicles haven't benefited from the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it's doing a
lot worse now. They stated that the gross appointment of their rides business fell by 75% in the
three months to June compared to the same period a year ago, from $12.2 billion to just $3
billion. In the three months leading up to June, be presenting gross appointment numbers to its
finance specialists have announced a 60 percent decline in the number of dynamic riders on the
stage, from 21.8 million a year ago to 8.7 million this year (Farrel, 2020).
Jeepeney drivers coping techniques during the Pandemic
During pandemic, people across the country are concerned and agree to help one another and
do the right thing as much as possible (Preidt, 2020). Some people have remained to work
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despite the risks, putting in longer hours, keeping things under control for parts, and earning less
money. The haulers continued their work after everyone was frightened and sitting at home.
What can people eat if the drivers stay at home? So they need to keep their wheels turning to
provide for our daily necessities, since without them, we wouldn't have anything to buy, and if
we didn't have anything to buy, we wouldn't have anything to eat (Karim & Tkach, 2020).
They can contract several germs that cause COVID-19, and they can also infect their
relatives. So, despite the fact that it was difficult for each driver to quit working, they did so for
the sake of their families' safety (Conger & May, 2020). Transporters have continued to travel to
regions where the vast majority of us are not authorized, and the shipping industry's importance
has been on display for the past six months. (Global News, 2020) "When everyone was nervous,
sitting at home, and we were similar to drivers," "How can people eat if drivers are sitting at
home?" (Jhinger, 2020 ).
Expanding sanitation and hygiene is essential, and it is part of the Pandemic's messaging.
According to (Muzik, 2020), drivers are permitted to do so if they are provided with open
parking and a clean and sanitary environment. They will permit the drivers to park there (Kocher,
2020). The COVID-19 pandemic is more deadly and poses a larger risk. Contacting and
exposing a large number of people may not be enough to stop the virus from spreading. They
chose to drive rather than fly because travelers are aware of who they will touch.
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Assistance Jeepney drivers received during the Pandemic
The Kappa Chi Omega Sorority, a medical student and physician sisterhood, collaborated
with Tulong Kabataan Network on the project "Walang Ayuda, Walang Pasada: A Call for
Donations for Our Jeepney Drivers" (Rappler, 2020).
The project aims to raise funds for Jeepney drivers in Barangay Central, Quezon City, the
University of the Philippines – Diliman, EBODA (Espanya Blumentritt Operator and Drivers
Association), and SANTABAK (Samahan ng Nagkakaisang Tsuper ng Avenida at Baclaran),
whose livelihoods have been severely harmed by the lockdown. The money will go toward
disaster relief and the establishment of community kitchens in these communities (Rappler,
2020). The cash received will be utilized to give relief packs for the drivers, which will include
basic requirements. On June 27, University of Rizal System DOST pupils planned a relief effort
for 70 jeepney drivers from Luzon Eco Transport Services and Multi-Purpose Cooperative
(LETSMPC) who operate in Rizal province. Rice, canned items, coffee, noodles, and biscuits
were included in the relief packs distributed by the scholars. The DOST scholars stated that this
is not the last time their group will assist these drivers (Rappler, 2020).
Financial Instability and Mental Health (LOCAL STUDIES)
The majority of respondents spent an average of 0-9 hours on social media to gather
information and news during the early phase of the lockdowns in the Philippines. Those who had
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access to current information and were satisfied with it had less psychological impact and lower
stress, anxiety, and depression levels. Many people still feel the need for more up-to-date
information. They had anxiety and a mild psychological impact, which could indicate "headline
stress disorder" (Dong and Zeng, 2020). Panic and tension can be reduced by sharing appropriate
and unambiguous information (Hiremath et al., 2020).
In prior pandemic, the mandated quarantine has been connected to negative psychological
impacts such as anxiety of contracting the infection and transferring it to family members,
annoyance and boredom from being isolated, duration of uncertainty, and lack of basic
necessities (Brooks et al., 2020). While isolation may be a necessary preventive measure,
(Brooks et al. 2010) found that providing enough information, opening lines of communication,
and providing critical supplies to persons who are confined can enhance psychosocial outcomes.
Our findings backed up Hypothesis and were in line with prior studies (Aruta-Lam et.al.)
that found people with financial problems had lower quality of life. Extending this line of study,
we found that psychological distress partially mediated the detrimental impact of financial
troubles on quality of life during the COVID19 crisis, supporting Hypothesis. Previous study has
indicated that financial issues have a direct impact on people's quality of life (Lam et al., 2017),
and that a reduction in quality of life is linked to psychological discomfort in their daily lives
(Floyd, et al.).
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Indeed, because to the impact of the COVID19 crisis on the Philippine economy, the
negative impact of financial issues on Filipinos' mental health and quality of life may have been
more prominent. In April 2020, nationwide data suggested that unemployment had risen to 18%
(7.3 million job losses) (Philippine Statistics Authority [PSA], 2020), and a survey revealed that
unemployment had risen to 46% in July 2020 (Social Weather Stations, 2020). Given the
country's frightening unemployment rate during the epidemic, it's not surprise that Filipinos who
lose their jobs confront mental health issues and a decrease in their quality of life.
Financial Instability and Mental Health (FOREIGN STUDIES)
Mental well-being and financial security are inextricably intertwined. A mental illness can
exacerbate financial strains, and a mental illness can exacerbate financial strains (Australian
Government; Department of Health [DOH], 2019). Our mental health is influenced by how we
interpret our financial condition. Even someone who pays off their debts on a regular basis may
have ongoing mental and emotional suffering as a result of their personal affairs (Australian
Government DOH, 2019).
People who are having financial difficulties report that their mental health is suffering as a
result. According to Stats Canada, over 48% of Canadians have lost sleep due to financial
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anxieties, and 40% of Canadians (Ipsos, 2018) agree that their amount of debt is negatively
affecting their mental health.
According to a 2020 KFF Health Tracking Poll, households experiencing income or job loss
had at least one negative effect on their mental health. This included sleeping or eating
difficulties, increased alcohol or substance usage, and deteriorating chronic diseases (Fay, 2012).
However, this only leads to greater debt, which in turn leads to even more unhappiness and
despair. People don't care if their anguish is caused by debt or if debt is causing their pain at that
point (Fay, 2012).
Job stability was linked to financial stability as a stressor. Several parents stated that they
had lost income due to a job loss or a business shutdown. According to a 2010 survey conducted
by the American Psychological Association, 69 percent of parents believed that stress had little
or no effect on their children, whereas 91 percent of children noticed the impacts in their parents'
behavior, which included yelling and arguing. Young people who noticed their parents' tension
expressed sadness, worry, and frustration.
Unemployment, poverty, and family upheavals are all known to cause or exacerbate a
number of mental health issues, the most common of which are depression, suicide, and
alcoholism.
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In Greece, as well as other nations adopting austerity measures, such as Ireland and England,
an upsurge in suicide attempts and - perhaps - real suicides has recently been documented. This
study backs up previous assertions that the financial crisis is linked to an increase in suicide rates
in European countries. Unemployment is significantly linked to suicide; for every 1% increase in
unemployment, there is a 0.79 percent increase in suicides among people under the age of 65
(Christodoulou, 2013)
If someone has a mental illness and does not receive proper treatment, they may be forced to
take time from work or have difficulty holding a job. As people strive to pay debt payments on
top of living expenses while on a fixed or limited salary, this can have a significant impact on
their income and financial security (Scott, 2021)
Some signs that financial stress is affecting your mental well being include: arguing with the
people closest to you about money, having trouble sleeping, feeling angry or fearful, mood
swings, tiredness, loss of appetite, and withdrawing from other, (Australian Government DOH,
2019). Addressing financial problems early on can reduce their impact on mental health,
(Australian Government DOH, 2019).
 Health care is delayed because people who are already in financial distress tend to cut
corners in areas where they shouldn't, such as health care. According to Gallup's annual
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Health and Healthcare poll, 29 percent of American adults postponed medical treatment in
2018 due to expense.
 Poor mental health: The link between mental and financial health is often cyclical, with poor
financial health leading to poor mental health, which leads to even worse financial health,
and so on. Studies have shown for years that those who are in debt have greater rates of
mental health concerns such as depression and anxiety than those who are debt-free (Scott,
2021)
 Poor physical health: Chronic financial stress has been related to headaches, stomachaches,
migraines, heart disease, diabetes, sleep disorders, and other health issues, (Scott, 2021). Our
bodies do not have time to recuperate when we are constantly stressed, (Scott, 2021).
 Harmful coping practices: Financial stress can lead to a range of unhealthy behaviors,
including overeating, drinking, and using drugs. According to a 2014 APA survey, 33
percent of Americans said they ate unhealthy meals or ate too much to cope with stress.
(Scott, 2021)
Given the evidence on the influence of socio-ecological factors on psychological distress,
such as home safety, TPIs, and financial difficulties, as well as substantial evidence on the link
between psychological distress and quality of life (Aharon ,et.al)

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we the researcher hypothesize that psychological distress may serve as an underlying
mechanism that mediates the influence of socio-ecological factors on people's quality of life.
Filipinos, like people in many other nations, are still dealing with the COVID-19 outbreak.
One of the main traits of Filipino resiliency, according to (Dela Cruz, 2020), is hope. Hope is the
element that provides men in difficult situations their strength. These men's commitment to rise
above their experience and strive their hardest to become helpful again is strengthened by their
faith in God and love for their families. In other words, hope is what motivates Filipinos to stay
resilient throughout this pandemic, despite the dreadful situation we are in. Family, faith, and fun
are also important aspects in Filipino resiliency. Perhaps this is why the Filipinos are so resilient
and are able to see things in a positive light despite the many tragedies that befall their land
(Manuncia, 2019).
Hence, the optimal psychological response to the pandemic would be to strengthen one's
psychological resiliency, which is described as the ability to maintain or recover psychological
well-being while facing or following stressful situations. This can be accomplished by reducing
the risk of psychopathology and mental dysfunction in those who have been exposed to the virus
or who live in the affected areas. The health-care regulatory agencies should inform the public
that the risk of infection may persist for a long period, but that the government will protect the
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country (J Biol &Med Res, 2020 ). Moreover, people should be given a hope that everything will
become normal and controlled with the passage of time (Khan et al, 2020).
Ways to deal with Mental Health issues caused by the Financial Instability
The impact of financial conditions on mental health, such as safety, capability, and
distress, can be reduced by ensuring greater economic security and better protection against
income shocks. More equitable access to health insurance, as indicated by (Liu, 2016), may also
be a solution because these advantages manifest in a reduction in the requirement for costly
income smoothing techniques. The issue of improving financial situations may be scrutinized
more closely in the United States, where the health repercussions of a negative income shock are
substantially more severe than in other industrialized countries due to the country's poorer
welfare state (Burgard et al., 2013). Because of the limited effectiveness of such savings in
shaping positive health behaviors (Betz-Hamilton et al.) positive benefits can be achieved by
promoting financial literacy (e.g., including in the school curriculum, providing credit
counseling). Financial literacy improves financial behaviors and reduces financial distress
(Biawolski et.al) which can affect mental and physical health. This contribution could be direct,
as evidenced by studies from our and other researchers demonstrating a temporal link between
financial difficulty and clinical depression. It could also be indirect, because stress in general,
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and financial stress in particular, has been linked to a variety of health problems, including
cardiovascular disease (Cohen, et al),
The researchers looked at the potential links between personal health and financial
circumstances, including the three components of financial security – financial safety, financial
capability, and financial distress – as well as a summary measure of financial security. The
researchers employed both self-reported health measures and objectively evaluated health
outcomes derived from insurance claims diagnostic information (Elsevier B.V., 2021). The
researchers controlled for individual earnings (using information on wage bands provided by the
employer) as well as a self-reported measure of wealth because our analyses focused on
perceived financial situations and we wanted to present results that were independent of the
objective financial status (i.e., possession of a house). The findings reveal that all dimensions of
financial security were prospectively linked to the probability of clinical depression as well as
self-reported mental and physical wellbeing (Elsevier B.V., 2021).
Through its function as the link between medicine and society, psychiatry can actively foster
resilience and support positive mental health. It can enable people to be active participants in
their own healthcare and the health service as a whole by boosting patient advocacy
(Christodoulou, 2013). Through the promotion of social networks, psychiatry can promote
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solidarity, altruism, and social inclusion, as well as increase social capital. Psychotherapy can
also help with resilience and happiness (Christodoulou, 2013).
Through its holistic, biopsychosocial, and person-centered ethos, psychiatry can react to the
challenges provided by economic crises. (Christodoulou, 2013). Promoting advocacy and
empowerment on a personal level, as well as solidarity and social cohesion on a societal level,
are important steps (Christodoulou, 2013). Furthermore, mental health specialists can assist
persons who are experiencing economic hardships in building resilience and mental capital. In
times of financial crisis, mental illness prevention and promotion should be fundamental aspects
of clinical management and service planning. (Christodoulou, 2013).
Researchers findings add to the growing body of evidence that subjective financial
circumstances can both nurture and safeguard mental health. Researchers findings specifically
show that financial safety and security, as well as financial capacity (i.e., the ability to make wise
financial decisions), have protective roles against depression diagnosis (Elsevier B.V., 2021).
This study discovered temporal impacts for both mental and physical health self-reports, with a
clear evidence of a larger link with the mental health outcome (Elsevier B.V., 2021). These
effects were observed for both good and unfavorable financial conditions, with the protective
impacts of favorable financial conditions being larger than the detrimental repercussions of
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financial distress (Elsevier B.V., 2021). This finding on the asymmetry between the effect sizes
of positive and negative financial stimuli was consistent( Bialowolski et al., 2021)
Chapter 3
Research Methodology
This chapter includes the research methodology of the dissertation. In more details, in this
part the author outlines the geographical area where the study conducted, the study design, the
population sample, the data collection procedure and instrument, as well as the data analysis plan
are described.
Research Design
The qualitative approach was used. According to the blog site QuestionPro, qualitative
research is a market research method that focuses on gathering information through open-ended
and conversational communication. The research design will be phenomenological.
Phenomenology is a qualitative research design that focuses on the shared experience of a group
of people. The design’s primary goal is to arrive at a description of the nature of the specific
phenomenon (Creswell, 2013).

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The researchers chose phenomenology as the research design because it will allow the
researchers to understand how the Jeepney drivers deal with unavoidable events in their live
during the pandemic, such as the psychological impact of financial instability to Jeepney drivers.
The researchers primary goal in collecting the information and data they needed for this study
was to seek out individual narratives of their experiences and feelings. The phenomenological
research design is one that can provide the researchers with the information they require,
especially it is deal for this study.
Research Sample
The researchers rely on their own judgement; when it comes to selecting persons or
respondents for the population to engage in the data collection the researchers conducting. The
researchers, favor purposive sampling as a sample technique. The researchers conducting a study
that is linked to mental health, there is a growing awareness of the study of psychiatric symptoms
in the context of daily life and the researchers will make a powerful and important contribution
to their study by employing experience. To do so, researchers need respondents who are linked
on the study researchers picked and who will supply the data to backup the researchers findings.
Purposive sampling undoubtedly aid the researchers in extracting a great deal of information
from the data the researcher they’ll be collecting. This will also enable the researchers to explain
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the significance of their findings. Finding that are also in accordance with the researchers
preferences; something the researcher is looking for, respondents from purposive sampling can
provide.
The researcher’ steps for selecting informants are outlined below;
 The researchers shares further information on the study they’re working on.
 Based on the researchers' study's motive and intent
 Researchers identified the primary subject and where the study revolves
 The researchers concluded who their respondents were after learning the information stated
in the first statements.
The Jeepney drivers are the individuals or groups who will complete the interview or
provide data for the researchers' research. Researchers conducting a study on the lives and
experiences of Jeepney drivers, researchers based the level of experiences on the research
objective stated in Chapter 1. Jeepney drivers are logically the respondents required for this
study. When choosing respondents, the researcher considered only what was required and who
could provide the information the researchers required. Respondents in this study are Jeepney
drivers because they are the primary subject and the study revolves around them. A sample size
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of 5-10 Jeepney drivers is sufficient to provide a manageable volume of data capable of
answering the research questions.
Respondents must meet certain requirements in order to be considered for inclusion in the
study;
 Jeepney driver who travel from Site to Bayan (vice versa)
 Jeepney driver who have wife and kids
 Age 30 to 50
 A jeepney driver with at least three years of driving experience
 Jeepney driver who struggles making money in the midst of pandemic
 Jeepney drive who suffered heavily during the pandemic
Research Locale
The study will be carried out in Lucena City, specifically in Lucena City, on Jeepney drivers
who travel from Site to Bayan or from Bayan to Site. Because we are still in the midst of a
pandemic, we, the researchers will be using social media platforms to avoid virus transmission.
The investigation will take place in Lucena City, which the researchers believe is the best
location for their chosen Jeepney driver, with a route from the site to Bayan (vice versa). In
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addition to our chosen location, researchers will find it easier to determine where some Jeepney
drivers live because the study will be conducted in the same area where the researchers live, also
the majority of Jeepneys can be found in Lucena City.
Figure 2: Satellite map of Lucena City
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers will go to various terminals where Jeepney drivers normally go to gather
information needed to find support for the research instrument that the researchers will be using.
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Following that, the researchers will build their research instrument. On data collection, the
researchers will first ask the Jeepney drivers if they can interview them about their experiences
during the pandemic and collect basic information about their daily lives using a consent form,
and if the respondent agrees with the researchers' conditions, the researchers will ask the Jeepney
drivers if recording is okay so that they can better communicate their stories and experiences
during the pandemic. The interviews will take place one at a time. The researchers put in time,
effort, and collaboration to create questionnaires with clear and simple language that would be
distributed to the intended respondents, who are Jeepney drivers. The survey will be carried out
by utilizing appropriate questions adapted from related studies as well as individual questions
devised by the researcher; the majority of the questions are constructed and are dichotomous
questions to which the respondents will be able to respond.
Research Instrument
The research instrument for this study will be an interview. Interviews are especially
useful for learning the story behind a participant's experiences and gathering in-depth
information about a subject (Quad, 2016). This study's main topic is mental health, which is a
delicate issue. The interview was chosen by the researchers in order to discuss each question that
the researchers will ask Jeepney drivers in a proper and calm manner. Face-to-face interviews are
a better and more efficient way to collect data, but due to the pandemic we are currently facing, it
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will be done via video call using some of the social media platforms. Using interviews as
research instrument, researchers will discover gestures and expressions that will provide
psychological answers to their questions. Sincerity is very important when it comes to mental
matters, particularly how a person feels in question; this is also something that researchers take
into account.
Data Analysis Plan
The researchers will organize and analyze the data after it has been collected. A textual
presentation will be used for the data analysis presentation. Thematic analysis will be used to
examine the data. Thematic analysis is a technique for analyzing qualitative data. It is usually
applied to a group of texts, such as interview transcripts. The researcher carefully examines the
data to identify common themes – topics, ideas, and patterns of meaning that appear repeatedly
(Caufield, 2021). The researchers will highlight the most important points in the answer, and the
researchers will create a theme. Before beginning to analyze individual items, researchers will
first get a thorough overview of all the data they collected. The data will be coded by the
researchers. Coding is the process of highlighting sections of a text – usually phrases or
sentences (Caufield, 2021). Following that, researchers will go over the codes they've created,
identify patterns in the data collected, and begin to develop themes. Many of us are aware that
reading and focusing on a purely text-based paper is uninteresting, and literacy barriers are also
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an issue. Researchers will only enter information that is absolutely necessary, and they will
ensure that the information provided is simple to understand.
Conclusion
A qualitative, phenomenological research design was used by the researchers. The
researchers will administer questionnaires via interview to 5-10 Jeepney drivers in order to
collect data. The questionnaires are made up of open-ended questions. Respondents should be
Jeepney drivers who travel from Site to Bayan (and vice versa), Jeepney drivers between the
ages of 30 and 50, Jeepney drivers with at least three years of driving experience, Jeepney
drivers who struggle to make ends meet during the pandemic, and Jeepney drivers who suffered
greatly during the pandemic.
Permission and consent will be obtained from the respondents themselves. The researchers
will maintain anonymity and confidentiality during the administration of questions via interview
and recording. To ensure the validity of the survey, questionnaires will be distributed to
respondents.
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Lucena City
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QUALITY FORM
Journal Reference
(Online based)
55. Betz-Hamilton et al., 2019 (A.E. Betz-Hamilton, L. Brooks, B. O'Neill)

Savings, investments, emergency funds, and cash flow: are they related to health behaviors? J.
Fam. Consum. Sci., 111 (2019), pp. 31-37, 10.14307/jfcs111.3.31
56. Bialowolski et al., 2021 (P. Bialowolski, D. Weziak-Bialowolska, E. McNeely)

The role of financial fragility and financial control for well-being
Soc. Indicat. Res. (2021), 10.1007/s11205-021-02627-5
57. Bialowolski et al., 2021 (P. Bialowolski, D. Weziak-Bialowolska, E. McNeely)

A socially responsible financial institution – The bumpy road to improving consumer well-being
Eval. Progr. Plann., 86 (2021), p. 101908, 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2021.101908
58. Creswell, J.W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among the Five
Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. (pp. 77-83)
59. Cohen et al., 2015 (B.E. Cohen, D. Edmondson, I.M. Kronish)

State of the art review: depression, stress, anxiety, and cardiovascular disease
Am. J. Hypertens., 28 (2015), pp. 1295-1302, 10.1093/ajh/hpv047
60. Maxwell, J.A. (2013). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach. Thousand
Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. (pp. 135-136)
61. Patel et al., 2016 (M.R. Patel, D.J. Kruger, S. Cupal, M.A. Zimmerman)
Effect of financial stress and positive financial behaviors on cost-related nonadherence to health
regimens among adults in a community-based setting
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QUALITY FORM
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
Respondent’s Name: ____________ Researchers/Interviewers: James Paul De Mesa,

Jose Gregg, Aldwinson Magno,
Geselle Magadia, Angeline Mirasol
Address: ______________________ Date:______________
Dear Mam/Sir,
We’re conducting a survey to learn more about the Psychological Impact of Financial Instability
to Jeepney drivers. We would highly appreciate it if you could complete the accompanying
questionnaire, and you could respond to the questions as soon as we send it to you. Your
responses will be extremely helpful to our research. Answer every question to the best of your
ability. Because relatively small number of people are being surveyed, your response is really
essential to us. Of course, your responses will be kept private, and this questionnaire is
anonymous. Please accept our gratitude in advance for your time and effort.
Cordially,
STEM11A6 G1 Researchers
Lucena City
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QUALITY FORM
Please answer all of the questions below and feel free to give any additional information in the
space provided. Answer the questions below to share your opinions and ideas regarding the
Psychological Impact of Financial Instability to Jeepney drivers.
We have faced many challenges during this pandemic; please share your experience by
answering the question below.
1. Was your situation difficult during the pandemic? In what way?
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Where do you get money to meet your family's needs?
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
We all know how difficult it is to live without money; the wants and needs of life cannot be
purchased; how does this affect your mental health? Share it by answering the following
question.
1. What were your thoughts when you didn't have enough money to meet your family's needs?
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QUALITY FORM
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. What are the things that bother your mind?
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. The economic trend, in particular, has come to a halt. How did you feel in the midst of the
pandemic?
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. How the government give assistance to you who need and experiencing financial difficulties?
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Everything gradually returned to normal, but some issues remained. How do you think we
can assist you? Share your thoughts by answering the question below.
1. How is your income? What do you believe you require?

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______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. In what ways do you believe you can be assisted in meeting your needs?
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Everyone's situation has been difficult during the pandemic, regardless of economic status;
how did you survive? Answer the question below to share your answer.
1. What were some of the things that inspired you?
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. What alternative thing did you do to make money in the midst of a pandemic?
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Many things have happened to us, and during the pandemic, what have you felt, thought,
or lost? Please share your response by answering the following question.

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1. We've been through a lot, but what experience can’t you forget about the COVID-19
pandemic?
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. What emotion prevailed in this incident or pandemic happened?
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Lucena City
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QUALITY FORM
DEMOGRAPHIC
Put a check mark to the attributes that are related to your personality.
1 Filipino: _
Ethnic Korean:_ _ Married
Marital Status _ Widowed
Chinese:_ _ Separated
Other:______ _ Never Married
2
Male:_ _ 1-2
Gender Female_ Number of children _ 3-5
Other _ 6 above
(Specify):_____
3
_ Below 15 _Less than high
_ 15-19 school degree
Age _ 20-25 Education _ High school degree
_26-30 _ Some college but
_ 30-39 no degree
_40-49 _ Graduate degree
_ 50 or older
4
_Bisaya _5
Spoken _ Pangasinense What do you think _4
language _ English the level of your _3
prefer _ Bicol stress? 5 is the _2
_ Filipino highest. 1 is the least _1
Others:_______
Lucena City
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QUALITY FORM
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: James Paul M. De Mesa
Place & Date of Birth: Lucena City, April 07,2005
Gender: Male
Religion: Roman Catholic
Address: 672 Brgy Gulang-Gulang, Regis Compound
Phone Number: 09296411908
Economic status: Middle Class
Nationality: Filipino
E-mail: jamespaul07demesa@gmail.com
Educational Background: Lucena West 1 Elementary School 2017),

Quezon National Highschool (2020-2021)
Academic Achievement/Extracurricular activities: N/A
Abilities: I can solve a rubics cube Motto: A "Problem" is not a

"Problem", as long as nobody sees it as one.
Lucena City
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QUALITY FORM
Name:Gregg Jose
Place & Date of Birth: Lucena City
Gender: Male
Religion: Catholic
Address: Mayao Crossing Lucena City
E-mail: greggjose29@gmail.com
Educational Background: Maryhill College Academic
Achievement/Extracurricular activities: Champion grade 6 intramural volleyball
Abilities: Basketball
Motto: When people want to bring you down, you are above them.
Lucena City
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QUALITY FORM
Name: Aldwinson magno
Place & Date of Birth: Laguna city, May 5, 2005
Gender: Male
Religion: Catholic
Address: San Pablo City
E-mail: aldwinsonm@gmail.com
Educational Background: Laguna College& Canossa College
Academic Achievement/Extracurricular activities:
Abilities: Basketball, Billiards, Skate
Motto: Last words are for fool who haven't said enough
Lucena City
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QUALITY FORM
Name: Geselle Magadia
Place & Date of Birth: Lucena City
Gender: Female
Address: Purok 1-B Ilaya Dalahican Lucena City
E-mail: gesellemagadia09@gmail.com
Educational Background: Dalahican Elementary School, Lucena Dalahican National High

School
Academic Achievement/Extracurricular activities:
Abilities: Watch Kdrama in 1 day, Dancing
Motto: I can do anything as long as I set my mind to it.

Lucena City
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QUALITY FORM
Name: Angeline Joy A. Mirasol
Place & Date of Birth: Lucena City; December 12, 2005
Gender: Female
Address: Brgy. Ibabang Dupay Red-V L.C, Purok Agawin
E-mail: angeline.mirasol12@gmail.com
Educational Background: San Antonio DCC (2009-2010), Lucena East VIII Elementary
School (2010-2017), Lucena City National High School (2017-2020)
Achievement/Extracurricular activities: DSPC Radio Broadcasting Filipino 2nd Place (Grade
9), English Quiz Bee 1st place (Grade 7,8 and 9)
Abilities: Write poem, short stories, sing a song, sketch, solve some things using observation, do
creative things without anything.
Motto: Don't be afraid to walk down scary paths, no matter how deep, high, or large they are.
Always keep in mind that God is the greatest.

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MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF FINANCIAL INSTABILITY TO JEEPNEY DRIVERS

A Research Study presented to the Basic Education-Senior High School Department

Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

of the Requirements for the Course

De Mesa, James Paul D. Magno, Aldwinson A. Mirasol, Angeline Joy A.

Gregg, Jose Magadia, Geselle S.

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

given to us and served as a bridge in carrying out this research.

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Setting …………………………………………….… Page 4-12

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature and Studies………………..…………….. … Page 13-31

Chapter 3: Research Methodology …………………………………………………… Page 31-38

References…………………………………………….……………………………… Page 39-47

Research Instrument …………………………………………….…………………… Page 48-53

Curriculum Vitae …………………………………………….……………………… Page 54-58

Figure # 1: Conceptual Framework ………………………………………………..… Page 10

(Psychological Impact of Financial Instability to Jeepney drivers)

Figure# 2: Satellite Map of Lucena City ……………………………………………….. Page 35

Table # 1: Demographics Table for Questionnaires ……………………………… ……. Page 53

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

The Problem and its Setting

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

returned, half of their typical revenue was all they had.

community, (Euro World Health Organization, [WHO])

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aimed to determine the Psychological effect on Financial Instability of

Jeepney Drivers during the COVID - 19 Pandemic.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What difficulties do Jeepney drivers encounter as a result of COVID - 19 Pandemic?

2. How financial instability affect their mental health?

3. What assistance can be given to pandemic - affected Jeepney Drivers?

4. What are Jeepney drivers coping methods in the event of pandemic?

5. What were Jeepney drivers experiences throughout the pandemic

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research is seen to be significant to the following:

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

will improve our country's economy.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

 Jeepney drivers  The researchers

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework on the Psychological Impact of Financial Instability on

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

Adversity: a state or instance of serious or continued difficulty or misfortune. In this study, it

unable to obtain the suitability or appropriateness of a job or work

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

Emotional flexibility: the ability to flexibly regulate emotions in a context-appropriate manner,