use the insecticide to get rid of them and

prevent the damage.

REFERENCES

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/
RICE
agricultural-and-biological-sciences/brown-
planthopper#:~:text=The%20brown
%20planthopper%20is%20a,virus%20and
%20grassy%20stunt%20virus.

https://www.google.com/search?
q=LIFE+CYCLE+of+brown+plant+hopper&rlz=1C
1GCEJ_enPH1024PH1024&hl=en

https://www.pinoyrice.com/keycheck7-pest-
management/brown-planthopper/#:~:text=Life BROWNPLANT
%20cycle%3A%20Eggs%20are%20laid,are
%20attracted%20to%20light%20traps.
HOPPER
https://www.google.com/search?

( Nilaparvata
q=characteristics+of+brown+plant+hopper&sou
rce=lmns&bih=607&biw=1197&rlz=1C1GCEJ_e
nPH1024PH1024&hl=en-
US&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8ltfFw_D7AhVvz4sBH
cvdClMQ_AUoAHoECAEQAA
lugens)
https://www.google.com/search?
q=LIFE+CYCLE+of+brown+plant+hopper&bih=5
50&biw=1197&rlz=1C1GCEJ_enPH1024PH1024
&hl=en-
US&ei=pEGVY9X1HZ7V2roPmuSOkAQ&ved=0a
hUKEwjV14DHw_D7AhWeqlYBHRqyA0IQ4dUD
CA8&uact=5&oq=LIFE+CYCLE+of+brown+plant+
hopper&gs_lcp=

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF RICE
It is used in chocolate industry and in
the manufacture of lipsticks. Paddy husk is used
as fuel. It is also used in brick making. Straw is
used as cattle feed, in the manufacture of
strawboards and for making hats, ropes, mats,
etc. Rice feeds more than half of the world's
inhabitants. No other crop feeds so many
people, supports so many farmers, or is as
crucial to our global environment. Much more
than a mere food crop, rice is a way of life for
70 % of the poor in Asia, for whom rice is often
the main source of income.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BROWNPLANT
HOPPER
The brown planthopper is a sucking
insect that, under heavy infestations, can cause
the wilting and complete drying of rice plants, a
condition known as 'hopperburn' (Bottrell and
Schoenly, 2012). The brown planthopper also
damages rice by transmitting ragged stunt virus
and grassy stunt virus. They damage rice
directly through feeding and also by
transmitting two viruses, rice ragged stunt virus
and rice grassy stunt virus. Up to 60% yield loss
is common in susceptible rice cultivars attacked
by the insect.
LIFE CYCLE OF BROWNPLANT HOPPER
CROPS AFFECTED
The brown planthopper is a sucking
insect that, under heavy infestations, can cause
the wilting and complete drying of rice plants, a
condition known as 'hopperburn' (Bottrell and
Schoenly, 2012). The brown planthopper also
damages rice by transmitting ragged stunt virus
and grassy stunt virus.
CHARACTERISTIC DAMAGE
High population of planthoppers cause
leaves to initially turn orange-yellow before
becoming brown and dry and this is a condition
called hopperburn that kills the plant.
Planthoppers can be a problem in rainfed and
in irrigated wetland environments. It also
occurs in areas with continuous submerged
conditions in the field, high shade, and
humidity. Closed canopy of the rice plants,
densely seeded crops, excessive use of
nitrogen, and early season insecticide spraying
also favors insect development. BPH can also
transmit Rice Ragged Stunt and Rice Grassy
Stunt diseases. Neither disease can be cured.
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Diatomaceous Earth and Surround WP
(kaolin clay) can be applied to leaf and fruit
surfaces to deter leafhopper feeding. Both
provide a physical barrier as well as insecticidal
properties once leafhoppers come in contact
with them. One of the control measures of
Brown Planthopper is flooding your seedbeds
as soon as you notice the pest. However, if
flooding is not an option and you've concluded
that brown planthoppers outnumber their
natural enemies, you should.
 compared to 17.6% WEH in
untreated control. Yield losses of about 10
and 100% due to stem borer have been
recorded in rice fields [2]. To control these

RICE
pests, various strategies have been
practiced. These include cultural practices,
host plant resistance, habitat management,
biocontrol and the use of synthetic
pesticides.

REFERENCES
https://www.toppr.com/ask/en-af/question/
write-any-five-economic-importance-of-rice/

https://www.google.com/search?
q=characteristic+of+PINK+STEM+BORER&tbm=i
sch&ved=2ahUKEwiFsIvdyPD7AhXhxIsBHRNzAq
YQ2
PINK STEM BORER
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamia_inferens (Sesamia inferens)
http://eagri.org/eagri50/ENTO331/lecture04/
maize/003.html

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/
2018/vol6issue3/PartQ/6-3-165-946.pdf

http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/
fact-sheets/pest-management/insects/item/
stem-borer
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF RICE
The rice is known as Oryza sativa. This is
called as the paddy crop and is the major
source of carbohydrate in the food. The
economic importance of rice are: The flattened
parboiled rice is known as flaked rice. Flaked
rice is also used for preparing different kinds of
food items. Sake is an important alcoholic
beverage in Japan which is prepared by the
fermentation of rice. Bran is an important by-
product of rice milling industry. It is used as a
cattle feed. Bran wax is a by-product of bran oil
extraction. It is used in chocolate industry and
in the manufacture of lipsticks.
CHARACTERISTIC OF PINK STEM BORER
The pink borer (Sesamia inferens
Walker) lays spherical, yellowish white eggs in
batches of 30–100 eggs in two to three parallel
lines on the leaf sheaths or the leaf surface. The
larva is pinkish, smooth, and measures about
30 mm when full grown. Its wingspan is about
28 mm. Hind wings with veins 3 and 4 from
arise from the cell. Antennae of male ciliated
and simple in female. Body ochreous.
Forewings with a red-brown suffusion along
median nervure and veins 2 to 5. A sub-
marginal dark line present. Cilia paler.
Hindwings are whitish.
Larva smooth and shiny and lack
obvious hairs or markings. Color variable but
usually cream white with a distinctive pink
suffusion. The head and prothoracic shield are
brown. The dorsal part of the last abdominal
segment bearing the anus is yellowish brown.
LIFE CYCLE OF PINK STEM BORER
Life cycle is completed in about 40-70
days, depending upon the climatic conditions.
There are 4-6 generations in a year. The eggs
are laid in clusters in several rows within the
cover of the leave sheath. The eggs are
rounded, pale and yellowish green in colour.
CROPS AFFECTED BY THE PINK STEM
BORER
Pink stem borer Sesamia inferens
Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a
polyphagous pest attacking various
graminaceous crops like sorghum, pearl millet,
finger millet, wheat [30,48], rice [5, 23], oats,
barley, sugarcane and some grasses.
CHARACTERISTIC DAMAGE
The pink stem borer, Sesamia inferens
(Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is emerging
as an important pest of wheat in India due to
change in tillage system. It causes severe
damage by forming “dead hearts” at seedling
stage and “white ears” at ear-head stage. Stem
borer fed-upon tillers causes dead heart or
drying of the central tiller during the vegetative
stage. This causes whiteheads at reproductive
stage.
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Granular application of cartap
hydrochloride (4%GR) performed best in
reducing the stem borer at heading stage (Table
1). This treatment has recorded lowest white
ear head (4.2%WEH) as
maize weevils. Identifying whether a variety is
resistant or susceptible can help growers
anticipate what chemical control inputs may be
needed.
REFERENCES &uact=5&oq=CROPS+AFFECTED+BY+THE+CORN
+WEEVIL&gs
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/storage-of-
grains-overview-importance-affecting-factors/
#:~:text=It%20is%20important%20to
STORED GRAINS
%20prevent,high%20demand%20in%20the
%20market.

https://www.britannica.com/animal/weevil

https://www.google.com/search?
q=characteristic+damage+by+the+corn+weevil
&bih=550&biw=1197&rlz=1C1GCEJ_enPH1024P
H1024&hl=enUS&ei=W1CVY52XDoSk2roP7oiky
Ak&oq=HARACTERISTIC+DAMAGE+BY+THE+CO
R

https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/columbiaco/
2022/02/16/controlling-maize-weevils/

https://www.google.com/search?
q=management+and+control+by+corn+weevil&
bih=550&biw=1197&rlz=1C1GCEJ_enPH1024PH
1024&hl=en-
US&ei=jVCVY4uXG5nl2roPlb2zyAU&oq=MANA
GEMENT+AND+CONTROL+BY+C&gs_lc

https://www.google.com/search? CORN WEEVIL (Sitophilus

q=CROPS+AFFECTED+BY+THE+CORN+WEEVIL&
bih=550&biw=1197&rlz=1C1GCEJ_enPH1024PH
zeamais)
1024&hl=en-
US&ei=PlCVY9LGL7bL2roPmJKxgAk&ved=0ahU
KEwjS3ce90fD7AhW2pVYBHRhJDJAQ4dUDCA8
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF STORED (0.25 inch) in length, although the largest just some of the grains and products on
GRAINS exceed 80 mm (3 inches). which these weevils feed.
It is important to prevent losses LIFE CYCLE OF CORN WEEVIL CHARACTERISTIC DAMAGE
during storage and to increase economic
All three weevils develop as larvae
growth. Therefore, there is a need for
within the grain kernels. They frequently
storage of grains for the following: To Feed
cause almost complete destruction of grain
over growing population. Changes in
in elevators or bins, where conditions are
sudden costs and high demand in the
favourable and the grain is undisturbed for
market. It is ever worry for man to hold
some length of time.
food supply to mitigate hunger in the time
ahead. Storage of grain and control of MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
quality happen in three areas; the farm
Temperature and Moisture Control:
area, the collection point area, and the
Temperature and moisture control are
terminal point area where grain is
effective strategies for managing maize
processed or handled or pushed ahead in
weevils in stored corn. Maize weevils are
bigger masses.
When the egg hatches into a white, unable to move or develop at temperatures
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CORN WEEVIL legless grub, it will remain inside and begin cooler than 50 degrees Fahrenheit. The
feeding on the grain. The larvae will pupate temperature of stored grain bins can be
The maize weevil is a small snout
while inside, then chew a circular exit hole, managed using aeration. Resistance:
beetle which varies in size, averaging about
and emerge as an adult beetle. A single Different varieties of corn have different
three thirty-second inch in length. It varies
female may lay 300 to 400 eggs during her levels of susceptibility to
from dull red-brown to nearly black and is
lifetime. Adults can live for 5 to 8 months.
usually marked on the back with four light
reddish or yellowish spots. Most weevils
have long, distinctly elbowed antennae that
CROPS AFFECTED BY THE CORN WEEVIL
may fold into special grooves on the snout.
Many have no wings, whereas others are Wheat, corn, macaroni, oats, barley,
excellent fliers. Most are less than 6 mm sorghum, Kaffir seed, and buckwheat are